Landscape Vulnerability Research Articles

To Label or Not? Governing the Costs and Benefits of Geographic Indication of an African Forest Honey Value Chain

Geographical Indication (GI) has been proposed as a development tool, benefitting producers, consumers and local communities by creating value, improving market access, protecting local knowledge and natural resources and contributing to social cohesion as producers work together to solve common problems. However, scientific evidence on the socio-economic and environmental effects of governing value chains and origin landscapes through this voluntary, market-based arrangement is scarce. Honey appears ideal for GI labelling: having unique, physically identifiable and geographically localisable properties dependent upon the local ecosystem and beekeeping practices. White honey from the Kilum-Ijim forest in the Cameroon Highlands was GI registered in 2013 aiming to guarantee product quality, increase beekeeper selling prices and protect the forest. Panel data from stakeholder interviews, market surveys and participatory action research, shows the extent to which the GI benefited beekeepers, and how the honey value chain and landscape developed since registration. Although honey production and productivity remained steady, profits augmented as prices increased and sales became more nationwide, improving beekeeper’s living standards, appearing attributable to the GI. Deforestation however continued, and imposter brands abound, signalling potential supply shortages, increased input costs and competition which could affect future profits and the GI reputation; changing the distribution of benefits to suppliers rather than beekeepers. This suggests that whilst the Oku white honey GI has had a short-term positive livelihood effects, longer-term positive impacts conserving the landscape have been ineffective, and the durability of economic impacts is questionable. Although multiple arrangements govern the value chain and landscape, even together they are insufficient to balance the many demands on this productive landscape, suggesting the limits of weak institutions and non-state governance to protect vulnerable landscapes and ecosystems, and producer’s livelihoods. This reality check of the benefits from the Oku white honey GI highlights the importance of coherent, effective governance of both landscapes and the markets for its products.

Dynamics of Global Coastline: An Exposition of Erosional and Depositional Landforms Along The Komenda Coastline in The Central Coastal Plains of Ghana

The coast is a dynamic region where various processes with their origin from the land, atmosphere and sea interact. The interactional nature of these processes gives rise to one of the most spectacular forms along coastlines and these are coastal landforms. However, there has not been much research that unearths and describes the coastal landforms caused by deposition and erosion along the about 1 km stretch of the Komenda Ghana coastline. The study is an exposition of the coastal landforms caused by both deposition and erosion along the coastline. The study thrived on a descriptive research design coupled with observations, measurements and photographic presentation. The study revealed diverse coastal erosional landforms along the Komenda shoreline which encapsulate caves, geo, a blowhole, a stack and stumps while the only depositional landforms found were rocky and sandy beaches. Also, the study revealed the massive operation of sub-aerial processes such as weathering and mass wasting as the main forces operating along the shoreline. The study recommends increased research along the area to ensure a better understanding of its climatic, hydrodynamical, geological and geomorphological conditions which will provide a more and comprehensive understanding of coastal landforms and the factors shaping the coastline at every point in time. The study area has high nature conservation and recreational value. Therefore, it is crucial to sustainably monitor and to improve the planning processes in these vulnerable landscapes.

Comprehensive Natural Environment and Landscape Signs in Coastal Settlement Hazard Assessment: Case of East Taiwan between the Coastal Mountain and the Pacific Ocean

In East Taiwan, coastal settlements are scattered and narrowly confined between the Coastal Mountain and the Pacific Ocean. These settlements are currently at risk as there is no room for retreat. Therefore, it is essential to conduct a comprehensive and continuous hazard assessment in these coastal residential areas. In order to avoid biased towards the natural environment, the factors that cannot easily be built within the geographic information system (GIS) database are distinguished by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to conduct a vulnerability assessment of threats to coastal zones. The method: we used the east coast of Taiwan as an example, through GIS and statistical analysis in land-use status, vulnerable population groups and UAV landscape signs of indicators of erosion and accumulation. Through the main output of an intuition scatter map, the erosion landscape susceptibility, economical land-use exposure, and special population groups’ ratio allowed for the easy comparison of the vulnerability, risk level and resilience between different coastal settlements. These diverse observation aspects of risk assessment results can provide prevention and control strategies that meet the different needs of coastal risk management in restricting and strengthening the land-use development of communities.

