Typhoon Landfall Research Articles

BMA probability quantitative precipitation forecasting of land-falling typhoons in south-east China

The probability of quantitative precipitation forecast (PQPF) of three Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) models based on three raw super ensemble prediction schemes (i. e., A, B, and C) are established, which through calibration of their parameters using 1–3 day precipitation ensemble prediction systems (EPSs) from the China Meteorological Administration (CMA), the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and observation during land-falling of three typhoons in south-east China in 2013. The comparison of PQPF shows that the performance is better in the BMA than that in raw ensemble forecasts. On average, the mean absolute error (MAE) of 1 day lead time forecast is reduced by 12.4%, and its continuous ranked probability score (CRPS) of 1–3 day lead time forecast is reduced by 26.2%, respectively. Although the amount of precipitation prediction by the BMA tends to be underestimated, but in view of the perspective of probability prediction, the probability of covering the observed precipitation by the effective forecast ranges of the BMA are increased, which is of great significance for the early warning of torrential rain and secondary disasters induced by it.

Cloud type identification for a landfalling typhoon based on millimeter-wave radar range-height-indicator data

As a basic property of cloud, accurate identification of cloud type is useful in forecasting the evolution of landfalling typhoons. Millimeter-wave cloud radar is an important means of identifying cloud type. Here, we develop a fuzzy logic algorithm that depends on radar range-height-indicator (RHI) data and takes into account the fundamental physical features of different cloud types. The algorithm is applied to a ground-based Ka-band millimeter-wave cloud radar. The input parameters of the algorithm include average reflectivity factor intensity, ellipse long axis orientation, cloud base height, cloud thickness, presence/absence of precipitation, ratio of horizontal extent to vertical extent, maximum echo intensity, and standard variance of intensities. The identified cloud types are stratus (St), stratocumulus (Sc), cumulus (Cu), cumulonimbus (Cb), nimbostratus (Ns), altostratus (As), altocumulus (Ac) and high cloud. The cloud types identified using the algorithm are in good agreement with those identified by a human observer. As a case study, the algorithm was applied to typhoon Khanun (1720), which made landfall in south-eastern China in October 2017. Sequential identification results from the algorithm clearly reflected changes in cloud type and provided indicative information for forecasting of the typhoon.

Impact of physical representations in CALMET on the simulated wind field over land during Super Typhoon Meranti (2016)

A WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting Model)/CALMET (California Meteorological Model) coupled system is used to investigate the impact of physical representations in CALMETon simulations of the near-surface wind field of Super Typhoon Meranti (2016). The coupled system is configured with a horizontal grid spacing of 3 km in WRF and 500 m in CALMET, respectively. The model performance of the coupled WRF/ CALMET system is evaluated by comparing the results of simulations with observational data from 981 automatic surface stations in Fujian Province. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the wind speed at 10 m in all CALMET simulations is significantly less than the WRF simulation by 20%–30%, suggesting that the coupled WRF/CALMET system is capable of representing more realistic simulated wind speed than the mesoscale model only. The impacts of three physical representations including blocking effects, kinematic effects of terrain and slope flows in CALMET are examined in a specified local region called Shishe Mountain. The results show that before the typhoon landfall in Xiamen, a net downslope flow that is tangent to the terrain is generated in the west of Shishe Mountain due to blocking effects with magnitude exceeding 10 m/s. However, the blocking effects seem to take no effect in the strong wind area after typhoon landfall. Whether being affected by the typhoon strong wind or not, the slope flows move downslope at night and upslope in the daytime due to the diurnal variability of the local heat flux with magnitude smaller than 3 m/s. The kinematic effects of terrain, which are speculated to play a significant role in the typhoon strong wind area, can only be applied to atmospheric flows in stable conditions when the wind field is quasi-nondivergent.

Statistics on typhoon landfalls in Vietnam: Can recent increases in economic damage be attributed to storm trends?

The Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) indicates that the economic damage associated with storms has been rapidly growing in Vietnam. By contrast, the fatality rate due to storm-relevant disasters has been declining in recent decades. This study investigates whether typhoon trends have affected these outcomes. Best track data from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) were examined to estimate central pressure and wind speed when typhoons made landfall. From 1977 to 2017, typhoons with wind speeds above 20 knots struck the country 105 times. A statistical analysis, which defined a storm's intensity using principal component analysis (PCA), revealed that Typhoon Doksuri in 2017 was the strongest among the collection, followed by Cecil in 1985, Xangsane in 2006, and Damrey in 2017. The worst storm in history, Typhoon Linda in 1997, claimed over 3500 lives in southern Vietnam, but was only ranked 37th, demonstrating that typhoon intensity is not always the determining factor of fatalities. Moreover, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) illustrates that none of the meteorological trends such as frequency, central pressure, wind speed, or storm intensity show any significant increase or decrease over the last four decades. However, landfall frequency has risen significantly, particularly in the northernmost part of the country where two large cities, Hanoi and Hai Phong, are located. A strong correlation was found between intensity and recent economic damage (r = 0.80) based on the proposed index of positive annual landfall storm intensity (PALSI). Given all of these factors, it is reasonable to attribute the expansion of disaster-related economic damage to economic development and the fundamental volatility of typhoons.

Perspective on Landfalling Frequency and Genesis Location Variations of Southern China Typhoon During Peak Summer

AbstractIncreasing intense landfalling typhoons (LFTYs) are of great coastal threatens to southern China. However, changes in genesis location and landfalling frequency of western North Pacific (WNP) LFTY dedicated to southern China remain unclear. Here we identified such LFTYs during peak summer and found that most LFTYs formed south of 20°N and the LFTY genesis locations over southern WNP have also experienced a sharp interdecadal shift since 1998, which are mainly attributed to the large‐scale environment changes induced by the Mega‐La Niña‐like climate shift. However, LFTY frequency (= “landfalling frequency of southern China typhoon”) shows a slight increasing trend but without significant interdecadal variation. Variations of LFTY frequency are mainly affected by the easterly steering flows near 20°N over the South China Sea and the Philippine Sea, which are closely linked to the WNP subtropical high activity. Our results provide a new perspective on the LFTY activities dedicated to southern China.

Composite analysis of precipitation intensity and distribution characteristics of western track landfall typhoons over China under strong and weak monsoon conditions

In this paper, 34 western track typhoons making landfall over China during the period of 2006–2016 from Jun. to Oct. are taken as research objects. They are divided into strong and weak monsoon influenced categories according to the East Asian summer monsoon index. Using precipitation product that was derived from hourly precipitation observed at automatic weather stations (AWS) in China and retrievals from CMORPH [CPC (Climate Prediction Center) morphing technique] satellite data, Japanese 55-year Reanalysis products (JRA-55) and Blackbody brightness temperature (TBB) data from FengYun 2E (FY-2E) satellite, precipitation intensity and distribution characteristics of strong monsoon influenced typhoons. In addition, the weak monsoon influenced typhoons was compared through composite analysis. Furthermore, to explore the water vapor conditions, dynamic factors, thermal structure, development conditions of mesoscale convective systems, and long-term typhoon maintenance mechanisms of typhoons under both conditions. This research is attempted to obtain the regularity of influences exerted on typhoon precipitation intensity and distribution by summer monsoon, and the possible influencing mechanisms of summer monsoon on typhoon precipitation.Results show that the stronger (weaker) the monsoon flow is, the stronger (weaker) the precipitation intensity of post-landfall western typhoon. Monsoon provides a sufficient amount of water vapor through direct moisture channel. The stronger monsoon flow is, the more obvious the coupling of low-level convergence and upper-level divergence, and thus provides a stronger lifting for typhoon precipitation. A strong monsoon condition is more conducive to the genesis and development of mesoscale convection system. A strong monsoon condition is also favorable for the maintenance of post-landfall typhoon's warm core structure, thereby prolonging the precipitation through delaying the decay of typhoons. All these factors lead up to the influences on precipitation of typhoons by summer monsoon directly or indirectly.

