Landslide Disaster Risk Reduction Research Articles

Utilization of Frequency Ratio and Logistic Regression Model for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Bogor Area

Java Island holds the highest record of landslide events in Indonesia. In 2021, the Bogor area, consisting of the city and regency of Bogor, recorded the highest number of landslides. These events further impact the fatalities, damage, and loss to society. Landslide mitigation should be considered to reduce the risk caused by landslide hazards. In this regard, a landslide susceptibility analysis is one of the fundamental steps in mitigation measures that can support policymakers in response to landslide disaster risk reduction. The location of landslide possibilities can be identified by mapping landslide susceptibility. Therefore, this study aims to produce a landslide susceptibility map (LSM) using a statistical frequency ratio method and logistic regression. The number of landslide inventories used in the model is about 822 events. To apply the model, the present study evaluates 13 influencing factors consisting of elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, slope curvature, Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), distance to river, lithological, distance to fault, soil type, annual rainfall, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), land use land cover (LULC), and road distance. The model performance is further evaluated using Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC). The frequency ratio (FR) and logistic regression (LR) models produce satisfactory results and have high predictions of future landslide occurrences with a score of 0.8317 and 0.8817, respectively.

The Use of Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) Technologies in Generation of Information Used to Mitigate Risks from Landslide Disasters: An Application Review

Landslides, whether induced by nature, or human activities, are one of the most prominent disasters which are of great concern in the world. They cause a lot of havoc to the environment hence a necessity to avoid them whenever possible. This literature review is basically aimed at finding out how Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technologies are used in avoiding landslides and risks associated with them at different levels; Challenges encountered while using GIS and RS techniques for landslide disaster risk reduction are identified; and therefore, dealing with them requires the involvement of developed countries who have the capacity to provide the necessary equipment to the developing countries that are faced with disasters. This study discusses the use of GIS and RS in mitigation of risks from landslides, and mainly points out how these techniques are applied to avoid disaster risks. Secondary data was reviewed from journal articles, institutional reports, and online publications from similar studies. GIS and RS tools are important in predicting, monitoring and managing landslide disasters. It was concluded that GIS and RS tools provide cheaper, reliable, and faster techniques of accessing spatial data in a given area, therefore regarded as essential technologies that may be necessary for predicting landslide occurrences, these technologies need to be considered in communities which are prone to landslides.

Determining the Geotechnical Slope Failure Factors via Ensemble and Individual Machine Learning Techniques: A Case Study in Mandi, India

Landslide disaster risk reduction necessitates the investigation of different geotechnical causal factors for slope failures. Machine learning (ML) techniques have been proposed to study causal factors across many application areas. However, the development of ensemble ML techniques for identifying the geotechnical causal factors for slope failures and their subsequent prediction has lacked in literature. The primary goal of this research is to develop and evaluate novel feature selection methods for identifying causal factors for slope failures and assess the potential of ensemble and individual ML techniques for slope failure prediction. Twenty-one geotechnical causal factors were obtained from 60 sites (both landslide and non-landslide) spread across a landslide-prone area in Mandi, India. Relevant causal factors were evaluated by developing a novel ensemble feature selection method that involved an average of different individual feature selection methods like correlation, information-gain, gain-ratio, OneR, and F-ratio. Furthermore, different ensemble ML techniques (Random Forest (RF), AdaBoost (AB), Bagging, Stacking, and Voting) and individual ML techniques (Bayesian network (BN), decision tree (DT), multilayer perceptron (MLP), and support vector machine (SVM)) were calibrated to 70% of the locations and tested on 30% of the sites. The ensemble feature selection method yielded six major contributing parameters to slope failures: relative compaction, porosity, saturated permeability, slope angle, angle of the internal friction, and in-situ moisture content. Furthermore, the ensemble RF and AB techniques performed the best compared to other ensemble and individual ML techniques on test data. The present study discusses the implications of different causal factors for slope failure prediction.