Urban Heat Management and the Legacy of Redlining

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Historical patterns of discrimination and disinvestment have shaped the current landscape of vulnerability to heat in U.S. cities but are not explicitly considered by heat mitigation planning efforts. Drawing upon the equity planning framework and developing a broader conceptualization of what equity means can enhance urban heat management. Here I ask whether areas in Baltimore (MD), Dallas (TX), and Kansas City (MO) targeted for disinvestment in the past through practices like redlining are now more exposed to heat. I compare estimates of land surface temperature (LST) derived from satellite imagery across the four-category rating system used to guide lending practices in cities around the United States, summarize the demographic characteristics of current residents within each of these historical designations using U.S. Census data, and discuss the connection between systematic disinvestment and exposure to heat. LST and air temperatures are not equivalent, which makes it difficult to reconcile existing research on the human health impacts of heat exposure that rely on a sparse network of air temperature monitoring stations with more granular LST data. Areas of these cities that were targeted for systematic disinvestment in the past have higher mean land surface temperatures than those that received more favorable ratings. Poor and minority residents are also overrepresented in formerly redlined areas in each of the three study cities.Takeaway for practice: By examining areas that have experienced sustained disinvestment, cities may be able to more quickly narrow the focus of heat mitigation planning efforts while furthering social equity. Efforts to mitigate the negative impacts of rising temperatures in U.S. cities must be tailored to the local climate, built environment, and sociodemographic history. Finally, geospatial data sets that document historical policies are useful for centering and redressing current inequalities when viewed through an equity planning lens.

Biophysical regions of the Southern Highlands, Tanzania: regionalization in a data scarce environment with open geospatial data and statistical methods

ABSTRACT Spatially explicit, evidence-based and regionally contextualized data on biophysical landscape characteristics is an essential basis for regionally sustainable landscape management schemes. In many regions of the Global South, the availability of such information is poor, especially at the subnational level, and the spatial management is often based on generic and outdated information, leading to severe threats for land sustainability. We have developed a biophysical regionalization of the Southern Highlands area of Tanzania. The map is based on open-source global datasets depicting climate, soil, topography and vegetation. Through replicable statistical and geospatial analyses, we have identified 7 regions and 18 subsections with biophysically similar and spatially distinctive environmental conditions. The regions provide spatially contextualized support for understanding and managing the landscapes of the Southern Highlands. The applications for such data sets are numerous, from screening suitability areas for e.g. afforestation schemes to evaluating the distinctiveness and vulnerability of landscapes to degradation.

Assessing Soil Erosion Hazards Using Land-Use Change and Landslide Frequency Ratio Method: A Case Study of Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka

This study aims to identify the vulnerable landscape areas using landslide frequency ratio and land-use change associated soil erosion hazard by employing geo-informatics techniques and the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) model. Required datasets were collected from multiple sources, such as multi-temporal Landsat images, soil data, rainfall data, land-use land-cover (LULC) maps, topographic maps, and details of the past landslide incidents. Landsat satellite images from 2000, 2010, and 2019 were used to assess the land-use change. Geospatial input data on rainfall, soil type, terrain characteristics, and land cover were employed for soil erosion hazard classification and mapping. Landscape vulnerability was examined on the basis of land-use change, erosion hazard class, and landslide frequency ratio. Then the erodible hazard areas were identified and prioritized at the scale of river distribution zones. The image analysis of Sabaragamuwa Province in Sri Lanka from 2000 to 2019 indicates a significant increase in cropping areas (17.96%) and urban areas (3.07%), whereas less dense forest and dense forest coverage are significantly reduced (14.18% and 6.46%, respectively). The average annual soil erosion rate increased from 14.56 to 15.53 t/ha/year from year 2000 to 2019. The highest landslide frequency ratios are found in the less dense forest area and cropping area, and were identified as more prone to future landslides. The river distribution zones Athtanagalu Oya (A-2), Kalani River-south (A-3), and Kalani River- north (A-9), were identified as immediate priority areas for soil conservation.

