Profession Of Landscape Architecture Research Articles

The garden as Raumkunstwerk: the role of early 20th-century architecture schools for the modernisation of landscape architecture ed

The process leading to the first full academic curriculum for the discipline of landscape architecture in Germany being introduced in 1930 is relatively well-researched. Until then, garden design had been taught at special horticultural institutes. However, in the course of reform processes during the early 20th century, the subject of the garden was also introduced in different form and at different types of institutions of higher education as connected to architecture. This correlated with two subfields: architectural design and urban planning theory. The present paper’s first aim is to give a first overview over the variety of partly little-known curricula and courses that addressed open space design, respectively the personalities involved. By referring to a wide scope of sources, connections are disclosed between academia and some of the theoretical works addressing the garden. Within the profession of landscape architecture all the new educational options were known, which leads to the assumption that these options represented a source of inspiration for reforming landscape architecture education in the early 20th century.

A study of training in landscape architecture through research on the evolution of the profession of landscape architecture in Lithuania

L’article analyse l’histoire et l’évolution de la formation en architecture de paysage en Lituanie. Le développement de la profession et de la formation d’architecte-paysagiste est aussi complexe que l’histoire du pays. Cette profession trouve ses origines dans l’art des jardins et des parcs et évolue en réponse aux défis des époques et aux opportunités des études universitaires. À la fin du xviie siècle, l’ancienne université de Vilnius a créé des chaires et des programmes d’études appliquées dans les domaines des beaux-arts et des sciences naturelles, et a publié des ouvrages établissant les bases de la profession de jardinier artistique. Au xxe siècle, entre les deux guerres, des architectes, des urbanistes et des architectes-paysagistes ont effectué leurs stages dans des écoles françaises. La chaire d’architecture est introduite à l’université de Kaunas en 1940 et a développé son activité pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale et l’après-guerre soviétique. Les disciplines du paysage et de l’architecture de paysage sont intégrées dans les programmes d’étude. À l’époque soviétique, la réorganisation des écoles d’enseignement supérieur a permis leur développement, mais il faudra attendre 1972 pour qu’un programme d’études avec une spécialisation en architecture de paysage démarre à l’Académie des beaux-arts de Vilnius. Dans les années 1990, les architectes-paysagistes ont enseigné les disciplines du paysage dans les différentes écoles telles que l’Académie des beaux-arts, l’université de Klaipėda (KU), l’université technique de Vilnius (VGTU) et celle de Kaunas (KTU), ainsi que l’Académie d’agriculture de l’université Vytautas Magnus. Toutes ces universités ont contribué à la formation des architectes-paysagistes mais n’ont pas eu de programme reconnu par l’IFLA Europe ni par l’ECLAS. La nécessité de créer un programme moderne d’études a suscité l’émergence de deux projets Erasmus+ destinés à créer une licence et un master d’architecture de paysage à l’université technique de Vilnius. L’article présente les défis de la création de ce programme d’études d’architecture de paysage et l’importance de la coopération universitaire internationale dans ce processus.

Landscape architecture education and democracy

The pioneers of landscape architecture invented this profession in a period of democratic, science and industrial revolutions that encouraged civil rights movements. However, before WWII the courses in landscape architecture were developed in only a small number of countries. Until the mid- seventies several new landscape architecture programs started in Western Europe. From the mid-seventies to the end of the eighties existing programs increased their number of staff members and students. The fall of the Iron Curtain, in 1989, resulted in the establishment of several new university degree programs in Eastern Europe. The hypothesis that there would be a correlation between the development of landscape architecture education and the political regimes is discussed in this paper. Different landscape architecture university programs worldwide are analyzed to see their history and the background of the institutions that provide them. Two reputable resources are used to support this analysis: the Democracy Index, and the Freedom House Report. According to this analysis about 88% of landscape architecture programs are offered in democratic countries, 82% are offered in free countries. A good association between the number of landscape architecture programs and democracy index is verified for former communist countries. The analysis showed that the progress of democracy institutions and civil rights create the necessary environment for the development of the landscape architecture profession.