Leveraging on Multidisciplinary Expertise for Landslide Disaster Risk Reduction and Management: A Case Study of a Limestone Hill Rockfall Hazard Assessment, Batu Caves, Selangor, Malaysia

The United Nations Development Program agenda 2030 has charted out seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) whereby Malaysia as a member has strategically set the platform for growth. From the seventeen agendas, the SDG 9 (built resilient, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation) and SDG 11 (make cities and human settlements inclusive, resilient, and sustainable) requires a paradigm shift from conventional engineering approach for environmentally induced disasters. Leveraging multidisciplinary ability and information and communications technology (ICT) in the landslide disaster studies had enabled regional-scale information acquirement for hazards identification, exposure, and risk assessment to meet the goals. The investigated limestone hill, Batu Caves is located within the suburban city of Kuala Lumpur. The land use around the hill is extensive and the area is highly populated with encroachment to the toe of the limestone hill. The purpose of the risk study was to assess the limestone hill’s stability and hazards and the exposure that may lead to the vulnerability of the residences and commercial activities at and around the hill. Therefore, an engineering risk assessment study was carried out to determine rock fall hazard potential. The Terrestrial Laser Scanning survey was utilized to obtain the hillside’s cross section. Discontinuity mapping was conducted to identify rock block size and rock slope was analyzed using rock mass classification system to determine rock slope quality. The rockfall analysis was conducted to identify rock rollout distance and produce rock fall hazard maps. The Slope Mass Rating for the slope BC1A, Parcel 1, Batu Caves was determined as 61, and is classified as a partially stable. The maximum rollout distance at this slope was 11 m. This illustrates the practical output of this study that can be applied for mitigation and future development of the area.

Household Preparedness to Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk in Sepakung Village

Landslides are one of the natural disasters that often occur in Indonesia. Throughout 2019, Indonesia experienced 1483 landslides. Indonesian people need to have preparedness in dealing with disasters. Sepakung village is included in a landslide-prone area in Semarang regency, Central Java. This study aims to analyze the preparedness of the people of Sepakung village who live around landslide-prone points. The research method used is quantitative with a descriptive percentage analysis technique. The population of this research is the residents of Sepakung village. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. Data collection techniques using observation, questionnaires, and documentation. The data processing results show that the experience of dealing with landslides for the residents of Sepakung village is quite good. This is shown from the average descriptive percentage score reaching 65.909091. The attitude of the respondent's vigilance is included in the very good category, with a descriptive score of the percentage getting 85%. All respondents in this study agreed that awareness of landslides needs to be increased during the rainy season. Knowledge of landslides that are owned needs to be increased again, especially for knowledge about the signs of landslides, disaster mitigation, early warning systems, and evacuation routes. Keywords: disaster, disaster risk reduction, preparedness, landslide.

After 2000 Stože Landslide: Part II - Development of landslide disaster risk reduction policy in Slovenia

More than 20 years after the 2000 Stože Landslide that devastated the village of Log pod Mangartom in NW Slovenia, this paper gives a review of the short-term response to and disaster relief provided for this catastrophic event, and further summarises this event’s effects on Slovenia’s efforts to improve its system of preventing natural disasters caused by various forms of landslides. Recent advances in reducing landslide disasters in Slovenia after 2000 are presented, including hazard and risk maps for landslides, rockfalls, and debris flows based on modern methodologies. Also, a short overview is given of Slovenian international cooperation on natural disasters. The developments in the landslide disaster risk reduction policy have unfortunately been less obvious in terms of the state taking preventive measures by adopting relevant legislation for adequate spatial planning.

Geospatial landslide inventory of India—an insight into occurrence and exposure on a national scale

India ranks first in the world in terms of fatal landslides. Large vulnerable area (0.42 million km2), high population density and monsoon rainfall make India’s landslide management and mitigation task difficult. Therefore, an understanding of landslide occurrences and exposure of socio-economic parameters on a national scale is essential to prioritise landslide mitigation efforts. In this paper, a database of 45,334 landslides (polygons) in India mapped by the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) during the 1998–2018 period was compiled and catalogued in a WebGIS platform. High-resolution satellite data such as IRS PAN+LISS-III, Resourcesat LISS-IV Mx, Cartosat, WorldView, Pleiades and GeoEye were used to map landslides as small as 12 m2 to as big as 1,390,350 m2. GIS analysis using the landslide inventory revealed interesting results about control, exposure and pattern of landslide occurrences in India. The Northwest Himalayas contribute 66.5% of landslides in India, followed by the Northeast Himalayas (18.8%) and the Western Ghats (14.7%). The Greater Himalayan sequence consisting of high-grade metamorphic rocks has a considerable control (32%), and the Main Central Thrust is the major regional structure controlling (12%) landslides in India. In the Northeast Himalayas, the size of landslides and the slope gradient controlling landslide occurrence are less in comparison to the Northwest Himalayas and the Western Ghats. Landslides in the Western Ghats are triggered with a lesser amount of rainfall than the Himalayan regions. Exposure analysis using four key socio-economic parameters in the 145 hilly districts shows that Rudraprayag district is most affected by landslides in India. The understanding derived using the landslide database on a national scale will help to prioritise and strengthen landslide disaster risk reduction strategies in India.

