Landscape Pattern Changes Research Articles

Urbanization impact on landscape patterns in Beijing City, China: A spatial heterogeneity perspective

The temporal and spatial characteristics of landscape pattern change can reflect the spatial impact of urbanization on the ecological environment. Studying the relationship between urbanization and landscape patterns can provide supports for urban ecological management. Previous studies have examined the quantitative relationship between the social economy and landscape patterns of an entire region, but have not considered the spatial non-stability of this relationship. In this study, we characterized the landscape patterns in Beijing City, China during 2000 and 2010 using four landscape metrics, i.e. patch density (PD), edge density (ED), Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI) and the aggregation index (AI). Geographically weighted regression (GWR) was employed to identify the spatial heterogeneity and evolution characteristics of the relationship between the urbanization of population density (POP), gross domestic production (GDP) and nighttime lighting (NTL), and landscape patterns. The evolution of urban landscape patterns indicated a decentralized, aggregated, and fragmented change from the downtown to the suburb and outer suburb. During the 10-year period, the average PD in the downtown increased by 100.6%, and the increase of AI in the suburb was the largest. The PD, ED and SHDI increased by different degrees in the outer suburb. The influences of different urbanization modes on landscape patterns were also different. Infilling mode made the landscape patterns more regular and integrated. The landscape was more broken and complicated under the edge-expanding mode, and the leapfrog mode made PD and SHDI increase slightly. In the relationship interpretation, GWR effectively identified the spatial heterogeneity, and improved the explanatory ability compared to ordinary least squares (OLS). The most intense response to urbanization was the forest landscape and the forest-cultivated land ecotone in the northwest of Beijing City, indicating that this region was ecologically fragile. The population density in the urbanization index had a direct effect on landscape patterns, while the PD affected by urbanization was greater than the shape, aggregation and diversity index. Affected by development policy, urban planning and other factors, the explanation degree of social economy to landscape patterns decreased in 2010. GWR is an effective method for quantifying the spatial differentiation characteristics of urbanization impacts on landscape patterns, which can provide more spatial information and decision criteria for the green development of a compact city.

Measuring spatio-temporal characteristics of city expansion and its driving forces in Shanghai from 1990 to 2015

Urbanization has both direct and indirect impacts on land use change, and analyzing spatio-temporal characteristics of land use change is essential for understanding these impacts. By comparing Landsat TM images, this paper examines the changes of land use structure and landscape patterns in Shanghai from 1990 to 2015. It finds that the city doubled in size, with the growth of isolated construction land being most significant among eight land use types. A land use change matrix was established and landscape indices were selected to evaluate the change of spatial structure in Shanghai. In order to identify the main driving forces of city expansion in Shanghai, this research ran partial least square regression models to assess the impact of 10 social-economic factors on land use change of Shanghai from 1990 to 2015. It then conducted bivariate correlation analysis to explore the drivers of change of various land use types: urban settlement, rural settlement and isolated construction land. Besides quantitative analysis, this paper analyzes the influence of policy-dimensional factors in land use change. It concludes with future potential research topics on land use change in a rapidly urbanizing context.

Systematic Environmental Impact Assessment for Non-natural Reserve Areas: A Case Study of the Chaishitan Water Conservancy Project on Land Use and Plant Diversity in Yunnan, China

Environmental impact assessment before and after the establishment of a Water Conservancy Project (WCP) is of great theoretical and practical importance for assessing the effectiveness of ecological restoration efforts. WCPs rehabilitate flood-damaged areas or other regions hit by disasters by controlling and redistributing surface water and groundwater. Using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Composite Evaluation Index (CEI) in predictive modeling, we studied the degree to which a WCP could change land use, plant communities, and species diversity in Yunnan, China. Via modeling, we quantified likely landscape pattern changes and linked them to naturality (i.e., the percentage of secondary vegetation types), diversity, and stability together with the human interferences (e.g., conservation or restoration project) of an ecosystem. The value of each index was determined by the evaluation system, and the weight percentage was decided through Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). We found that minor land-use changes would occur after the Chaishitan WCP was theoretically established. The greatest decline was farmland (0.079 %), followed by forest (0.066 %), with the least decline in water bodies (0.020 %). We found 1076 vascular plant species (including subspecies, varieties and form) belonging to 165 families and 647 genera in Chaishitan irrigation area before the water conservancy establishment. The naturality and diversity decreased 11.18 % and 10.16 % respectively. The Composite Evaluation Index was 0.92, which indicated that Chaishitan WCP will enhance local landscape heterogeneity, and it will not deteriorate local ecological quality. Our study proposes a comprehensive ecological evaluation system for this WCP and further suggests the importance of including the ecological and environmental consequences of the WCP, along with the well-established socioeconomic evaluation systems for non-natural reserve areas. We conclude that the Chaishitan WCP will have minor environmental impacts on the local landscape and plant diversity. Furthermore, the irrigation project will provide sufficient water once established, which will enrich local plant diversity; therefore, we support its construction.