The Development of Modern Landscape Architecture in Thailand

The profession of landscape architecture has been firmly established in Thailand and has continued to flourish for over 40 years. Throughout this time, landscape architecture has made important contributions in improving environments, the people’s quality of life, and the aesthetics of Thailand’s cities and communities. This research discusses the development of the landscape architecture profession and design concepts in Thailand from the beginning to present to understand how landscape architecture has been cultivated through the processes of adaptation and appropriation. 
 The major contents of this research were obtained from the analysis of interviews conducted with 20 practitioners of landscape architecture firms in Thailand. The topics of discussion include multiple factors affecting the concepts, styles, and typologies of landscape architectural design. 
 The results show that landscape architecture in Thailand has developed in parallel with global design trends since the beginning of this profession. However, contextual factors, particularly socio-economic, political, and environmental issues, also affected the variation of project types and detailed designs. These trends and factors help foster the richness of landscape architecture in Thailand.

‘Conditions in landscape which the public as a whole wishes to see and enjoy’ – electricity generation, amenity and welfare in post-war Britain

ABSTRACT In his 1975 article about planning and the Welfare State, Malcolm Harrison identified ‘specific social benefits’ as ‘possible welfare objectives’ of town and country planning in post-WW2 Britain. Some of these social benefits, such as the need for recreation, and the right to leisure facilities became key goals of Government policy and State-sponsored planning projects. Growing emphasis on leisure and recreation as part of an ‘improved quality of life’ and the increasing mobility and affluence also led to growing importance of opportunities for rural recreation and access to and preservation of the countryside. Through a series of case studies, this paper examines how these welfare objectives were materialized in the designed landscapes created around coal-fired power stations in Britain, commissioned by the nationalized Central Electricity Generating Board between 1957 and 1970. It will analyse how statutory duties towards workers’ welfare and environmental consciousness resulted in the involvement of the profession of landscape architecture, and how this helped the Board to navigate its duty to preserve the countryside as well as safeguarding the needs of communities.

Environmental Psychology Approaches Within the Relationship of Nature and Health in terms of Landscape Architecture

For a while, today’s modern people have been struggling with various problems which threaten their health including climate change, water and food scarcities, depression etc. Also, most recently, they have been faced with a more complicated- unfamiliar problem, pandemic. And in the future, what kind of different problems to be faced to threaten their health cannot be predicted. This situation underlines boldly the obligation to support people health before then it has been lost. And, at the point of supporting health, the phenomenon of nature emerges. Nature offers low-cost, non-intrusive solutions for human health and well-being, and the landscape architecture profession also plays an important role in enhancing the relationship with nature. Today, many studies are emphasizing the positive effects of exposure to nature on health and the relationship between nature and health is generally explained within the scope of various theories put forward by environmental psychology. Within the scope of this study, initially, the relationship between nature and health is reviewed in the context of theories put forward by environmental psychology. Subsequently, suggestions are offered regarding the design processes, assessing design approaches supporting health in the aspect of landscape architecture which has an important role to increase the interaction with nature.

Layered Landscapes: Links between Brazil and Australia after the Second World War

ABSTRACT The modern garden in Australia after the Second World War reflected international design movements along with new appreciations of the country’s indigenous landscapes. Conservation activities and concern for environmental quality expanded in the face of the development boom’s insatiable quest for resources and unprecedented threats to natural systems. The Australian profession of landscape architecture, institutionalised in 1966, emerged in response. An uneasy association of planners, architects, horticulturalists, foresters and others stemmed from sometimes vastly different standpoints that remarkably coalesced around singular points of reference. One possible source requiring clarification is the work of Brazilian landscape architect and artist, Roberto Burle Marx (1909–94). Evidence suggests that Burle Marx’s alluringly graphic landscape designs struck a chord, sometimes very clearly, influencing Australian designers such as John Oldham (1907–99), John Stevens (1920–2007), and Karl Langer (1903–69) in their landscape designs surrounding freeway interchanges, atop office block car parks, and for tourist resorts alike. This gave their practices a leading edge. In other instances, connections between Burle Marx and Australian founders of the profession were merely subtle traces, and the subliminal influence instead sheds light on the character of the Australian profession rather than overt derivations.