Beyond slash‐and‐burn: The roles of human activities, altered hydrology and fuels in peat fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Near‐annual landscape‐scale fires in Indonesia's peatlands have caused severe air pollution, economic losses, and health impacts for millions of Southeast Asia residents. While the extent of fires across the peatland surface has been widely attributed to widespread peatland drainage for plantation agriculture, fires that transition from surface into sub‐surface soil‐based fires are the source of the most dangerous air pollution. Yet the mechanisms by which this transition occurs have rarely been considered, particularly in diversely managed landscapes. Integrating physical geography methods, including active fire scene evaluations and hydrological monitoring, with qualitative methods such as retrospective fire scene evaluations and semi‐structured interviews, this article discusses how and why sub‐surface peat fire transition occurs in an intensively altered peatland ecosystem in Indonesia's Central Kalimantan province. We demonstrate that variable water table levels and flammable surface vegetation (fire fuels) are co‐produced socio‐political and biophysical phenomena that enable the conditions in which surface fire is likely to transition into peat fire and increase landscape vulnerability to ongoing, uncontrollable annual fires. This localized understanding of peat fire transition counters normative causal narratives of tropical fire such as ‘slash‐and‐burn’, with implications for the management of new fire regimes in inhabited landscapes.

Seasonal Adaptation of the Thermal-Based Two-Source Energy Balance Model for Estimating Evapotranspiration in a Semiarid Tree-Grass Ecosystem

The thermal-based two-source energy balance (TSEB) model has accurately simulated energy fluxes in a wide range of landscapes with both remote and proximal sensing data. However, tree-grass ecosystems (TGE) have notably complex heterogeneous vegetation mixtures and dynamic phenological characteristics presenting clear challenges to earth observation and modeling methods. Particularly, the TSEB modeling structure assumes a single vegetation source, making it difficult to represent the multiple vegetation layers present in TGEs (i.e., trees and grasses) which have different phenological and structural characteristics. This study evaluates the implementation of TSEB in a TGE located in central Spain and proposes a new strategy to consider the spatial and temporal complexities observed. This was based on sensitivity analyses (SA) conducted on both primary remote sensing inputs (local SA) and model parameters (global SA). The model was subsequently modified considering phenological dynamics in semi-arid TGEs and assuming a dominant vegetation structure and cover (i.e., either grassland or broadleaved trees) for different seasons (TSEB-2S). The adaptation was compared against the default model and evaluated against eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements and lysimeters over the experimental site. TSEB-2S vastly improved over the default TSEB performance decreasing the mean bias and root-mean-square-deviation (RMSD) of latent heat (LE) from 40 and 82 W m−2 to −4 and 59 W m−2, respectively during 2015. TSEB-2S was further validated for two other EC towers and for different years (2015, 2016 and 2017) obtaining similar error statistics with RMSD of LE ranging between 57 and 63 W m−2. The results presented here demonstrate a relatively simple strategy to improve water and energy flux monitoring over a complex and vulnerable landscape, which are often poorly represented through remote sensing models.

Coastal Landscape Vulnerability Analysis in Eastern China-Based on Land-Use Change in Jiangsu Province.