The Mangrove Forests Change and Impacts from Tropical Cyclones in the Philippines Using Time Series Satellite Imagery

The Philippines is rich in mangrove forests, containing 50% of the total mangrove species of the world. However, the vast mangrove areas of the country have declined to about half of its cover in the past century. In the 1970s, action was taken to protect the remaining mangrove forests under a government initiative, recognizing the ecological benefits mangrove forests can bring. Here, we examine two mangrove areas in the Philippines—Coron in Palawan and Balangiga-Lawaan in Eastern Samar over a 30-year period. Sets of Landsat images from 1987 to 2016 were classified and spatially analyzed using four landscape metrics. Additional analyses of the mangrove areas’ spatiotemporal dynamics were conducted. The impact of typhoon landfall on the mangrove areas was also analyzed in a qualitative manner. Spatiotemporal changes indicate that both the Coron and Balangiga-Lawaan mangrove forests, though declared as protected areas, are still suffering from mangrove area loss. Mangrove areal shrinkage and expansion can be attributed to both typhoon occurrence and management practices. Overall, our study reveals which mangrove forests need more responsive action, and provides a different perspective in understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of these mangrove areas.

Analysis of Dual-Polarimetric Radar Variables and Quantitative Precipitation Estimators for Landfall Typhoons and Squall Lines Based on Disdrometer Data in Southern China

Typhoon rainstorms often cause disasters in southern China. Quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) with the use of polarimetric radar can improve the accuracy of precipitation estimation and enhance typhoon defense ability. On the basis of the observed drop size distribution (DSD) of raindrops, a comparison is conducted among the DSD parameters and the polarimetric radar observation retrieved from DSD in five typhoon and three squall line events that occurred in southern China from 2016 to 2017. A new piecewise fitting method (PFM) is used to develop the QPE estimators for landfall typhoons and squall lines. The performance of QPE is evaluated by two fitting methods for two precipitation types using DSD data collected. Findings indicate that the number concentration of raindrops in typhoon precipitation is large and the average diameter is small, while the raindrops in squall line rain have opposite characteristics. The differential reflectivity (ZDR) and specific differential phase (KDP) in these two precipitation types increase slowly with the reflectivity factor (ZH), whereas the two precipitation types have different ZDR and KDP in the same ZH. Thus, it is critical to fit the rainfall estimator for different precipitation types. Enhanced estimation can be obtained using the estimators for specific precipitation types, whether the estimators are derived from the conventional fitting method (CFM) or PFM, and the estimators fitted using the PFM can produce better results. The estimators for the developed polarimetric radar can be used in operational QPE and quantitative precipitation foresting, and they can improve disaster defense against typhoons and heavy rains.

Rainfall Variations over Zhoushan during Last Four Decades

Rainfall is essential for the humanity as well as for agriculture. Zhoushan is an Island, which experiences different kinds of rainfall events, such as due to typhoon, local convection, topographic effects, etc. To find out the variations, we have chosen Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) merged rainfall data set over Zhoushan during the period 1979-2018. Monthly, seasonal, annual and decadal variations have been checked and find out there is an increasing trend in rainfall during the study period. All the seasonal variations are illustrating an increasing trend except spring season, which showing decreasing trend. Recent decade (2009-18) illustrating strong increase in rainfall, this may be due to heavy rainfall events increased during decade. To find out the heavy rainfall events, we have chosen few typhoons’ rainfall during its life time, which clearly demonstrating that rainfall during the typhoon period. Zhoushan is experiencing heavy rainfall when the typhoon landfall over Zhejiang province also experiencing rainfall while typhoon passing through.

Analysis of Terrain Height Effects on the Asymmetric Precipitation Patterns during the Landfall of Typhoon Meranti (2010)

The predictions of heavy rainfall in an accurate and timely fashion are some of the most important challenges in disastrous weather forecast when a typhoon passes over land. Numerical simulations using the advanced weather research and forecasting (WRF) model are performed to study the effect of terrain height and land surface processes on the rainfall of landfall typhoon Meranti (2010). The experimental results indicate that terrain height could enhance convection and precipitation. The heavy rainfall is concentrated on the west side of typhoon track, which is mainly associated with the distribution of deep convection. The terrain height exacerbated the asymmetric distribution of heavy rainfall. The most striking feature is that enhanced rainfall is mainly caused by secondary circulation, which is induced by terrain height and can be explained by a highly simplified theoretical model. Finally, it is worth pointing out that perturbation potential temperature or buoyancy processes forced by terrain height could be taken as an indicator for accurate prediction of heavy rainfall during the landfall of a tropical cyclone.