Prediction of present and future spread of Adenocarpus complicatus (L.) Gay species according to climate variables

Analyzing how the vegetative material, which is the most important design element of Turkey and the most important design element of the Landscape Architecture profession, will be affected by climate change, is of great importance in order to plan the future use of these species in planting studies. The article consists of two main sections. Firstly, the presence data of Adenocarpus complicatus (L.) Gay and WorldClim 2.1 version of 19 bioclimatic variables at 2.5 minutes (approximately 20 km2) spatial resolution were used to estimate the potential distribution area of the species in today's conditions. In the next stage, in order to determine how the range of the species will be affected by climate change, the 6th IPCC report was created based on the IPSL-CM6A-LR climate change model, which is one of the paired model comparison Project (CMIP6) models. The potential distribution area of the species for the periods 2041-2060 and 2081-2100 was modeled according to the SSP2 4.5 and SSP5 8.5 scenarios. In addition, the spatial and spatial differences between the present and future distribution areas of the species were revealed by analysis of change. According to the findings, the areas that are considered suitable and very suitable in the current distribution area are calculated as 63.695 km2.The spread of the species will decrease according to the model results. According to SSP5 8.5 scenario ~2090, it will predicted not seen the kind in Turkey.

ECOLOGICAL OR NATURALISTIC:A BRIEF REVIEW AND SEVERAL THOUGHTS ON CONTEMPORARY PLANTING DESIGN

<i>Nature</i> is a cultural construct, and a symbolic form to our cultural landscape. It plays a critical role in the profession of Landscape Architecture, shaping both the practice in the constructed environment as well as the conception of landscape in Pedagogy. This article evaluates contemporary landscape architecture practice in the U.S. through the lens of planting design and ecological design approaches. This retrospect situates selected individuals and their practices in the field of landscape architecture in the past two decades, in parallel with the evolving ecological understanding. These individuals and their works demonstrate the changes in planting design and ecological thinking in the professional practice, and most importantly how these changes contribute to current ecological design methodologies, landscape aesthetics, and public perception of landscape. In addition, the article aims to illustrate a shifting conception of <i>Nature</i> over time and in different cultural context, in which different conceptions of Nature facilitate various approaches to addressing environmental issues. By situating in such context, the article hopes to provide a critical view of contemporary American landscape architecture practice and the current ecological agenda, in order to enable discussions regarding the professional practice in the future.

Landscape performance evaluation in socio-ecological practice: current status and prospects

In the past decade, performance evaluation becomes a priority area in research and practice in the landscape architecture profession, with its influence originating from the USA and extending to other countries. The goal is to quantitatively demonstrate the environmental, social, and economic benefits of built landscape projects or, at the planning and design stage, to gauge the project’s level of fulfilment to intended goals. Structurally, the evaluation framework facilitates a healthy partnership of diverse stakeholders, including researchers, designers, clients, users, and policy makers. When adaptive design, design for resilience, and design under the uncertainty of climate change become the new norms in landscape architecture practice, performance metrics will gain interest in the communication of design merits. The author reports the current status of landscape performance evaluation by introducing the major players in this enterprise, including supporting professional organizations, accrediting and regulating agencies, research programs, and leading professional firms. In addition, 102 published landscape performance evaluation case studies are analyzed to demonstrate their contributions at the scholarly, practical, and policy levels. Last, the author suggests that the current scope of performance evaluation be expanded and offers recommendations for future development in this area.