Undertakings of the Institute of Geography of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, ICL World Centre of Excellence on landslide risk reduction

The primary aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of scientific collaboration for landslide disaster risk reduction in Mexico. Drawing upon specific undertakings into applied research, this article attempts to outline the emerging role of the ICL World Centre of Excellence (WCoE) based in the Institute of Geography (IGg) of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City. This paper begins by offering a brief introduction of the significance of WCoEs in the international landslide disaster research sphere. In the second section, general information of the institutional framework and the IGg-UNAM WCoE is provided. The third part contextualises the landslide research engagement with reference to the activities carried out under the umbrella of the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL). Overall insights are offered in the final section.

Contribution of the International Consortium on Landslides to the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction: engraining to the Science and Technology Roadmap.

A year after the establishment of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (SFDRR), the science and technology community (STC) endorsed in Geneva the UNISDR Science and Technology Roadmap to Support the Implementation of the SFDRR 2015–2030 (STR-SFDRR). Conducted actions by the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) reflect priorities and challenges at different scales with regard to the progress of multi-sectoral partnerships, recognising the key role of the STC for the implementation of the SFDRR. Central to such endeavour are the Sendai Landslide Partnerships 2015–2025 and the new-fangled Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020. While the former was conceived as a strategy for global promotion of understanding and reducing landslide disaster risk, the latter is directed to advocate for harmonic cohesiveness between the Sendai Landslide Partnerships 2015–2025, and the SFDRR, the 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development Goals, the New Urban Agenda and the Paris Climate Agreement. By encompassing the linkages of the contributions of the ICL community to the expected outcomes of the STR-SFDRR, this paper provides valuable input to foster the SFDRR, and provides concrete information on the ongoing ICL initiatives, actions and deliverables for strengthening partnerships and science-informed public policies to reduce landslide disaster risk and to advance Integrated Landslide Disaster Risk Management at different scales.

Remote Sensing and GIS Based Potential Landslide Hazard Zonation in Ambo Woreda: Central Ethiopia

Landslide hazard is becoming a serious problem in many parts of the world because of its frequent occurrence and related effects it is causing to human and properties. Areas of high altitude and steep slopes were susceptible to landslide hazards depending on their soil type, geology, land use/ land cover, proximity to road and streams, aspects, seismic level and ground water level variation. Even though there are problems related to landslide hazards in the region where Ambo woreda is located, there was significant landslide related scientific studies conducted in the area. The current study was aimed to prepare landslide hazard zonation map for Ambo Woreda based on landslide hazard causal factors including spatial rainfall distribution, local geology, slope, elevation, aspect, soil type, LULC, distance from stream and land slide inventory data based on Geographical Information System and remote sensing techniques. As a result 921 polygons covered an area of 32.9km 2 (3.43%) of the total study area was found with past landslide hazards. Past landslide hazard areas were studied to investigate the contribution of each landslide causing factors and to map the potential landslide hazard zones of Ambo woreda. Consequently the study area was categorized in to four levels of Potential Landslide Hazard Zones termed as very high, high, moderate, low and very low. The total area of about 959.7km 2 , was classified as 14.7%, 53.28%, 23.43%, 4.99% and 3.6% among the very high, high, moderate, low and very low potential landslide hazard zones respectively. The presence of very high and high potential landslide hazard levels in wider area of Ambo woreda can be used as a warning message for local planners and the community to urgently plan for the reduction of potential landslide disaster risk reduction using various practices such as intensive soil and water conservation works and enhancing landslide disaster preparedness activities. Keywords: Landslide Hazard, Landslide hazard zonation, Potential landslide hazard DOI: 10.7176/JEES/10-2-03 Publication date: February 29 th 2020

Initial development of the digital crowd mapping for landslide monitoring and early warning system