Land Cover Changes (1963–2010) and Their Environmental Factors in the Upper Danube Floodplain

To analyze the changes in the Upper Danube Floodplain, we used aerial photos to quantify the change of landscape pattern from 1963 to 2010. We focused on typical floodplain habitats, i.e., riparian forest and floodplain grassland. We used landscape metrics and transformation matrix to explore changes in land cover structure and composition. The active floodplain experienced increasing fragmentation from 1963 to 2010. Despite an increase of aggregation, riparian forest suffered a 2.3% area loss from 1995 to 2010. Arable land in the active floodplain declined by 28.5%, while its patch size significantly increased. Elevation, distance to river and soil quality were the most relevant environmental factors for the land cover change in the floodplain. Higher soil quality or longer distance to river led to an increase of conversion from grassland into arable land; grassland patches with poorer soil quality were likely to change into riparian forest; riparian forest closer to the river and with a lower height above mean water level tended to remain stable. This comprehensive understanding of historical land cover change and environmental factors is needed for the enhancement of landscape functions and sustainable development in the floodplain.

Pollen‐inferred millennial changes in landscape patterns at a major biogeographical interface within Europe

AbstractAimThe regional co‐occurrence of contrasting bioclimatic elements (warm‐temperate, continental, boreal, arctic‐alpine) may be shaped by the distribution of their glacial or post‐glacial refugia. We tested this hypothesis using pollen proxies in a region where such refugia are expected, but not unequivocally demonstrated.LocationEast‐Central Europe (Western Carpathians and adjacent regions).MethodsWe compiled pollen spectra from 112 sites distributed across various landscapes for six time‐periods from the Late Glacial to the present. Compositional patterns were assessed by principal coordinates analyses (PCoA) with a sensitivity analysis based on a bootstrap technique. Site PCoA scores were interpolated geographically and correlated with palaeoclimatic models.ResultsConsistently over the last 15,000 years, the first ordination axis sorted samples according to the proportion of deciduous temperate trees, while the second axis consistently followed an altitudinal gradient that coincided with temperature. The principal gradient was more important than the altitudinal gradient except for the Late Glacial and Bronze & Iron Ages, when both gradients were of similar importance. The fine‐grained pattern in the present mountain landscape was formed as late as during early modern colonization.Main conclusionsSince the Late Glacial, the landscape has been differentiated into temperate, continental and cold regions. This finding supports the hypothesis that refugia are a key factor for understanding current biogeography in Central Europe. The Late Glacial occurrence of temperate trees is unlikely to be explained only by gradual migrations from southern Europe. Humid but relatively warm mountains hence might have acted as glacial refugia of temperate forest species, while lowlands and leeward basins might have acted as post‐glacial refugia of steppe grasslands. The strong contrast between forested (temperate) and more open continental landscapes during the Early Holocene seems to correspond with recent diversity patterns. Our results highlight the relevance of integrating past landscape trajectories into modern biogeographical models.

Monitoring Wetland Changes both Outside and Inside Reclamation Areas for Coastal Management of the Northern Liaodong Bay, China

Seaward reclamation and landward reclamation are the main driving forces for significant changes of landscape patterns in coastal zones. Using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS), this study took the northern area of Liaodong Bay as a case study to reveal shoreline changes to wetlands and to delineate coastal wetland loss and landscape succession both outside and inside reclamation areas. Results showed that: 1) Shoreline change fell into three stages: slow accretion (1977–1985), fast erosion (1985–1993) and rapid advancement (1993–2002, 2002–2014). 2) Reclamation has converted 85% of natural coastal wetlands into artificial coastal wetlands and non-wetland, causing significant wetland fragmentation. 3) The traditional landscape succession over nearly four decades went from natural coastal wetlands to inland halophytes/reed swamps to aquaculture ponds/cultivated lands and then to built-up areas. Due to advanced reclamation technologies, the successional process was simplified and the time was shortened. The accelerated industrialization and urbanization following economic reforms and population growth have greatly affected landscape succession through the increase of artificial coastlines and built-up areas. It is our anticipation that this work can provide valuable information for the management and conservation of the coastal zone in the future.