Beginnings of Landscape Architecture in Poland

The article describes the period from the end of the nineteenth century to the 1950's. It presents the achievements of the pioneers of Polish landscape architecture, associated with various aspects of the design, planning and protection of the landscape, in addition to professional education. In the majority of European countries, the development of landscape architecture as a separate profession is dated to the interbellum period. In Poland there is currently no doubt as to the fact that landscape architecture is an independent professional discipline. However, several decades ago this topic was the subject of spirited discussion among Polish specialists, which took place on the pages of specialist periodicals. The discussions that took place at the time between outstanding garden planners, practitioners, scientists, didactic and popularizes who came from various different fields concerned the profession and the preparation of specialists, in addition to the name itself. One of the pioneers – Zygmunt Hellwig, wrote: "I believe that the shaping of the landscape is an art and science that is currently completely independent, one that has grown equally well from the foundations of horticulture, architecture and a number of similar disciplines, one that can absolutely no longer fit within the framework of the professional preparation and qualifications of an architect-builder."(1935). The landscape architecture profession developed very dynamically. Significant projects, now considered icons, were being developed, e.g. Żelazowa Wola, a monument park dedicated to Chopin or Skaryszewski Park in Warsaw. At horticultural fairs one of the more important sections was garden planning, where individual cities prided themselves in their achievements in the design of public parks. University education started to be provided in this speciality. Franciszek Krzywda-Polkowski, who had obtained an education in architecture, was the first to introduce landscape architecture to a university curriculum and organised and supervised the Landscape Architecture and Park Science Division at the University of Life Sciences starting from 1928. He also taught at the Warsaw University of Technology. His diploma candidates, Alina Scholtz and Gerard Ciołek, made significant contributions to the development of landscape architecture in Poland. A. Scholtz, an outstanding designer, became one of the founding members of the International Federation of Landscape Architecture (IFLA) in 1948. G. Ciołek was the creator of the Polish school of the revalorisation of historical garden layouts. His comprehensive scientific works on the history of garden design had a pioneering character. He is the author of the fundamental work Ogrody polskie (1954).

Designing the garden of Geddes: The master gardener and the profession of landscape architecture

The influence of Patrick Geddes (1854–1932) on the landscape architecture profession has been widely acknowledged, but there is no critical review of the nature of this influence on theory and practice. Geddes appears to have been the first person in Britain to adopt the term landscape architect to denote a profession in the American sense as someone who dealt with city planning, civic design and parks systems. This profession seemed to encompass his wide ranging interests, providing a suitable vehicle for his transdisciplinary approaches, but which he later transferred to that of town and regional planning. His approach to understanding landscapes was to study towns and regions from a cultural, ecological and economic perspective in a systematic way of survey, analysis and design. Geddes’s methods were gradually adopted by the landscape architecture profession, and purely Beaux Arts-architectural approaches phased out. By tracing contemporary references, this paper highlights key individuals who helped to promote his ideas in the landscape architecture profession then and now, and shows how his enduring influence and longstanding impact have to do with the systematic approach and methods he set forth. Today similar approaches are being promoted by other professions, but with a different perspective, and suggests that rather than various disciplines setting up silos, trying to defend their territories, with climate change and food security looming it is timely to promote more integrated approaches. This is well in line with Geddes’s ideas who not only encouraged interdisciplinarity, but also warned against inadvertent specialisation.

Mapping Research in Landscape Architecture: Balancing Supply of Academic Knowledge and Demand of Professional Practice

With increasing academic research in the past few decades, the knowledge scope of landscape architecture has expanded from traditional focus on aesthetics to a broad range of ecological, cultural and psychological issues. In order to understand how academic research and knowledge expansion may have redefined the practice, two surveys were conducted: one on Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture (CELA) in 2010 (n=230, response rate=43%), and another on the members of American Society of Landscape Architect (ASLA) in 2012 (n=239, sample rate=5%, response rate=31%). Results revealed that the scope of knowledge has expanded since 1970s in areas such as public welfare and personal pleasure. 2) The need for academic research is widely perceived in landscape architecture profession. 3) Academic research primarily generate explanatory knowledge, which has become an important supplement to judgmental design knowledge learned through systematic professional education and construction design knowledge learned through practice. 4) Practitioners believed that they use more logic thinking than intuition in their practice today, and expected more research to facilitate the former than the later.

Postcards from the edge: A critical reading of representations of the interior in Australian landscape architecture

The arid interior of Australia has been conceptualized as the site of a barren wasteland in need of ‘improvement’, a place of symbolic sacrifice by European-Australian culture to the archetypal interior, a powerful symbol of the ‘other’, and a source of Australian authenticity. Since 2001, a number of key public projects located in Australia’s capital cities have sought to represent and refer to the landscape of the interior through landscape design. This paper explores two such projects for how the profession of landscape architecture has applied the narratives of the Australian interior. These projects openly reflect the fact that European-Australian culture remains typically estranged from the landscapes of Australia’s interior_a situation that has implications for the way landscape architecture deals with the drying of Australia’s fertile fringes and engages with indigenous culture.