The unreasonable land use in rapid urbanization areas induced by large-scale urban construction activities have caused massive ecological issues. In this study, landscape vulnerability index (LVI) and landscape human interference index (LHAI) were originally addressed and calculated using multi-temporal land-use data from 2000 to 2015. Then, the spatial-temporal relationship assessment model of landscape fragility caused by human activities were constructed for each county of Jiangsu Province, China, so as to analyze the spatial distribution of landscape vulnerability and determine the impacts of artificial disturbance on landscape vulnerability. The results showed: (1) The number of counties with middle and high landscape vulnerability increased from 20 in 2000 to 27 in 2015 with a peak value (33) in 2010. (2) Counties with high-intensity human activities showed an upward trend. (3) Land use generally has a significant and diverse impact on landscape vulnerability. At the county level, the LVI was positively correlated with the LHAI before 2010 and was followed by a negative correlation of them. As concluded from this study, a total of four sub-regions (continuous benefit zones, variable benefit zones, continuous harmful zones, and variable harmful zones) have been identified for sustainable landscape management in the future. (4) The LVI suggests that the landscape vulnerability in Jiangsu did not continue to deteriorate in the study period. Further, accelerated land exploitation has produced a positive impact on regional economic development and ecological protection. This study provided an effective method set for analyzing the environmental impacts caused by human activities and promoting future ecosystem management in coastal areas.

REMOTE SENSING DETECTION AND IMPACT ANALYSIS OF TIBETAN HUMAN LANDSCAPE IN JIUZHAIGOU

Abstract. The qualitative analysis of human landscape vulnerability is widely recognized, but quantitative analysis needs a lot of manpower, material resources as well as time to carry out the social observation. Based on remote sensing and spatial data, quantitative analysis of human landscape vulnerability will change this situation. This paper put forward a vulnerability evaluation model for change detection with remote sensing time series images and spatial tourism data. It is not only a quickly analysis tool which spans from the earth observation to the social observation for quantitative evaluation, but also an assistant tool for decision-making from change detection analysis to trend analysis.The vulnerability evaluation model of Jiuzhaigou Tibetan human landscape highlights the vulnerability of the whole region has increased significantly. The good structure ratios of bio-abundance are the basis of the human landscape protection, but the activities of ice and snow areas may be a natural factor for the migration of native along the tour roads in the valley from hillsides. The impact of tourism activities is far less than the natural environment. But tourism activities have inevitably affected the human landscape protection, and its negative index benefit is almost three times as much as the positive index benefit of protection measures. Especially, with the change of production and lifestyle of native brought by tourism activities, the human landscape is gradually disappearing. Further development of tourism activities will also extend the impact to the Balance Zone. It is urgent to reconstruct the current management model of human landscape.

Spatio-temporal variations in landscape ecological risk related to road network in the Central Himalaya

Road networks are permanent manmade features altering the landscape structure and subsequently influence regional landscape ecology. Taking south-western foothills of Central Himalaya, as a case, this study assessed the spatio-temporal variations in landscape structure and landscape ecological risk (LER) influenced by the road network and topography. The relationship between LER and accessibility factors (distance to different road-types and road kernel density) and topographical factors (elevation and slope) were explored using ordinary least square (OLS) regression and geographically weighted regression (GWR) model. Our results indicate that high-risk LER zones are closer to the road network. This is also in conjunction with increasing built-up areas adjacent to the road network. Regression analysis using GWR model better explained the relationship between LER (dependent variable) and distance from different road-types (independent variables) as compared to OLS with a significant correlation at 1% confidence interval. The spatial variations in the interrelation between dependent and independent variables were explained using quantified coefficients estimated by the GWR model. The estimation and visualization of spatial associations between landscape structure, LER, and road network provided in our study can act as a baseline for developing a guideline for sustainable infrastructure development and management of ecologically vulnerable landscapes across the tropical world.