Modal identification of a high-rise building subjected to a landfall typhoon via both deterministic and Bayesian methods.

Modal identification involves primarily the determination of natural frequencies, damping ratios, mode shapes of a dynamic system, etc. It is usually regarded as an essential task in a wide branch of structural dynamics and civil engineering, such as structural vibration control and damage identification of buildings or bridges. There are many modal identification techniques. Basically, these techniques can be categorized into two groups: deterministic methods and Bayesian approaches. The first group can be used to provide deterministic (or optimal) estimations of modal parameters, but they are unable to quantify the estimation uncertainties. The second group is based on a usage of the Bayesian framework. Compared to the first group, the second group of methods has a typical merit of being able to offer uncertainty information of identified parameters, which is of great interests, or even necessary, for some follow-up studies. In this paper, both a deterministic method, i.e., a combination of spectral analysis, filtering and Random Decrement Technique (RDT), and a Bayesian method, i.e., Bayesian Spectral Density Approach (BSDA), are exploited to experimentally identify the modal parameters of a 303 m high-rise building that was subjected to a landfall typhoon. The validity and efficiency of each method is verified by comparing the two kinds of results. Meanwhile, the identified modal parameters are used for the serviceability assessment of this high-rise building against some frequency-specific criteria.

WMO Typhoon Landfall Forecast Demonstration Projects (WMO-TLFDP) —Concept and Progress

ABSTRACT The World Expo 2010 was successfully held in Shanghai from May to October 2010. Activities related to the Expo were spread out in the Eastern China. To provide a better typhoon landfall forecast service for the Expo and to demonstrate the most advanced typhoon forecast techniques in the world, the “WMO Typhoon Landfall Forecast Demonstration Project (WMO-TLFDP)” began in May 2010 and will end in December 2012. It is a component of the Shanghai Multi-Hazard Early Warning System Project. Significant progresses have been made. First, the WMO-TLFDP Training Workshop on Tropical Cyclone Forecasting was held successfully in Shanghai, China during 24-28 May, 2010. Second. a total of 13 typhoon forecast product providers have participated in the project by providing real-time forecast products. Third, typhoon track, intensity and rainfall forecasts are verified in both real time and post season manners. Fourth, products of the project are disseminated through the project’s website ( http://tlfdp.typhoon.gov.cn ) and the operational website of the Shanghai Typhoon Warning Center. Finally, all the data and products of named tropical cyclones since May 2010 are archived by the Regional Meteorological Center of Eastern China, which are available to research, training and capacity-building activities. It is demonstrated that current operational models are valuable in providing guidance to the forecast of not only track, but also intensity and heavy rainfall of tropical cyclones. Consensus techniques and ensemble prediction systems are promising in assisting the forecasters and decision makers to provide better tropical cyclone forecast and warning service. The WMO-TLFDP has supported effectively the forecasters and typhoon-related weather services during the World EXPO 2010, and it will continue to promote the implementation of the most advanced typhoon forecast techniques among the members of ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee, which ultimately will be of benefit to other WMO Members as well.

Monitoring wind effects of a landfall typhoon on a 600 m high skyscraper

This article presents the observations of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and wind effects on a 600 m high skyscraper during a landfall typhoon. Wind structure and characteristics throughout the entire ABL are presented and discussed based on records from a Doppler radar wind profiler and near-ground measurements at several meteorological stations. Wind speed profiles with the feature of low-level jets and radial-distance and exposure dependences of gradient height are stressed. Afterwards, wind-induced pressures on building surfaces of the skyscraper are investigated with highlights on non-Gaussian probability distributions of negative pressures and vortex shedding occurred alternately at two sides of the building. The structural responses measured by both accelerometers and strain gauges are analyzed subsequently. Modal parameters of the skyscraper and their dependence on response amplitude are presented and discussed. This study aims to provide useful information for the wind-resistant design of skyscrapers in tropic cyclone-prone regions.