미국 외부공간 친환경 인증(SITES) 사례분석을 통한 친환경 조성기법 및 평가체계 연구

친환경 건축물만이 아닌 지속가능한 대지개발 및 외부환경 조성에 대한 관심과 중요성이 높아짐에 따라 미국에서는 기존 친환경 건축물 인증제인 LEED와는 별도로 Sustainable Sites Initiative(SITES)라는 인증체계를 구축하고, 이를 통해 다양한 유형의 외부공간의 친환경 요소들을 평가하고, 개발 전 과정동안 지속가능하고 통합적인 디자인이 실현되도록 유도하고 있다. 본 연구는 SITES 인증을 획득한 프로젝트들의 구체적인 친환경 전략과 적용기술 등을 분석함으로써, 친환경적인 외부공간 조성기법과 평가체계를 검토하고, 국내 외부환경 친환경 평가체계의 개선에 대한 시사점을 얻고자 하였다. SITES 인증을 받은 텍사스 지역 세 대상지의 친환경요소 분석결과, 건축물 중심의 친환경 인증과 달리 토양, 식생, 물 보전 등 조경분야에서의 다양하고 실질적인 친환경 전략과 방법들이 적용되고 있었다. 또한 인증과정을 통해 다양한 분야의 전문가들이 협력하고 소통하는 통합적 디자인과 주민들의 참여가 이루어지고, 환경교육 및 실천으로 이어질 수 있도록 하고 있다. 외부환경 및 녹지의 친환경적 평가기준이 부족한 현실에서 국내 상황에 적합한 현실적이고 실효성 있는 외부환경 친환경 인증 및 평가체계가 필요할 것으로 판단되며, 본 연구는 향후 이러한 논의를 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. While many assessment systems for buildings and indoor environment have been created with increasing interest in sustainable development, assessments for sustainable landscaping and outdoor environments have received less attention. Recently, the Sustainable Site Initiatives(SITES) was developed in the USA in order to evaluate and certify sustainable landscape design projects. The purposes of this study are to analyze sustainable landscape strategies and to review the certification system through case studies of SITES certified projects. Three certified projects in Texas were selected and literature review, site visits and interview were conducted. The results indicated that various sustainable and practical strategies were applied including soil preservation, use of native plants and recycled materials, and water harvesting. Also, SITES has benefits to encourage an integrated design process, community participation, and environmental education for the public. This suggests that a certification system for landscaping and outdoor environments needs to be developed to ensure sustainable site development, which helps extend the roles of the landscape architecture profession in sustainable design.

The Role of Landscape Architecture Profession In Two Different Contexts: A Comparative Review of the Practitioners in Responding To Climate Change Adaptation

&lt;p class="Abstract"&gt;In the context of rising concerns about global warming and sustainable development this paper examines the challenges of landscape architecture (LA) in developing and developed countries in handling climate change adaptation. The paper aims to find how the LA institutes define their professionals’ roles in dealing with society and environment. It seeks to focus on the professionals’ involvement in climate change adaptation programs in Indonesia and Australia. The paper seeks to determine how contextual factors such as institutional roles and types of prevalent governance systems shape the development of landscape architecture discipline and its professional capability with respect to other related built environment professions (architecture and planning). The websites of the ISLA (Indonesian Society of Landscape Architects) and the AILA (Australian Institutes of Landscape Architects) are examined and analysed from the perspective of professional principles of the International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA). The aim is to determine the LA practitioners’ awareness and approaches in handling climate change challenges in various roles and capabilities. It has found that the professional institute in Australia has been involved in the educational program to equip their practitioner members to have a basic knowledge and further application of climate change adaptation in their design and planning projects; whereas in Indonesia the practitioners are actively involved in community capacity building to increase people’s awareness and participation in mitigating the climate change at local as well as regional levels. Findings from the study seek to establish the universality of the LA profession and its relevance in both developed and developing countries.&lt;/p&gt;

