Language Code-switching Research Articles

The advertising communication effectiveness of using netizen language code-switching in Facebook ads

PurposeNetizens refer to citizens of the internet, and code-switching refers to the use of more than one language, style or form of expression to communicate. This study explores the advertising communication effectiveness of using netizen language code-switching in Facebook ads. Moreover, if a brand is with negative brand images, using positive brand images as a control group, this study investigates not only the advertising communication effectiveness of netizen language code-switching but also its effectiveness of remedying the negative brand images.Design/methodology/approachOnline experiments were conducted, and data were analyzed using independent sample t-test, MANOVA and ANOVA.FindingsThe results indicate that netizen language code-switching can enhance advertising communication effectiveness in Facebook ads. Furthermore, under a negative brand image, netizen language code-switching has significant effects on improving Facebook advertising communication effectiveness.Originality/valueThis study takes netizens as the research subjects to explore the advertising communication effectiveness of netizen language code-switching in Facebook ads. This study provides further insight into the effect of netizens' culture on Facebook advertising and enriches the existing literature on social media advertising, as well as expanding the application of code-switching. The results of this study provide enterprises a new perspective on the copywriting content design of Facebook ads.

Between experiment and intellectual writing: game with literary tradition in the novel by Mike Johansen „The travel of scientist dr. Leonardo and his future ladylove Alchesta the beautiful to Slobozhan Switzerland”

The article deals with the novel The Travel of Scientist Dr. Leonardo […] by Mike Johansen which manifests the author’s predisposition to experimental game with literary tradition and classic poetics as well as to the intellectual writing. The experiment can be observed foremost in the decentration of the novel’s structure and textual communicative strategies. The author creates “the book of Landscape” as opposed to the narrative about events and characters. He plays with the reader, emphasizing on his presence permanently and exposing artistic techniques, uses language code switching and inserted constructions, creating an effect of cinematography. The intellectualization of writing is proved by intertextual links (first of all, parodying different literary styles), presence of irony as worldview principle in the work, motivation for the reader to construct possible worlds and to oscillate at the limit of the factuality and fictionality as well as by reflections devoted to the philosophy of things, landscapes, travels and laws of being.

Hindi-English Hate Speech Detection: Author Profiling, Debiasing, and Practical Perspectives

Code-switching in linguistically diverse, low resource languages is often semantically complex and lacks sophisticated methodologies that can be applied to real-world data for precisely detecting hate speech. In an attempt to bridge this gap, we introduce a three-tier pipeline that employs profanity modeling, deep graph embeddings, and author profiling to retrieve instances of hate speech in Hindi-English code-switched language (Hinglish) on social media platforms like Twitter. Through extensive comparison against several baselines on two real-world datasets, we demonstrate how targeted hate embeddings combined with social network-based features outperform state of the art, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Additionally, we present an expert-in-the-loop algorithm for bias elimination in the proposed model pipeline and study the prevalence and performance impact of the debiasing. Finally, we discuss the computational, practical, ethical, and reproducibility aspects of the deployment of our pipeline across the Web.

Language Mixing in Creolized Glossy Magazine Advertisement Texts

The issue of enhancing the use of language code switching technique in modern creolized advertising texts is discussed in the article. The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the expansion of the areas of language interaction and the change in tactics for contacting the addressee of advertising due to the process of globalization, the popularization of the English language in the world, the emergence of new communication channels, the mobility of visual images, and the clip’s perception of information by the recipient. The actual material of the study was creolized advertising texts from seven Russian international glossy magazines: “Cosmopolitan”, “Elle”, “Glamor”, “GQ”, “InStyle”, “Tatler”, and “Vogue”. It is proved that foreign inclusions in the considered texts are presented in several ways of varying degrees of productivity: insertion of a foreign language grapheme (formation of graphogibrids); use of the word in the Latin script (astionyms, burials, pragmatonyms, English preposition since , etc.); the introduction of one or more statements in a foreign language; inclusion of a hashtag in latin graphics. The listed types of foreign inclusions are attributed by the author to signal (intentionally introduced into the texts with the aim of accentuation of units or their elements) and multifunctional (capable of performing attractive, accent-emphasizing, utilitarian-compressive, emotionally-expressive, suggestive, informative functions).

ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN BAHASA, KANDUNGAN PORNOGRAFI DAN KONOTASI PORNOGRAFI, SERTA KANDUNGAN PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DALAM TEKS LAGU CAMPURSARI

Research on the use of language, sentence, the content of pornography and connotations of pornography, and the content of character education in the campursari song text are aimed to describing at: (1) language, (2) sentence variations, (3) pornographic content and pornographic connotations, and (4) content character education in the campursari song text. This study included qualitative descriptive research. The research data are in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. The data source for this study is ten songs downloaded from the internet. The results of the study: (1) ten songs analyzed by nine song texts used Javanese as the title and one song used the Javanese language and Indonesian language. Of the ten songs, all song texts use Javanese, there are mixed Indonesian language codes into Javanese, mixed Javanese language codes and English into Indonesian, Indonesian language code switching to Javanese, and there are letters written that violate General Guidelines Enhanced Javanese Spelling (PUEBJYD), (2) the use of sentences consists of: (a) declarative sentences, (b) interrogative sentences, and (c) imperative sentences, (3) there are six songs containing pornography and connotations of pornography, and (4) the value of prominent character education is creative, besides that it is a violation of polite and religious values.

Switching codes and shifting morals: how code-switching and emotion affect moral judgment

ABSTRACT The present study expands the literature on the Foreign Language Effect by investigating differences in moral judgment for 280 English-Spanish late bilinguals when processing the button and bridge moral scenarios of the canonical trolley dilemma (Thomson, 1985) in an online questionnaire in either a native (NL), foreign (FL), or code-switched (CS) language environment. The study furthermore examines the effects of emotion on moral standards across these three language contexts, analysing self-reports of individuals’ emotions following their moral decisions. Overall, moral judgments in the CS and NL conditions patterned similarly for both dilemmas, while, in line with previous studies, the FL condition elicited an increased percentage of utilitarian decisions in the high-conflict bridge scenario. Unique emotions did not vary significantly across language contexts in either scenario, and no reduction in emotion was seen in participants’ FL. However, an interaction between language condition and emotion in the high-conflict dilemma suggests that the ratio and relative ranking of various emotions, and not just the degree of emotionality, may have an influence on moral evaluations. The present study elucidates the previously neglected variable of moral decision processing in the context of code-switching and discusses cognitive and emotional explanations for the Foreign Language Effect.

Acoustic data augmentation for Mandarin-English code-switching speech recognition

Code-switching (CS) is a multilingual phenomenon where a speaker uses different languages in an utterance or between alternating utterances. Developing large-scale datasets for training code-switching acoustic and language models is challenging and extremely expensive. In this paper, we focus on the acoustic data augmentation for the Mandarin-English CS speech recognition task. Effectiveness of conventional acoustic data augmentation approaches are examined. More importantly, we propose a CS acoustic event detection system based on the deep neural network to extract real code-switching speech segments automatically. Then, the semi-supervised and active learning techniques are investigated to generate transcriptions of these segments. Finally, code-switching speech synthesis system is introduced to further enhance the acoustic modeling. Experimental results on the OC16-CE80 data, a Mandarin-English mixlingual speech corpus, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

Strategie komunikacyjne jako sposób na skuteczne komunikowanie się mimo niedostatków językowych

Autorka omówiła pojęcie strategii komunikacyjnych oraz dwa najpopularniejsze podejścia badawcze: interakcyjne i socjolingwistyczne. Przedstawiła działania strategiczne uczących się języka polskiego jako obcego, które pojawiały się podczas zajęć odbywających się w Studium Języka Polskiego dla Cudzoziemców Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego zarówno w trakcie obserwacji lekcji, jak i podczas prowadzonych przez autorkę zajęć. Wśród omówionych strategii znalazły się: strategie osiągnięć (parafraza, porównywanie, uproszczenie, stosowanie synonimów, tworzenie neologizmów oraz przełączanie kodu językowego), prośba o pomoc, użycie środków niewerbalnych oraz strategie uniku. Autorka omówiła również przykłady negocjowania znaczeń oraz wykorzystywanie nowoczesnych technologii, jako narzędzia pomocnego przy stosowaniu strategii komunikacyjnych.

Teacher's code-switching and bilingual children's heritage language learning and cognitive switching flexibility.