Evaluating the adaptive capacity of cultural landscapes to climate change: Incorporating site-specific knowledge in National Park Service vulnerability assessments

Author(s): Johnson, Christopher E.; Germano, Vida | Abstract: Cultural landscapes are complex systems of natural and cultural resources that are affected by changes in climatic and non-climatic factors. The National Park Service, Pacific West Region, has developed a vulnerability assessment (VA) model for identifying, evaluating, and responding to the effects of climate change to cultural landscapes by utilizing peer-reviewed data and local knowledge to inform management strategies that can reduce the vulnerability of cultural landscapes to deterioration and loss. Key to developing site-specific adaption plans is a VA based on analysis of the significance, exposure, and sensitivity of landscape characteristics and features, and identification of the management capacity to reduce the sensitivity of the cultural landscape to change. The resulting assessment compares the level of projected vulnerability of the landscape as a whole and of each characteristic or feature under evaluation, and the identification of methods for minimizing the sensitivity of the cultural landscape to climate change. This paper provides an overview of the VA model through case studies from the state of Washington, the territory of Guam, and Tinian, commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands.

基于景观格局-服务的景观生态风险评价——以广州市为例

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于景观格局-服务的景观生态风险评价——以广州市为例 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201903060425 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（41571172） Assessing landscape ecological risk based on landscape pattern and services in Guangzhou during 1990-2015 Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:城市化对景观的结构和功能造成极大干扰，城市景观变化引起的生态风险受到城市生态建设的关注，但景观生态风险评价技术体系尚待深化，以促进风险防范决策。研究选取植被碳固定、土壤保持、水源涵养与提供和栖息地提供等景观服务改进景观脆弱度的评价方法，以广州市为案例研究区，评价了1990-2015年广州市城市景观生态风险及其时空变化特征。研究结果表明：（1）基于景观格局与服务的景观生态风险评价能够有效地评估城市景观生态风险的空间分布，但评价需要关注结果验证和辅助情景分析，方可为景观生态风险的预警和预测提供科学依据。（2）1990-2015年广州市的景观干扰度先增加后降低，2000年是景观干扰度变化的转折点；25年间，景观脆弱度不断增加，中脆弱度和高脆弱度比例之和维持在60%以上；2000年是景观生态风险的转折点，1990-2000年景观生态风险趋于增大，2000-2015年景观生态风险趋向降低；景观干扰度、脆弱度和生态风险在空间上呈现南部高于北部，西部高于东部的分布特征。（3）近25年，广州市景观生态风险与景观变化具有较好的空间一致性。维持低风险的比例为40.74%，基本都分布在北部山区，而维持高风险的比例为6.67%，由低风险向高风险的转变比例为32.28%，由高风险转变为低风险的比例为20.31%。 Abstract:Landscape ecological risk assessment (LERA) is an effective tool developed in recent years to support landscape ecological construction and management. The ecological risk caused by landscape change or land-use and land-cover change has received increased attention by policy-makers. High-intensity human activities disturbed the pattern and function of ecosystem and the hotspot of landscape change in urban areas, which contributed to the uncertainty of ecological risk. Therefore, it is urgent to improve the LERA method to provide quantitative analysis for landscape management and comprehensive risk prevention. There are several methods used for LERA such as landscape metrics and landscape source-sink risk. However, the classic model of traditional ecological risk assessment followed the mode of risk source identification-receptor analysis-exposure and hazard assessment. In order to improve the LERA method in urban areas, this research followed the landscape metrics method, but improved the algorithm of vulnerability for landscape services. A series of landscape services indicators were reselected to denote landscape vulnerability, including carbon storage, water provision and purification, soil conservation, and habitat quality. This study used multi-source data to analyze the spatio-temporal changes and characteristics of landscape ecological risk based on 1 km×1 km spatial resolution in Guangzhou, a typical area experiencing rapid urbanization, for the period 1990-2015. The results were as follows: (1) LERA based on landscape pattern and landscape service can effectively evaluate the spatial distribution of urban landscape ecological risk. The low landscape ecological risk type is typical and these areas were regularly distributed over the 25 years. In the study stage, the year of 2000 was the transition period. (2) The landscape disturbance degree of Guangzhou increased first and then decreased over the 1990-2015 period; 2000 was the year when the degree of landscape disturbance changed. Landscape vulnerability is increasing. Together, medium vulnerability and high vulnerability areas accounted for more than 60% of the area; these areas were more common in the south than the north, and more common in the west than in the east. The landscape ecological risk in Guangzhou was increasing before 2000, and showed a tendency to decrease after 2000. (3)The landscape ecological risks transition showed that landscape changes and ecological risk have a good spatial consistency in Guangzhou during the 25-year study period. The area with a low landscape risk was 40.74%, and this area was mostly distributed in the northern mountainous areas. The area with a high landscape risk was 6.67%, the transition from low risk to high risk was 32.28%, and high risk change to low risk was 20.31%. This shows that landscape changes in urban area has a high risk after rapid urbanization. However, the uncertainty of LERA still plagued the application of LERA in policy-making. Further research can pay more attention to the verification of assessment results or use scenario analysis to quantify spatiotemporal characteristics of risk to improve the scientific basis for the early warning and prediction of landscape ecological risk. Then, the LERA applications in urban areas can be acceptable for landscape management or policy-making. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Оценка противопожарного потенциала лесных ландшафтов заповедного Прибайкалья с использованием данных тепловой инфракрасной съёмки (на примере территории Байкало-Ленского заповедника)