Inter‐decadal variability of the location of maximum intensity of category 4–5 typhoons and its implication on landfall intensity in East Asia

This study investigates the variations of the location of the lifetime‐maximum intensity (LMI) of the tropical cyclones (TCs) over the western North Pacific and the possible implications on the TC landfall intensity in different regions of East Asia. While the annual mean LMI latitude of TCs with at least tropical storm intensity shows a significant upwards trend during 1960–2016, that for intense typhoons (category 4–5) has no trend but a significant inter‐decadal variation, with distinct periods of higher latitude (1960–1969 and 1991–2011) and lower latitude (1970–1990, 2012–2016). A comparison of the spatial patterns of LMI during the periods 1970–1990 and 1991–2011 shows that the LMI location migrates from the southern to the northern part of East Asia from the first to the second period. This shift results from a higher percentage of recurving and north oriented TCs, a northwards shift of genesis locations and an increase in latitudinal distance between genesis position and LMI location in the second period. The frequency of intense typhoon landfalls and the average landfall intensities of the landfalling TCs therefore increase in Japan, the Korean Peninsula and east China but decrease in southern China. The higher frequency and average landfall intensity lead to higher annual maximum landfall intensity, which is more significant for Japan and the Korean Peninsula. However, the effect on landfall intensity in the southern part of East Asia is not obvious, with only a significant decrease in annual maximum landfall intensities in southern China.

Reconstruction of radial parametric pressure field near ground surface of landing typhoons in Northwest Pacific Ocean

The radial distribution of environmental pressure near the ground surface during typhoons is an initial input condition for height-resolving typhoon modeling widely used as a practical and relatively accurate method for rapid assessment of typhoon-induced natural hazards and wind-resistant design of structures. The radius to maximum wind speed Rmax and radial pressure distribution parameter βs, (usually named the Holland power exponent of atmospheric pressure) are two key pressure field parameters that fundamentally determine the parametric typhoon pressure field and collocated wind velocity field. Observations from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) show that Rmax follows a lognormal distribution and has strong correlation with central pressure difference Δps and typhoon center latitude ψ. However, it is still hard to satisfactorily reproduce the landing typhoon environmental pressure. By employing near-ground environmental pressure data involving several hundreds of meteorological stations distributed in coastline regions of the Northwest Pacific Ocean, evolution of typical environmental pressures during four strong typhoons, Khanun (0515), Wipha (0713), Krosa (0716) and Morakot (0908), have been recorded in Southeast China. Finally, a novel technique for modeling the radial surface pressure model is proposed utilizing an appropriate model for radius to maximum winds Rmax. The variation characteristics for directions, landfall states and probability distributions of βs are compared and discussed, and then probability correlations among βs and Rmax, Δps, ψ are fitted and validated, showing that the statistical correlation function model is obviously different from former formulations and is more suitable for rebuilding a wind velocity field, especially near the ground surface after typhoon landfalls along the southeast coastlines of China, which are typhoon-prone hazard regions during moving typhoons.

Precipitable Water Vapour Retrieval from GPS Precise Point Positioning and NCEP CFSv2 Dataset during Typhoon Events.

Radiosonde is extensively used for understanding meteorological parameters in the vertical direction. Four typhoon events, including three landfalls (MERANTI, NEPARTAK, and MEGI) and one non-landfall (MALAKAS), were chosen in analysing the precipitable water vapour (PWV) characteristics in this study. The spatial distribution of the three radiosonde stations in Zhejiang province does not meet the requirement in analysing changes in PWV during typhoon event. Global position system (GPS) observations are an alternative method for deriving the PWV. This enables improvements in the temporal–spatial resolution of PWV computed by the radiosonde measurements. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) re-analysed data were employed for interpolating temperature and atmosphere pressure at the GPS antennas height. The PWV computed from GPS observations and NCEP re-analysed data were then compared with the true PWV. The maximum difference of radiosonde and GPS PWV was not more than 30 mm at Taiz station. The Root-Mean-Square (RMS) of PWV differences between radiosonde and GPS was not more than 5 mm in January, February, March, November, and December. It was slightly greater than 5 mm in April. High RMS in May, June, July, August, September, and October implies that differences in GPS and radiosonde PWVs are evident in these months. Correlation coefficients of GPS and radiosonde PWVs were more than 0.9, indicating that the changes in GPS and radiosonde PWVs are similar. Radiosonde calculated PWVs were used for GPS PWV calibration for understanding the PWV changes during the period of a typhoon event. The results from three landfall typhoons show that the average PWV over Zhejiang province is increasing and approaching China mainland. In contrast, MALAKAS did not make landfall and shows a decreasing PWV trend, although it was heading to China mainland. Generally, the PWV change can be used to predict whether the typhoon will make landfall in these cases. PWV spatial distribution of MERANTI shows that PWV peaks change along the typhoon epicenter over Zhejiang province.