A gradient analysis on urban sprawl and urban landscape pattern between 1985 and 2000 in the Pearl River Delta, China

Urbanization is an irreversible trend worldwide, especially in rapidly developing China. Accelerated urbanization has resulted in rapid urban sprawl and urban landscape pattern changes. Quantifying the spatiotemporal dynamics of urban land use and landscape pattern not only can reveal the characteristics of social transfer and economic development, but also can provide insights into the driving mechanisms of land use changes. In this study, we integrated remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS), landscape metrics, and gradient analysis to quantitatively compare the spatiotemporal dynamics of land use, urban sprawl, and landscape pattern for nine cities in the Pearl River Delta from 1985‒2000. For the whole study region, urbanization was obvious. The results show an increase in urban buildup land and shrinkage of cropland in the Pearl River Delta. However, the nine cities differed greatly in terms of the process and magnitude of urban sprawl for both the spatial and temporal dimensions. This was most evident for the cities of Guangzhou and Shenzhen. Gradient analysis on urban landscape changes could deepen understanding of the stages of urban development and provide a scientific foundation for future urban planning and land management strategies in China.

Analysis of land cover and landscape change patterns in Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve, China from 1972 to 2013

For effective monitoring and protection, researchers need to analyze the trends and causes of landscape pattern change in wetlands. The present study used Geographic Information System and remote sensing technology to analyze temporal and spatial dynamics of landscape pattern and related driving forces in the Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve (ELWNNR) in China. We used Landsat images from 1972, 1998, 2007 and 2013, and classified the landscape into six types of land cover: water body, wetland, vegetation, salinized land, desert, and other objects (i.e., Gobi and Mountain). Landscape transition matrices and change pattern analysis were used understand wetland dynamics. Our results showed that land cover had changed dramatically during 1972–2013. The spatial extent of much of the wetland areas in the ELWNNR had reduced gradually from 1972 to 2007, and wetland loss occurred more rapidly after 2007. From 1972 to 2013, 415.8 km2 of wetland area had been lost and only 250.1 km2 wetland area had expanded, which represents a 22% decrease in wetland area in the ELWNNR. At the same time, the landscape pattern experienced diverse changes in the Nature Reserve. The high-density human population of the region has an intensive effect on the region. Wetlands in the nature reserve have also changed with recent rapid development in the region. This study may provide scientific information for developing effective and sustainable conservation plans for the ELWNNR.

Ecological Land Fragmentation Evaluation and Dynamic Change of a Typical Black Soil Farming Area in Northeast China

Ecological land is a land use category provided with considerable ecological value and a vital indicator reflecting regional eco-environmental quality. However, it has experienced severe fragmentation during the rapid urbanization in China which strongly threatened the regional ecological security, land use pattern and human living environment. Therefore, analysis of spatiotemporal change of ecological land use and ecological landscape pattern is particularly essential. In this paper, a case study was made in Nong’an County, which is a typical black soil farming area located in northeast China facing severe conflicts among cultivated land protection, urban expansion and ecological security. A landscape fragmentation evaluation model was proposed to measure the degree of regional ecological land fragmentation. We also determined the land use change features through the methods of dynamic change information exploration and by performing transfer trajectory analysis during the period from 1996 to 2014. The results showed that the ecological land in Nong’an County has experienced increasing fragmentation during the past 18 years. The statistical results showed that the land transition between ecological land and other land categories was quite frequent, and it especially appeared as a dramatic decline of grassland and severe increase of saline-alkali land. In addition, human interferences especially construction activities and cultivated land occupation were still the dominant factors to the fragmentation of ecological land and the frequent transition among the land use categories. The fragmentation degree showed a downward tendency at the end of the study, which indicated noticeable benefits of land use regulation and land protection policies directed towards land ecological value. This study aims to provide a scientific evaluation model for measuring ecological land fragmentation degree, and figure out the regional land use transition relationships to offer suggestions for decision-making and provide a practical case in a typical region.