To code-switch or not to code-switch? This is a dilemma for many bilingual language teachers. In this study, the influence of teachers' CS on bilingual children's language and cognitive development is explored within heritage language (HL) classes in Singapore. Specifically, the relationship between children's language output, vocabulary development, and cognitive flexibility to teachers' classroom CS behavior, is examined within 20 preschool HL classrooms (10 Mandarin, 6 Malay, and 4 Tamil). Teachers' and children's utterances were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed for CS frequency and type (i.e., inter-sentential, intra-sentential). 173 students were assessed with receptive vocabulary and dimensional card sort tasks, and their vocabulary and cognitive switching scores assessed using correlational and mixed effects analyses. Results show that inter-sentential and intra-sentential CS frequency is positively and significantly related to children's intra-sentential CS frequency. Overall, findings revealed that teachers code-switched habitually more often than for instructional purposes. Neither inter-sentential nor intra-sentential CS was significantly related to children's development in HL vocabulary, and intra-sentential CS was found to positively and significantly relate to children's growth in cognitive flexibility. These findings reveal the multi-faceted impact of teacher's CS on children's early development.

Neural basis of language switching using functional imaging in healthy South Indian bilinguals

A multifarious network is involved in language processing. The language switching pattern involves synchronised activation & inhibition of different areas of the brain. The aim was to study the neural basis for language code switching in South Indian Kannada-Telugu bilinguals using functional imaging. Cross sectional hospital based study. 20 right handed matriculated late proficient bilinguals(age18-55yrs) were recruited. First(Kannada) language-L1 selection was done using LEAP(Language experience and proficiency questionnaire).Second language(Telugu)-L2 proficiency was evaluated by ISLPR(International Second Language Proficiency Rating Scales).To study the L1 to L2 switch, mixed task and block design fMRI paradigm was used. Subjects were asked to respond to images in Kannada or Telugu. Color cues were displayed with images on screen. fMRI data was acquired with EPI(Echo planner imaging) sequence (no of Dynamics:218, TR-2sec,TE-36sec,3x3x3mm slice thickness)& structural MRI with T1 images in a 3Tesla scanner(Skyra, Siemens).fMRI data was processed in SPM8 software using GLM(Generalised linear model).The group level analysis was done with p<0.05 level of significance with False Discovery Rate(FDR) correction. The areas recruited by the brain during switching from L1(Kannada) to L2(Telugu) were studied. Consistent activation was noted in Caudate, Putamen & right sided frontal gyri along with supramarginal gyrus & rolandic operculum. Language switching is not restricted to a precise area of the brain but is an interface of cortical-subcortical circuitry. The fronto-striatal network governs the language switching. This study can benefit the understanding of involvement & recovery of language domain in various cortical & subcortical diseases.

Code Switching in Sigapokna Language Uttered by Minangkabau People in Sigapokna, Mentawai

This research contains the title "Code Switching in Sigapokna language changed by Minangkabau people in Sigapokna" viewed from a structuralism perspective, this research discusses language contact occurring in bilingual or multilingual communities, because in this society it uses more than one language. The occurrence of language code switching in Sigapokna is due to the mixing of two languages ​​between the Sigapokna language and the Minangkabau language, native speakers of the Minangkabau people who settled in Sigapokna. Limited to some basic ideas related to observation into three questions as follows: (1) What is the form of code switching in the Sigapokna language, (2) What is the Sigapokna matrix in Minangkabau speakers, (3) What are the causes of code switching in the Sigapokna language. used is from Nababan about sociolinguistics used to answer the purpose of this research. For data analysis methods, the research used is a qualitative and quantitative approach. This approach emphasizes the meaning and understanding of the mind, reasoning, definitions of certain situations (in some contexts), more to examine matters relating to daily life such as the culture of an area. The purpose of research is usually related to practical matters. &#x0D; Data analysis is also a process of simplifying data into forms that are easier to read and interpret to look for broader meanings and implications from the results of research over language codes in Sigapokna. Data collection techniques in this research, to get the data and information needed, researchers used literature research techniques. In literature studies, researchers use techniques that are played with interviews and record data, materials, or references related to the problem and purpose of the research. Using library research techniques in finding data relevant to the subject of analysis. From the data collected amounted to 563. Data in the Minangkabau language form was mixed with 280 and the language while in the Sigapokna language form was 283. From the collection, the matrix language was 280/283×100% of the Minangkabau language. Sigapokna language is mixed with Minangkabau 283 so, it can be concluded that the mixed Sigapokna language is 283/280 × 100%. The occurrence of language contacts or code switching depends on the location or where someone lives. If someone is in an area with different languages ​​and cultures, there will automatically be a code transfer between the speaker, the speech partner and the speech partner in order to avoid a misunderstanding. From the conclusion of the code switching data above, native Minangkabau speakers are more dominant using the Sigapokna language.