The article considers the experience of a comparative assessment of the fire potential fire-stop capability of different types of forests in the conditions of southern permafrost zone. The presented methodology is based on the processing of thermal infrared data from the Landsat TM satellite. On this basis, there were obtained surface temperatures for sites with different forest growing conditions and bioproduction characteristics. This approach has been tested on the example of modal landscapes of the Baikal-Lena State Nature Reserve, located in the central ecological zone of the Baikal natural territory. The possibility of using surface temperatures to estimate the fire-fighting role of different types of forests is based on the equation of the heat balance of the earth’s surface. The thermal values obtained from the processing of thermal infrared images reflect the measure of the emission of sensible heat flux by the landscape. Near-surface temperatures vary by forest type. Forest types with the highest fire-fighting role are characterized by a higher moisture exchange potential and the lowest surface temperature values. It has been revealed that forests on permafrost have higher surface temperature values. Most fire vulnerable forest landscapes coincide with valleys of intermountain depressions, lowlands, bottom of bolsons, submontane uplands and smooth hillsides. Those have different degree of water-logged areas with islands of permafrost and low values of phytomass. Those nature complexes are more fire-dangerous in periods of long droughts due to lower transpiration potential and less influence on micro- and mesoclimat as compared with forest on unfrozen rocks. This technique has been tested in contrasting forest-growing areas of the boreal permafrost zone and can be applied in regions of Russia, Canada and the United States that are similar in terms of landscape and geographic characteristics. This approach can also be used to improve the fire safety systems in Russian forest reserves.

TOPOPHILIA-EXPOSURE CENTRAL SPACE CONCEPT MODEL

Abstract. This study proposes how a hexagon object (rather than a perfect circle) is a better representation of a data bin to visualize weighted spatial information, in analysing location (space center), and sorted local knowledge on ‘topophilia-exposure’. This approach which depicts the topographic features sorted in a tessellated bin, correlated with the origin (space center), and geographic knowledge on love of a place (tessellated space), was sought to understand the relationships of ‘topo’(topography), ‘philia’ (love of), and exposure data, sorted in a hexagonal lattice shaped cell or bin as spatial objects, where each hexagon has an area of 100 hectares (tessellated bin mapping unit) at a 1 kilometer continuous interval between centroids (central space of hexagon). The ‘topophilia-exposure’ central space concept model is designed to look at the ‘Phila’ factors influencing selected exposed residents situated in spaces at risk. This paper shows the effect of ‘Philia’ elements in the exposed sample Barangays (villages) in Daraga, and Guinobatan towns, Albay, Philippines. These factors dissuade residents from permanently relocating to safer areas, despite the obvious risks involved with staying. Undesired development and sprawling in vulnerable landscapes and danger zones make reducing disaster risk difficult to accomplish; and relocation is often the required option for some areas. Undoubtedly, the factors of Topophilia complicate even the most logical and scientific options for disaster risk reduction and mitigation. This paper finally concludes that the topophilia-exposure model is a model that reflects the phenomena of disaster risk, Exposure complicated by the “love of land” will prevail, and may increase; surely causing complexities in Disaster Risk Reduction and Management.