The dynamics of landscape-scale ecological connectivity based on least-cost model in Dongshan Island, China

As a hot topic in Landscape Ecology study, ecological connectivity is an important indicator for regional land sustainable use and biological protection. This paper conducted a systematic assessment of ecological connectivity using remote sensing images of Dongshan Island in 1994, 2003 and 2011. Based on least-cost modelling, the method takes into consideration the type of barrier, the distance impact, and the adjacent land use types to obtain the Barrier Effect Index (BEI) and Ecological Connectivity Index (ECI). The application of this method to Dongshan Island showed the ecological connectivity index (ECI) was low in 1994, improved in 2003, and decreased significantly in 2011. The results of the dynamic analysis of landscape structure showed farmland and roads were the main landscape classes that caused the low observed ECI in 1994 and 2003; these tended to divide the landscape and cause fragmentation. Construction land and roads were the main landscape classes resulting in low ECI in 2011, while forest and grassland had a high ECI. Trajectory analysis showed ECI tended to decrease in the low mountain forest zone of the northwestern and southeastern parts of Dongshan Island as well as in the coastal protection forest area. The areas where ECI became high were located in the northeastern part of Dongshan Island where cities and towns are concentrated with high human populations. Therefore, rapid urbanization has been the most important factor driving changes in landscape structure and patterns during the last 17 years on Dongshan Island. The approach not only assists us in revealing the driving mechanism of landscape dynamics from another aspect, but also can assess the impacts of regional and urban plans on landscape structure and function.

Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Changes and Human Driving Forces of Land Landscape Pattern and in Huanghua City

Based on TM/ETM+ images of Huanghua City in 1994, 2004 and 2013, this paper studies the landscape pattern with landscape indices selected by the type and level of landscape, analyzes the changes of spatial pattern by introducing the center of gravity migration model, and explores the human driving forces of landscape pattern by the human-associated impact. The results indicate that, in terms of landscape type, three types of landscape are relatively concentrated, namely farmland, saline land, and grassland; the grassland, farmland and construction land feature high fractural dimension and complex landscape shape; the wetland, farmland and saline land patches boast relatively high physical connectivity. In terms of landscape level, the patch changes from fragmented distribution to concentrated distribution, and from simple shapes to complex shapes. From the distribution center of each landscape type, there are various degrees of migration for all landscape types in the two periods of 1994-2004 and 2004-2013. Specifically, the farthest migration occurs in 1994-2004 to construction land, which is 2.928km; the second and third farthest migrations occur to grassland and saline land, respectively. The shortest migration occurs in 2004-2013 to water body, which is 0.234km. Human factors are the main influencing factors over the changes of landscape pattern of Huanghua City.

内蒙古高格斯台罕乌拉自然保护区土地覆盖与景观格局变化分析

土地覆盖变化和景观格局变化是研究生态环境变化及野生动物生境格局变化的重要基础。本研究基于内蒙古高格斯台罕乌拉国家级自然保护区1995、2004和2014年7月份3期landsat TM系列数据，运用RS、GIS技术及景观生态学的方法，系统分析了该区1995~2014年土地覆盖与景观格局变化，定量分析了土地覆盖类型变化度、斑块面积指数、斑块形状指数、边缘密度指数以及多样性指数等指标。研究结果表明：土地覆盖类型主要为草地、林地和灌丛半灌丛，约占保护区总面积的80%~90%；其中1995~2014年草地面积减少245.74 km2，林地增加99.73 km2，灌丛半灌木丛减少4.38 km2；从景观格局来看，1995~2014年间，斑块数量、斑块密度、平均形状指数均有较大波动，均为先增加后减少；而聚集度先变小后又增大；Shannon’s多样性指数逐渐递增，最大斑块指数逐渐减小。说明1995~2004年，景观趋于丰富和复杂化，2004年以后，破碎化程度减小并趋于稳定。该研究结果表明随保护区级别晋升，管护力度加大，保护区环境得到改善，但仍然面临土地退化的严重挑战。 Land coverage and landscape pattern changes are the important basis of the study in the change of ecological environment and wildlife habitat pattern. In our study, we got the three phases dataset of lands at TM at summer in July 1995, 2004 and 2014 in Gaogesitai-Hanwula national nature reserve, Inner Mongolia, and used techniques of remote sensing (RS), geographic information systems (GIS) and landscape pattern analysis method to systematically analyze the land coverage and landscape pattern change from 1995 to 2014, and quantificationally analyze land cover types change degrees, patch area index, patch shape index, edge density index and diversity index. Our results showed the grassland, woodland, brush and half shrubs were the main land coverage type. They occupied 80% - 90% of the total area. From 1995 to 2014, grassland decreased by 245.74 km2, forest land increased by 99.73 km2 and brush and half shrubs decreased by 4.38 km2. From 1995 to 2014 by the landscape pattern, patch number, patch density and mean shape index showed great fluctuations (increased firstly and then decreased quickly); the degree of aggregation firstly decreased and then increased; Shannon’s diversity indices gradually increased; and the largest patch index gradually decreased. It showed the landscape tended to be more abundant and complex from 1995 to 2004, and the degree of fragmentation was decreasing and tending to be stable. Our results also showed as the promotion of the level and the improvement of protection for the nature reserve, the environment of nature reserve was improved. However, it still faced the enormous challenge due to the land degradation.