Mind Your Language: Abuse and Offense Detection for Code-Switched Languages

In multilingual societies like the Indian subcontinent, use of code-switched languages is much popular and convenient for the users. In this paper, we study offense and abuse detection in the code-switched pair of Hindi and English (i.e, Hinglish), the pair that is the most spoken. The task is made difficult due to non-fixed grammar, vocabulary, semantics and spellings of Hinglish language. We apply transfer learning and make a LSTM based model for hate speech classification. This model surpasses the performance shown by the current best models to establish itself as the state-of-the-art in the unexplored domain of Hinglish offensive text classification. We also release our model and the embeddings trained for research purposes.

TRANSLATING CODE-SWITCHING IN THE INDONESIAN VERSION OF DER BOXER

Code-switching is the use of more than one language in an utterance. Within a narrative work like comics, code-switching can be used to show exoticism, character identity, or dramatic effect. Translating such a speech pattern poses a challenge to a translator. This paper discusses how a translator covert speeches that code-switch to three foreign languages – English, Yiddish, and Hebrew – in the German comic der Boxer by Reinhard Kleist into Indonesian. Translation units such as words, phrases, and sentences in the the target text will be compared to its counterparts in the source text to note the procedures used by the translator. The data gathered will then be analyzed to observe which utterances are kept in their foreign form, kept with additional information, or translated functionally and literally. Each procedure taken has its effects on the target text. Some preserve story elements such as surprise effect and otherness, while some preserve the readers’ immersion in the story. The procedures taken show that one needs to consider the context of each unit in translating and that not only one procedure can be applied as a panacea in translating every unit in a code-switching language pair.

ALIH KODE DAN CAMPUR KODE BAHASA JAWA DALAM PENGAJIAN SELAPANAN DUSUN GEDANGAN DESA NGARGOSOKA

This study aims to describe the form of code switching and mixed language code, the function of code switching and Javanese language code mixing, and the factors behind code switching and Javanese language code mixing in the recitation of the Selapanan Gedangan Hamlet, Ngargosoka Village. This type of research is qualitative descriptive research. The research data is in the form of a unit of events in the form of sentences or paragraphs which contain code switching and code mixing. The data source of this research is the use of language in the selapanan recitation of Gedangan hamlet, Ngargosoka village. The instruments in this study were researchers who were provided with a set of knowledge related to the form of code switching and code mixing. The method of data collection uses reading techniques and note taking techniques. The data analysis method used is the refer method. The data analysis technique uses matching techniques that are realized by basic techniques. The basic technique used in this study is the determining element (PUP) technique. The results of this study indicate that the form of Javanese code switching in the recitation of the Selapanan of Gedangan hamlet in Ngargosoka village was divided into three, namely: a) code switching from the Javanese language into a variety of Krama in Indonesian, b) code switching from Javanese to various types of ngoko , c) code switching from Javanese in the form of ngoko into Javanese in a variety of manners. The function of Javanese code switching in the recitation of the Selapanan of Gedangan hamlet in Ngargosoka village is as follows: a) more persuasive to invite or order, b) more argumentative, c) more communicative. The factors behind the Javanese language code switching in the Selapanan Gedangan hamlet in Ngargosoka village are: a) speakers, b) politeness and politeness, c) the subject matter (topic), d) versus speech, e) to generate a sense of humor, f) to just prestigious. Mixing the Javanese language code in the recitation of the Selapanan Gedangan hamlet, Ngargosoka village is divided into two forms, namely: a) basic word forms, and b) repetitive word forms. The function of interfering with the Javanese language code in the recitation of the Selapanan in the Gedangan hamlet of Ngargosoka village is as follows. a) more argumentative, b) more communicative, and c) more prestigious or prestigious. The factors behind the Javanese language code mix in the recitation of the Selapanan in Gedangan hamlet, Ngargosoka village are: a) politeness, and b) explain and interpret.

Laboratory-induced Language Code-switching in Four languages

Laboratory-induced Language Code-switching in Four languages

Attitudes in progress: Puerto Rican youth’s opinions on monolingual and code-switched language varieties

ABSTRACTThis study examines Puerto Rican bilinguals’ attitudes towards five speech varieties (Spanish, English, Spanish with English lexical insertions, inter-sentential code-switching, and intra-sentential code-switching). While previous research on language attitudes in Puerto Rico has exclusively employed direct methods (i.e. interviews, surveys, questionnaires), ours is the first to use the matched-guise test. The participants are students at the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras campus, who report code-switching to different degrees. They judged the speech varieties on personality, socio-economic, and ethnicity/identity attributes; their judgements on each of the fifteen attributes were analysed with cumulative link mixed-effects models accounting for the ordinal nature of the ratings. Some findings, such as certain negative attitudes towards English and code-switching and an association between these speech varieties and attributes pertaining to higher socio-economic classes, replicate those from earlier studies in Puerto Rico. However, other results, coinciding with recent studies conducted in Puerto Rico, reflect an attitudinal change in progress, by which participants seem more accepting of lexical insertions and intra-sentential code-switching. New results emerging from this study evidence participants’ sensitivity towards different types of code-switching, hence, their awareness of the types of switching that predominate in different speech communities.