Land Use Changes and Their Perception in the Hinterland of Barranquilla, Colombian Caribbean

The coastal strip of the western peri-urban area of Barranquilla in the Atlántico Department (Colombia) is experiencing changes in human-environment interactions through infrastructure, residential, and tourism projects in a vulnerable landscape. In the hilly area, fragments of biodiverse tropical dry forest still exist in various states of conservation and degradation. To understand the interrelated social, economic, and ecological transformations in the area, we analyzed land use change on the local scale including the local community’s perception, because the local community is a key actor for sustainable land use. For the analysis of the interrelated social, economic, and ecological processes, we combined visual interpretation of high-resolution satellite imagery, on-site field land use mapping, and a spatial statistical analysis of the distribution of land use classes with in-depth interviews and a participatory GIS workshop, thus benefitting from the complementary methodological strengths of these approaches. The case study is the rural community of El Morro, which exhibits the typical social, economic, and ecological changes of the coastal strip of the western peri-urban area of Barranquilla. The local community perceives a continuous loss of forest area, but observations from on-site field mapping cannot confirm this linear trend. We observed a gradual replacement of traditional land uses such as smallholder agriculture, charcoal production, and cattle breeding by services for tourism, gated community projects for urban dwellers, and infrastructure projects; these spatial developments have several characteristics of rural gentrification. We conclude that the drivers of environmental degradation have changed and the degradation increased. The development projects of external companies have been rejected by the local community and have induced environmental consciousness among community members. Thus, the local community has become an advocate for sustainable land use in the study area.

Understanding climate gentrification and shifting landscapes of protection and vulnerability in green resilient Philadelphia

As resilience strategies become a prominent orthodoxy in city planning, green infrastructure is increasingly deployed to enhance protection from climate risks and impacts. Yet, little is known about the social and racial impacts of such interventions citywide. In response, our study uses a quantitative and spatial analytical approach to assess whether interventions we call “green resilient infrastructure” (GRI) protect social groups traditionally most at risk and/or least able to adapt to climate impacts – or conversely, if the aggregate effect is maladaptive and inequitable outcomes (i.e. shifting vulnerability or climate gentrification). First, we performed a pre-post test of GRI siting distribution relative to socio-ecological vulnerability in Philadelphia neighborhoods. Second, we examined gentrification trends in relation to GRI siting and whether these interventions contribute to increasing the socio-ecological vulnerability of historically marginalized populations. Our findings point to a strong negative association between GRI siting and increased minority population, and a strong positive association between GRI siting, gentrification, and reduced minority population. The paper contributes to a better understanding of siting inequities and urban climate injustice dynamics and offers a new conceptual frame for critical urban adaptation research and practice of the pathways that shape uneven and unjust outcomes.