THE USE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE TO ENHANCE THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT USING THE OF THE CITY OF ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT AS AN EXAMPLE

The landscape architecture profession and its role in the planning process in Egypt areneither clear nor well defined. This led to the production of plans which lacks the existenceof an obvious landscape strategy for both existing and new cities. A landscape planningconcept which helps to maximize the contribution of the open spaces to the character andappearance of the city; conserve features and areas of historic interest; conserve andenhance existing features of wildlife interest and where appropriate create new habitats;facilitate public enjoyment and recreation in a way which respects the landscape andminimizes its erosion; to provide a linked network of safe, rich and varied open spaces for usall to enjoy throughout the city and to promote links with the surrounding countryside.The overall objective of this paper is to produce a set of guidelines for developing alandscape strategy for the Egyptian cities. This aims to ensure that the city’s landscape isadequately protected and cared for, so that its extent, quality, biological diversity andcontribution to the character and appearance of the city can be sustained and enriched forthe benefit and enjoyment of the people and visitors. As well as addressing the need torestore a balance within the city's landscape, whereby the natural forces of change aremanaged, the damaging actions of people are limited and a climate is created to encouragethe development of quality landscape design throughout the city. This will be enhanced byusing an analytical approach to focus on the city of Alexandria as an example of the Egyptianstatus of landscape architecture, reaching the development of a landscape strategy checklist.

Review: Long Island Landscapes and the Women Who Designed Them by Cynthia Zaitzevsky; Unbounded Practice: Women and Landscape Architecture in the Early Twentieth Century by Thaïsa Way

Women interested in the male-dominated profession of landscape architecture worked hard to establish themselves in the early twentieth century; scholars today must have a similar determination to document their histories. Select repositories contain collections that have allowed for in-depth investigations, as is possible for the work of Beatrix Jones Farrand, Ellen Biddle Shipman, and Marian Cruger Coffin,1 but more often scholarship is a matter of slow digging followed by the equally slow weaving together of fragments in an attempt to get a sense of the whole. Such work is manifest in these books by Cynthia Zaitzevsky and Thaïsa Way. More than biographies of place, these address the varied educational backgrounds of their subjects, their quest for professional legitimacy, the New Woman and her place in the Progressive Era, and the gender biases that affected her. They introduce the reader to creative, resourceful, fearless professionals-an

Ruins, ideology and the Other in the landscape: the case of Zippori National Park, Israel

Landscape is a potent ideological notion. As such, the discipline and profession of landscape architecture cannot avoid taking a political stance when addressing the public domain and design may become an ideological instrument. Often, landscape architects are socialized into state ideologies and fail to see how their work becomes an agent to reinforce political domination while marginalizing the Other. One prominent example of the power of ideology to conscript landscape to its cause is national parks. In this paper we describe a specific case where the hegemony of a nationalist narrative is overwhelmingly pervasive: the ruins present in Israeli national parks. We present the case of Zippori National Park and discuss the ethical obligations of landscape architects to introduce currently hidden narratives into national parks to make them inclusive landscapes.

Landscape Architects of the World, Unite!

This article describes the shaping of the modern landscape architecture profession in Western Europe through the lens of international congresses and associations that took place and were created during the period 1935–1948. The tangible legacy of these years remains the International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA), founded in 1948 through the efforts of landscape architects from 15 national professional organizations. Although the birth of IFLA appeared essentially tied to postwar Europe, it also addressed more general questions regarding the profession, namely its future, its visibility within the design world, and its educational standards. These were all issues that had dominated prewar international meetings. The congresses of Brussels (1935), Paris (1937), Berlin (1938), and Zurich (1939) offered a means to broaden the forum for discussion and strengthen a nascent profession. In addition, the Association Internationale des Architectes de Jardins Modernistes (AIAJM), which followed the 1937 Paris meeting, looked toward the Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM) as a model for a modernist alliance between landscape architects and architects and urbanists. Therefore, one can consider the international congresses and organizations as a register of a changing landscape architecture profession, in its practice, and its relation to other design disciplines and political currents.