Landslide disaster risk reduction emphasizing community participation and technical instruments for monitoring and early warning has been introduced in Indonesia for more than a decade. Notable recognition from the international scientific community indicated that this approach is reliable and effective for landslide vulnerable area where a dense population exists. This paper presents our progress of the initial development framework of interdisciplinary product through digital crowd mapping for landslide and early warning in mobile apps. The crowd information from local people or community in the real-time as a ‘human sensor’ is the necessary and main point in developing this crowd mapping because not all of the landslide vulnerable area in Indonesia is covered by the monitoring and early warning technical instruments. Rainfall condition, threshold condition based on the geological structure, data monitoring from field early warning instruments, and verified crowd information from local people, are occupied as the ‘requirement definition’ for ‘system and software design’ that will be structured and provided in the apps. Central Java Province is selected as a pilot area in developing this digital crowd mapping.

Objectives and main results of “Community Participation for Landslide Disaster Risk Reduction” thematic papers

A set of four thematic articles dealing with “Community Participation for Landslide Disaster Risk Reduction” will be published in this issue of Landslides following a call for papers, promoted by the authors, aimed at gathering field experiences in implementing and adopting landslide risk reduction measures at the community level in different social and economic environments. This editorial article briefly introduces the topic, states the objectives and the main findings of the four research studies, and provides some concluding remarks.

Community participation in landslide risk reduction: a case history from Central Andes, Peru

This article describes the intertwined history of scientific research and landslide disaster risk reduction efforts in a small peasant community in the Rampac Grande of the Peruvian Andes. It was struck by a catastrophic landslide in 2009, claiming five fatalities and challenging local knowledge about landslide occurrence and mitigation practices. This article describes collaboration between a team of scientists, comprising both foreign and Peruvian experts and the local community, which started after the 2009 landslide and culminated during the disaster risk reduction (DRR) project which ran from 2016 to 2017. It illustrates the shift from refusing outside intervention to acceptance of the proposed measures and active community participation in their application and maintenance. This was achieved by rethinking the role of local and scientific knowledge during the process of DRR through enhanced communication and the appropriate use of the participative methods. Emphasis is placed on the crucial role played by community representative participation during formulation of the expected outcomes of the DRR, which leads to hazard reduction through the preparation of hazard maps and of the monitoring of landslide movement. Enhanced community development can also be evidenced by the construction of water tanks in the year following termination of the project. Despite the documented short-term success in landslide DRR, defining long-term exit strategy allowing the community to continue applying the measures with necessity of the minimum input from the outside actors is intrinsically difficult and still needs to be resolved.

Contextualizing community-based landslide risk reduction: an evolutionary perspective

Following the current emphasis given to community-based action in landslide disaster risk reduction (DRR) and with reference to traditional community-based approaches, recent studies have increasingly addressed regionally diverse experiences with community engagement in DRR. In this paper, we question the mechanisms of the community-based landslide DRR throughout history. To do this, we use the original historical landslide database for NW Czechia spanning from 1531 to the present day, including 230 landslide events. Five historical periods with different political regimes and socio-economic conditions are illustrated with significant landslide phases (1770, 1895–1900, 1925–1928, 1955–1960) and individual socio-economically relevant landslides (1994). For each period, the institutional and social conditions are described, the landslide phase is characterized (number of events, triggers, impacts, and recovery) along with analyses of individual case study events, and finally the institutional analyses of stakeholders dealing with landslide recovery and future prevention are provided. We conclude that various conceptualizations of community may be assigned to individual historical periods and that the inherited and newly established practices have been combined, creating hybrid models of community-based landslide DRR and affecting both its efficiency and effectiveness. Based on our findings we argue that (i) further attention should be paid to understanding the institutional, social, and technological context that is permissive of certain approaches to community engagement; (ii) approaches to community engagement must be constantly re-evaluated, given the dynamic nature of communities’ structure and functioning; and (iii) eventual use of the traditional or historical community-based approaches and practices must be critically evaluated with respect to conditions, in which these approaches and practices were developed and transformed. Finally, we emphasize that these challenges should be explored by interdisciplinary studies employing documentary data and addressing long-term path-dependencies of DRR in specific environmental and institutional settings.