Contrasting linguistic ecologies: Indigenous and colonially mediated language contact in northwest Amazonia

This paper investigates the dynamics of multilingualism and the linguistic outcomes of contact involving indigenous languages in the northwest Amazonian Vaupés region. Despite points of continuity, a significant contrast exists between the processes and products of multilingual interaction among indigenous groups and that involving colonial entities. While indigenous interactions have tended to involve language maintenance, grammatical diffusion, and limited lexical borrowing, contact between indigenous and European languages has tended toward more code-switching, lexical borrowing, and large-scale language shift. These findings illustrate that attention to differing linguistic ecologies, with their associated social and cultural dynamics, is crucial to understanding the mechanisms and outcomes of language contact, and that we must be cautious in projecting the patterns of one context upon another.

Sign-speaking: The structure of simultaneous bimodal utterances

Abstract We present data from a bimodal trilingual situation involving Indian Sign Language (ISL), Hindi and English. Signers are co-using these languages while in group conversations with deaf people and hearing non-signers. The data show that in this context, English is an embedded language that does not impact on the grammar of the utterances, while both ISL and Hindi structures are realised throughout. The data show mismatches between the simultaneously expressed ISL and Hindi, such that semantic content and/or syntactic structures are different in both languages, yet are produced at the same time. The data also include instances of different propositions expressed simultaneously in the two languages. This under-documented behaviour is called “sign-speaking” here, and we explore its implications for theories of multilingualism, code-switching, and bilingual language production.

An analysis of teachers' implementation of game activities in 4th and 6th grade English classes

The purpose of this study was to analyze how elementary school English teachers implement game activities in the 4th and 6th grade English classes. Twenty video-taped elementary English lessons including the game activities were observed in the current study. The game activities were analyzed in terms of the hours, the types, and the teachers talk. The results were as follows. First, most of the teachers conducted the game activities within ten minutes and it coincided with the hours suggested in previous research. Second, most of the game activities were operated by integrating language skills, and more activities focusing on accuracy than fluency were employed. The game activities involving competition were given more weight than those for cooperation. Third, most teachers used English as a dominant instructional language, but language code-switching in some lessons was observed. They used repetition most frequently in providing feedback, followed by comprehension check. It was implied that the teachers should apply various approaches in explaining the activities effectively. It would be necessary to provide reference materials in the teacher s guide to help them adopt balanced activities. The teachers should attempt to analyze their feedback process reflectively and provide various forms of feedback during the game activities.

Instructional DVD video lesson with code switching: its effect on the performance level in dancing social dance among grade 10 special program in the art students of the Philippines

Abstract This paper shows that the experimental group who are exposed to DVD Video Lesson that uses code switching language has an average mean score in the pretest of 1.56, and this increased to an average mean of 3.50 in the posttest. The control group that uses DVD Video Lesson that uses purely English language got an average mean of 1.06 in the pretest and increased to 1.53 in the posttest. Based on the results of the performance posttest taken by the two groups, the experimental group has a dramatic increase in scores from the pretest to posttest. Although both groups had increased in their performance scores from pretest to posttest, the experimental group (code switching language) performs well in the posttest than the control group. As revealed in this findings , there is a significant difference in the posttest scores between the experimental group who are exposed to DVD lesson that uses code switching as a medium of instruction and the control group who are exposed to DVD lesson that uses English. The students who are exposed to the Video Lesson that uses code switching perform well than those students who are exposed in DVD video lesson that uses purely English language. DVD Video lesson that uses code switching as a medium of instruction in teaching social dance is the useful approach in teaching Grade 10 Special Program in the Art students. The language used (code switching) is the powerful medium of instruction that enhances the learning outcomes of the students to perform well. This paper could be an eye opener to the Department of Education to inculcate the used of first language/local language or MTB-MLE, not only in Grade I to III but all level in K to 12 programs, since education is a key factor for building a better nation.