Landscape pattern changes of <i>Carex </i>and its response to water level in Lake Poyang Wetland

淡水湿地水文过程控制着湿地植被景观的形成与演变. 基于Landsat TM/ETM⁺遥感影像数据，利用决策树分类法提取鄱阳湖湿地1992、1999、2006、2012年4期景观信息，通过景观格局指数、转移矩阵和质心迁移法对苔草景观的空间变化及其与水文过程关系进行分析. 结果表明：研究期间，鄱阳湖湿地秋、冬季苔草景观分布面积受到水位和退水过程的影响，低水位年的中滩位缓慢退水与低滩位快速出露更有利于苔草景观的扩张；苔草景观的空间格局与水位关系密切，在低水位年份，低位洲滩提前出露，苔草景观分布高程较低，部分低位光滩被苔草所侵占，原苔草分布的部分洲滩转变为芦荻景观，景观的破碎化程度较重，在高水位年份，低位洲滩长期被水体淹没，苔草景观分布高程相对较高，部分芦荻分布区被苔草所侵占，而原苔草景观的部分区域转变为水体和光滩，由于该期间苔草主要集中分布在湖周和入湖河口地带的高位洲滩上，其景观破碎化程度较轻；水位年际间的升降变化会影响苔草景观质心位置，年均水位上升引起景观质心发生向湖岸方向推进，而年均水位下降则会导致苔草景观质心向湖心方向转移.;The formation and evolution of vegetation landscape are controlled by the hydrological processes in freshwater wetlands. Based on the Landsat TM/ETM⁺ remote sensing images, the landscape information on Lake Poyang Wetland in 1992, 1999, 2006 and 2012 was extracted by using decision tree classification. The spatial variation of Carex landscape was analyzed by means of landscape pattern index, transfer matrix and centriod shifting methods. Meanwhile, the relationship between Carex landscape and hydrological processes was also preliminarily discussed. Results showed that the distribution and area of Carex landscape in autumn were influenced by the water level and recession process of Lake Poyang Wetland during the study period, the slow recession of intermediate-elevation(14-16 m) areas and fast emersion of low-elevation(12-14 m) areas play a more important role in the formation and expansion of Carex landscape than the water level. The spatial pattern Carex landscape in Lake Poyang Wetland was closely related to the annual mean water level. In the year of low annual mean water level, the distribution elevation of Carex landscape is relatively low, some exposed mudflats were occupied by Carex landscape, and the original distribution areas of Carex landscape were partly replaced by Phragmites and Triarrhena landscape, the fragmentation degree of Carex landscape was relatively heavy. While in the year with high annual mean water level, many low bottomlands were submerged, the elevation of Carex distributed was relatively high. Many regions of Phragmites and Triarrhena landscape were occupied by Carex, while the original distribution areas of Carex landscape became partly mudflat or water landscape types. Affected by the rising water level, Carex landscape mainly shifted and centered on the high zones of estuary of input rivers and lakeshore, thus the fragmentation degree of Carex landscape was relatively light. In addition, water level inter-annual fluctuation will affect the centroid position of Carex landscape, with centriod shifting to the lakeshore during the rising water level; vice verse to the lake center during the falling water level falling.