Community Preparedness Model in Landslide Disaster Risk Reduction in Tugumukti Village, Cisarua Subdistrict, West Bandung District, Indonesia


 
 
 This research is aimed to describe handling model toward disaster-prone and vulnerable condition in Tugumukti Village through community preparedness in the effort of Community-based disaster risk reduction. It is an approach to encourage local community in managing disaster risk. This approach is expected to create an independent community and have abilities in managing disaster risk. Preparedness is one important part in reducing disaster risk which demands ability and community participation especially people who live in the disaster-prone area. This research used qualitative action research where the researcher is the research instrument. The action research requires the researcher to do direct practice in the community as the subject being studied. In knowing preparedness in Tugumukti Village based on preparedness framework to disaster developed by LIPI in collaboration with Unesco/ISDR (2006) that is (1) attitude and knowledge system, (2) Policy and Manual, (3) Emergency Planning, (4) Alert System and (5) Resource Mobilization.The research about community preparedness initiated by tested the community preparedness model conducted in three-month practicum, such as (1) ground motion socialization, (2) the installation of banners about landslide (3) 1000 tree planting in landslide area, and (4) drainage channels improvement. Community preparedness model which have been tested in the research is the initial model. The result of the initial model through the interview, FGD and researcher analysis based on preparedness framework toward disaster, then generated that trialing the early models is only just at the stage of the first parameter that is the knowledge and attitudes, while for the other parameters are still said to be less. Based on that, it is necessary to improve the model. In improving the model, participatory action plan formulated by the implementation of the activities through (1) The formation of disaster management community (KMPB), (2) construction and installation evacuation route and meeting point (3) Beras perelek activation, (4) KMPB account making, (5) KMPB post construction, (6) early warning manufacture, (7) disaster equipment procurement, and (8) Training for landslide emergency response simulation.
 
 

Landslide Disaster Risk Reduction Strategies and Present Achievements in Sri Lanka

Landslide Disaster Risk Reduction Strategies and Present Achievements in Sri Lanka

Zero Draft of the Kyoto 2020 Commitment for Global Promotion of Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk

Zero Draft of the Kyoto 2020 Commitment for Global Promotion of Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk

Landslides: a top international journal in geological engineering and engineering geology?

Scientific literature is becoming daily more and more abundant. Scientific and professional journals as primary information sources are competing to each other to attract readership. Their position (ranking, visibility, attractiveness, prestige) in scientific community can be measured by using different journal bibliometric and scientometric parameters, journal impact factor being only one of them. Springer Nature publishes the journal Landslides: Journal of the International Consortium on Landslides since 2004. Being examined in the past by different authors from bibliometric and editorial point of view, this review on the journal’s achievements confirmed the high ranking of this journal in the fields of geological and geotechnical engineering and engineering geology. Strong and weak points are discussed from the bibliometric point of view, stressing the need for higher internationality of co-authorship of published articles in order to be true international journal. Continuous publishing and the move to a monthly journal in 2018 will eventually increase journal’s h-index and cited half-life of citations, but further editorial efforts should be directed to attract excellent review papers and focused technical notes to increase cites per paper. Until now, the journal Landslides is the foremost journal in the field of landslide disaster risk reduction, and the top young international journal in the field of geological engineering and engineering geology.

Participants in the Fourth World Landslide Forum and call for ICL members, supporters, and associates

The ANNEX to the 2017 Ljubljana Declaration on Landslide Risk Reduction described in the “Preface” section of this issue is the list of participants (by organizations) in the Fourth World Landslide Forum. In this article, emphasis is put on this list of organizations as they are expected to be the key components for the Fifth World Landslide Forum 2020 in Kyoto, Japan. The participants in the Fourth World Landslide Forum 2017 adopted the 2017 Ljubljana Declaration on Landslide Risk Reduction. They further endorsed the concept of the Kyoto 2020 Commitment for Global Promotion of Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk. The commitment aims to establish a long-term, wider, and stronger network after WLF5 2020 among three membership categories, namely, the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) full members/supporters/associates, ICL-supporting organizations (UN and international global organizations) and ICL-supporting governments, and ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025. This article introduces three categories of ICL memberships and calls for participation.

The 2017 Ljubljana Declaration on landslide risk reduction and the Kyoto 2020 Commitment for global promotion of understanding and reducing landslide disaster risk

The 2017 Ljubljana Declaration on landslide risk reduction and the Kyoto 2020 Commitment for global promotion of understanding and reducing landslide disaster risk