GENE-31. IDENTIFICATION OF CORE AND CONTEXT-SPECIFIC FITNESS GENES IN GLIOBLASTOMA STEM CELLS VIA GENOME-WIDE CRISPR-Cas9 SCREENS

Abstract Advances in the characterization of the genetic, epigenetic and transcriptomic landscapes of glioblastoma (GBM) tumor samples and primary cell lines have yielded considerable insight into tumor initiation and progression. A major finding from these studies is the high degree of inter- and intra-tumoral variability displayed in GBM, which has increased interest in the identification of clinically relevant disease subtypes for precision targeting. While multiple groups have identified subtypes of GBM tumors and GBM stem cell lines, efforts to identify specific actionable targets have yet to bear fruit. To address this gap, we performed genome-wide TKO CRISPR-Cas9 fitness screens to functionally interrogate the genomes of a panel of 16 genetically/epigenetically characterized GBM stem cell lines. Our screens identify over 1,500 fitness genes per GBM stem cell line which collectively provide a functional landscape of genetic vulnerabilities in GBM. The size and heterogeneity of our screen panel provided us with the capability to identify both core (i.e. SOX9, Protein Ufmylation, JUN) and context specific fitness genes. Specifically, we have identified genes preferentially required for the proliferation of GBM stem cells based on transcriptionally defined subtypes (i.e. SOX2, OLIG2 in Proneural GSCs), genetic alterations (i.e. CDK6 in CDKN2A/B deleted GBM) and disease stage (i.e. ATP6AP2 in recurrent GBM). Experimental validation of key subtype-specific fitness genes is currently underway using genetic knockout and drug/inhibitor treatment. Our data provides biological insight and novel mechanistic understanding of heterogeneity in GBM and points to opportunities for precision targeting of defined GBM subtypes.

COMP-09. A CANCER DRUG ATLAS ENABLES PREDICTION OF PARALLEL DRUG VULNERABILITIES OF GLIOBLASTOMA

Abstract Personalized cancer treatments using synergistic combinations of drugs is attractive but proves to be highly challenging. The combinatorial nature of such problems results in an enormous parameter space that cannot be resolved by empirical research, i.e. testing all combinations for all molecularly defined tumors. In addition, effective drug synergy is hard to predict. Here we present an approach to map data of drug-response encyclopedias and represent these as a drug atlas. This atlas consists of a framework of chemotherapeutic responses that represents a drug vulnerability landscape of cancer. Based on data from the literature we found that many synergistic drug combinations show distinct inter therapy responses and drug sensitivities. We confirmed this by performing a drug combination screen against glioblastoma where we used 270 combination experiments. From the identified dual therapies we were able to predict and validate a triple drug synergy which was validated in vivo. This new and generalizable strategy opens the door to unforeseen personalized multidrug combination approaches.

Impacts of Shenzhen basic ecological control line on landscape ecological risk

The Shenzhen Basic Ecological Control Line (SZBECL) has been in operation for more than ten years since its implementation in 2005, which has a significant protective effect on the ecological space. Landscape ecological risk refers to the possible adverse consequences caused by the natural or human-induced interactions between landscape pattern and ecological processes. The scien-tific management of ecological risk is an important prerequisite for the sustainable development of human beings. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the changes of landscape ecological risk inside and outside the SZBECL. Combining two indicators (ecological sensitivity and landscape vulnerability), we comprehensively evaluated the landscape ecological risk of Shenzhen in 2005 and 2015. The difference-in-difference method was used to explore the impacts of the SZBECL on the landscape ecological risk inside the line. Results showed that the landscape ecological risk in Shen-zhen presented a spatial structure of "high west and low east", which decreased by 13.5% during 2005 to 2015. Inside and outside the SZBECL, the declines of the landscape ecological risk were 0.7% and 14.4%, respectively. For the five subzones, declines were more significant outside the SZBECL, except for the eastern coastal zone. After controlling the effects of other variables, at the municipal level, there was 1.8% higher landscape ecological risk inside the line compared with the region outside the line. Furthermore, at the subzone level, there was 1.6%, 1.6%, 1.4%, and 1.9% higher landscape ecological risk inside the line in the central urban zone, the western coastal zone, the middle zone, and the eastern zone, respectively. There was no significant difference between the inside and outside of the line in the eastern coastal zone. With the implementation of SZBECL, habitat quality and landscape vulnerability inside the line were lowered, but NDVI and population density did not change.