南岭自然保护区景观格局变化及其驱动力

利用RS、GIS技术研究分析了南岭国家级自然保护区内景观格局的时空变化及其驱动力因子，结果表明：1988~2009年间，在景观面积变化方面，区内景观主体森林景观占总面积的95%左右，其中常绿阔叶林面积最大，占总面积的50%以上，优势景观类型为针叶。在景观破碎度方面，全区内景观的密度指数增加，景观破碎化程度加剧；核心区内斑块密度指数略减，各景观类型的平均斑块面积增大，景观破碎化程度略增但不显著，缓冲区和实验区破碎化程度加剧；在景观多样性方面，全区内景观格局由简单变复杂，多样性指数增大，异质化程度增加；核心区内景观多样性呈现略增但不显著；缓冲区内景观多样性显著增加；实验区内多样性指数减小，景观异质化程度降低；整个研究区内的景观向多样化方向发展。实验区景观格局与全区一致，缓冲区变化不大，核心区景观格局朝单一化方向发展。 In this paper, landscape pattern change and its driving forces of each functional zone in Nanling National Nature Reserve were analyzed based on the GIS and RS platform. It turns out that, from 1988 to 2009, about the changes of landscape area, the main forest landscape was about 95% of the total area, of which the evergreen broad-leaved forest had the largest area, accounting for more than 50% of the total area. The dominant landscape type was coniferous. In the aspect of landscape fragmentation, the density index of landscape in the whole area increased and the de-gree of landscape fragmentation increased. The patch density index in the core area decreased slightly, and the average patch area of each landscape type increased, and the degree of landscape fragmentation increased slightly significantly, the degree of fragmentation of the buffer zone and the experimental area increased. In the aspect of landscape diversity, the landscape pattern in the whole area increased from simple to complex, the diversity index increased and the degree of heterogeneity increased. The diversity of the landscape in the core area was slightly increased but not significant; the landscape diversity in the buffer area increased significantly. The diversity index of the experiment area is reduced and the degree of landscape heterogeneity is reduced. The landscape in the whole study area is diversified. The landscape pattern of the experimental area is consistent with that of the whole area, and the buffer zone is not changed, and the landscape pattern of the core area is developing towards the single direction.

滦河流域景观格局变化对水沙过程的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 滦河流域景观格局变化对水沙过程的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201511262389 作者: 作者单位: 南开大学,南开大学 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（51079068）；天津市科技支撑计划重点项目（09ZCGYSF00400）；天津市应用基础与前沿技术研究计划（15JCYBJC22500） Effects of landscape pattern change on flow and sediment processes in the Luanhe River Basin Author: Affiliation: Nankai University,Nankai University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:以滦河流域为研究区域，基于SWAT模型模拟1976-2012年滦河流域的水沙过程，分析2000年京津风沙源治理项目实施前后流域产水产沙时空格局变化；研究1980-2010年流域景观格局变化特征，揭示景观格局变化的水沙响应；应用Spearman相关分析法分析流域景观格局变化对水沙过程的影响。结果表明：与20世纪80年代相比，2010年流域林地和建设用地增加，其他用地类型减小；流域景观集中程度提高、连通性变优、优势斑块显著、形状趋于规则、多样性减少、破碎化程度降低、景观类型向非均衡方向发展；流域年均地表径流减少9mm，产水量增加5.44mm，产沙减小1.59t/hm2；地表径流减少区域占全流域89.32%，产水量增加区域占76.71%，产沙量减少区域占93.89%；地表径流、产水、产沙与林地面积呈负相关，产水与草地面积呈正相关，地表径流、产沙与农业用地面积呈正相关；地表径流、产水、产沙与景观形状、Shannon's均匀度、景观分离度呈正相关，与蔓延度、最大斑块指数呈负相关；产水、产沙与斑块密度和Shannon's多样性指数呈正相关；工程治理后，流域年均径流量与产沙量显著下降，产水产沙高值区显著缩小，产沙关键区域仍需治理。 Abstract:The Luanhe River Basin is one of the most important sources of sand for sandstorms in Beijing and Tianjin. To alleviate the hazards, a sandification control program for areas near Beijing and Tianjin was carried out in June 2000, which could have changed the landscape pattern of this basin. Firstly, the present study used landscape pattern indices to analyze landscape pattern changes from 1980 to 2010. Secondly, the SWAT model was used to reveal how the changes in landscape pattern influenced the surface runoff, water yield, and sediment yield in 1980 and 2010, and to evaluate the effects of the sandification control program. Additionally, the Spearman Correlation was used to analyze the relationship between landscape pattern changes and flow-sediment process changes. Furthermore, the SWAT model was applied to study the spatial and temporal distribution of the water and sediment yield in the basin before the implementation of the program (1976-1999) and after the implementation of the program (2000-2012), respectively, and identify the critical zones of sediment yield that should be controlled at present in the Luanhe River Basin. The results were as follows:(1) compared with the area of landscape types in 1980s, forest and construction land increased obviously in 2010, whereas the other land use types decreased in 2010. Compared with the landscape pattern in 1980, increases of splitting index (SPLIT), Contagion Index (CONTAG), Landscape Shape Index (LSI), and Largest Patch Index (LPI), and decreases of Shannon's Diversity Index (SHDI) and Shannon's Evenness Index (SHEI), diversity of landscape patterns and fragmentation, and more regular landscape shapes and imbalanced development of landscape types in 2010 were also observed. (2) Compared with the flow and sediment processes in 1980, annual average surface runoff was significantly reduced in 2010, with a 9 mm decrease, and the decrease in surface runoff accounted for 89.32% of the whole basin; the annual average water yield increased strongly in 2010, with a 5.44mm increase, and areas of the increase in water yield accounted for 76.71% of the basin; average annual sediment yield was obviously reduced, with a decrease of 1.59 t/hm2, and 93.89% of the basin area showed this trend. (3) Variations in landscape indices were correlated with the processes of flow and sediment well. The surface runoff, water yield, and sediment yield were negatively correlated with the area of forest. The water yield was positively correlated with the area of grassland. The surface runoff and sediment yield were positively dependent on the area of agricultural land. Surface runoff, water yield, and sediment yield were positively correlated with SPLIT, LSI, and SHEI. On the contrary, surface runoff, water yield, and sediment yield were negatively correlated with LPI and CONTAG. Additionally, water and sediment yield both positively correlated with SHDI (Shannon's Diversity Index) and PD (Patch Density). (4) Soil erosion in most zones of Luanhe River Basin has been reduced with the implementation of the program. However, a few zones were still experiencing severe soil erosion that should be taken into account. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Estate records and the making of the Irish landscape: An example from County Tipperary

Estate records, other than estate maps, have been surprisingly underutilised by geographers involved in analysing the transformation of the Irish landscape during the landlord era. The objective of this paper is to illustrate the specific value of estate account books, and other materials, in interpreting changing patterns of settlement and landholding in 18th and 19th-century Ireland. Using the fragmentary remains of estate records from the O'Callaghan lands of south-western Tipperary, three phases of landscape development can be suggested. Phase I (c. 1730- c. 1775) can be interpreted as a critical formative phase with both landlord and well-to-do 'middleman' farmers involved both in the expansion of a commercialised pastoral economy and in initiating change in the arrangement of farm and field systems. The second phase (c. 1775- c. 1815) witnessed a phenomenal economic boom with significant demographic and landscape consequences - a new mansion and demesne are created; the landlord town of Clogheen expands rapidly while in the countryside, intensification of land use, and related increases in the number of farm holdings and cottier settlements, all add momentum to the growing demographic explosion. From 1815 onwards, however, a phase of readjustment may be distinguished as a kind of balance is struck between demographic pressures on the land leading to further fragmentation on the one hand, and deliberate estate policy aimed at the maintenance of viable farm holdings on the other. Careful use of estate records - while recognising their limitations - can therefore be seen to assist greatly in the elucidation of the processes and patterns of landscape change in Ireland over this era.

Spatial metrics for detecting ecosystem degradation in the ridge-slough patterned landscape

Indicators of landscape condition should be selected based on their sensitivity to environmental changes and their capacity to provide early warning detection of those changes. We assessed the performance of a suite of spatial-pattern metrics selected to quantify the condition of the ridge-slough landscape in the Everglades (South Florida, USA). Spatial pattern metrics (n=14) that describe landscape composition, geometry and hydrologic connectivity were enumerated from vegetation maps of twenty-five 2×2km primary sampling units (PSUs) that span a gradient of hydrologic and ecological condition across the greater Everglades ecosystem. Metrics were assessed in comparison with field measurements from each PSU of landscape condition obtained from regional surveys of soil elevation, which have previously been shown to capture dramatic differences between conserved and degraded locations. Elevation-based measures of landscape condition included soil elevation bi-modality (BISE), a binary measure of landscape condition, and also the standard deviation of soil elevation (SDSE), a continuous measure of condition. Metric performance was assessed based on the strength (sensitivity) and shape (leading vs. lagging) of the relationship between spatial pattern metrics and these elevation-based measures. We observed significant logistic regression slopes with BISE for only 4 metrics (slough width, ridge density, directional connectivity index – DCI, and least flow cost – LFC). More significant relationships (n=8 metrics) were observed with SDSE, with the strongest associations for slough density, mean ridge width, and the average length of straight flow, as well as for a suite of hydrologic connectivity metrics (DCI, LFC and landscape discharge competence – LDC). Leading vs. lagging performance, inferred from the curvature of the association obtained from the exponent of fitted power functions, suggest that only DCI was a leading metric of the loss of soil elevation variation; most metrics were indeterminate, though some were clearly lagging. Our findings support the contention that soil elevation changes from altered peat accretion dynamics precede changes in landscape pattern, and offer insights that will enable efficient monitoring of the ridge-slough landscape as part of the ongoing Everglades restoration effort.

Multi-scale analysis of alpine landscapes with different intensities of abandonment reveals similar spatial pattern changes: Implications for habitat conservation

The abandonment of traditional anthropogenic activities is an important driver shaping landscape patterns. Therefore, multi-scale pattern analysis over time is needed to identify appropriate scales for biodiversity conservation and monitoring of abandoned landscapes. We compared spatial and temporal changes in a pair of alpine watersheds in Italy (Cajada and Tovanella), which are similar in size, geo-climatic conditions, and land-use histories; but have had divergent anthropogenic abandonment processes since the 1950s. We hypothesize that this divergence has led to corresponding dissimilarities in multi-scale patterns of landscape change. To examine this hypothesis, we analyzed land cover maps from three years (1954, 1980/83, 2006) and described the changes using transition matrices. For each year and watershed, landscape heterogeneity and a set of class-level metrics (i.e. percentage of the landscape, area-weighted mean patch size, patch density, area-weighted mean shape index, edge density, and aggregation index) were also measured at different scales using random sampling techniques, and the results were summarized by using scalograms. Woodland expansion occurred mainly at the expenses of grasslands, meadows, and shrublands. These changes were greater during the first time-period (1954-80/83) than in the more recent period (1980/83-2006), with a mean annual value that decreased from +5.18 to +1.33ha/year and from +4.08 to +1.96ha/year in the abandoned and managed watersheds, respectively. Landscape heterogeneity decreased over time with a similar pattern in both watersheds, which indicates a general process of homogenization. Management regime affected the spatial-scale response of class-level metrics; these metrics showed a variety of multi-scalar responses, which were not always consistent over time and under different management regimes. When considering the response of the indices across spatial-scales for both watersheds, certain historical curves showed a scale break, representing a significant change in the shape and slope of the curve (i.e. scale divergence). The presence of scale breaks in the scalograms can potentially reveal important thresholds for biodiversity. For example, grassland and meadow patch density at small spatial scales (<200m radius), which was found to be important for protected butterfly species, had a greater reduction over time in the managed watershed when compared to the abandoned watershed. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that there is good potential for understanding changes in landscape patterns under different management abandonment regimes by combining spatial and temporal analysis of class-level metrics.

Impacts of changes in climate and landscape pattern on ecosystem services.

The restoration of degraded vegetation can effectively improve ecosystem services, increase human well-being, and promote regional sustainable development. Understanding the changing trends in ecosystem services and their drivers is an important step in informing decision makers for the development of reasonable landscape management measures. From 2001 to 2014, we analyzed the changing trends in five critical ecosystem services in the Xilingol Grassland, which is typical of grasslands in North China, including net primary productivity (NPP), soil conservation (SC), soil loss due to wind (SL), water yield (WY) and water retention (WR). Additionally, we quantified how climatic factors and landscape patterns affect the five ecosystem services on both annual and seasonal time scales. Overall, the results indicated that vegetation restoration can effectively improve the five grassland ecosystem services, and precipitation (PPT) is the most critical climatic factor. The impact of changes in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was most readily detectable on the annual time scale, whereas the impact of changes in landscape pattern was most readily detectable on the seasonal time scale. A win-win situation in terms of grassland ecosystem services (e.g., vegetation productivity, SC, WR and reduced SL) can be achieved by increasing grassland aggregation, partitioning the largest grasslands, dividing larger areas of farmland into smaller patches, and increasing the area of appropriate forest stands. Our work may aid policymakers in developing regional landscape management schemes.

The consequences of landscape change on fishing strategies

We show how land-use change can affect fisher-harvesting behavior. We test whether fisher harvesting behavior can be predicted by landscape change patterns at local (~200km) and regional (~1200km) levels. Our data suggest that fishers harvesting in areas near tree plantations reduced benthic-invertebrate harvests in favor of demersal and pelagic finfish that are usually located further offshore. Fishers' management areas, which were near tree plantations, had higher chlorophyll-a values, and contained shellfish with more endobionts. Technology (owning a boat) and experience (age, years fishing, and alternative livelihoods) explained little in fisher-harvesting behavior. The flagship Chilean fisheries management program and seafood companies sourcing from these areas will need to respond to these new challenges. Despite complexities in designing cross-scale, social-ecological studies, we can no longer ignore the interconnectedness of commodities in the biosphere.