Predictor selection method for the construction of support vector machine (SVM)‐based typhoon rainfall forecasting models using a non‐dominated sorting genetic algorithm

This study proposes a predictor selection method for constructing a support vector machine (SVM)‐based typhoon rainfall forecasting models using a fast elitist Non‐dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA‐II). Based on SVMs, four rainfall forecasting models with different combinations of the three types of input variables (i.e. antecedent rainfalls, typhoon characteristics and local weather factors) were constructed for 1–6 hr‐ahead forecasting. An application to three rain gauge stations in the Yilan River basin, northeastern Taiwan, was conducted to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed predictor selection method. The results showed that the optimal combination of predictors for each SVM‐based rainfall forecasting model can be automatically and effectively determined by the proposed predictor selection method. The rainfall forecasting model using all three types of input variables performed better than the other three models, especially for long lead‐time forecasting. The construction of rainfall forecasting models is helpful to extend the lead time of flood forecasting. The optimal rainfall forecasting model can be further integrated with river hydraulic models or flood inundation models for flood forecasting to assist floodplain managers to take suitable precautionary measures during typhoon landfall.

Land-falling typhoons are controlled by the meridional oscillation of the Kuroshio Extension

Low-frequency variations of typhoon paths are often attributed to changes in the North Pacific subtropical high and monsoon through influences on the steering wind. Evidence indicates however a strong imprint of the Kuroshio on the atmosphere. Here we show that the meridional oscillation of sea surface temperature (SST) front over the Kuroshio Extension east of Japan significantly correlates with the number of land-falling typhoons along East Asia from June to October, accounting for 70% of the low-frequency variance since 1980. We used observations and a simple model to show that when the SST front shifts poleward (equatorward), SST gradient south of the current and westerly tropospheric wind weaken (strengthen), steering more typhoons to veer toward (away from) the East Asian continent. Our analysis also indicates that long-term weakening of SST gradient and westerly wind appears to be concomitant with poleward shifting of the Kuroshio, attributed to global warming in some studies, and suggests the potential for more land-falling typhoons in East Asia in the coming decades.

Regional Forecasting of Wind Speeds during Typhoon Landfall in Taiwan: A Case Study of Westward-Moving Typhoons

Taiwan is located on a route where typhoons often strike. Each year, the strong winds accompanying typhoons are a substantial threat and cause significant damage. However, because the terrains of high mountains in Taiwan vary greatly, when a typhoon passes the Central Mountain Range (CMR), the wind speed of typhoons becomes difficult to predict. This research had two primary objectives: (1) to develop data-driven techniques and a powerful artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict the highly complex nonlinear wind systems in western Taiwan; and, (2) to investigate the accuracy of wind speed predictions at various locations and for various durations in western Taiwan when the track of westward typhoons is affected by the complex geographical shelters and disturbances of the CMR. This study developed a typhoon wind speed prediction model that evaluated various typhoon tracks (covering Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4 tracks, as defined by the Central Weather Bureau), and evaluated the prediction accuracy at Hsinchu, Wuqi, and Kaohsiung Stations in western Taiwan. Back propagation neural networks (BPNNs) were employed to establish wind speed prediction models, and a linear regression model was adopted as the benchmark to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the BPNNs. The results were as follows: (1) The BPNNs generally had favorable performance in predicting wind speeds and their performances were superior to linear regressions; (2) when absolute errors were adopted to evaluate the prediction performances, the predictions at Hsinchu Station were the most accurate, whereas those at Wuqi Station were the least accurate; however, when relative errors were adopted, the predictions at Hsinchu Station were again the most accurate, whereas those at Kaohsiung were the least accurate; and, (3) regarding the relative error rates for the maximum wind speed of Types 2, 3, and 4 typhoons, Wuqi, Kaohsiung, and Wuqi had the most accurate performance, respectively; as for maximum wind time error (ETM) for Types 2, 3, and 4 typhoons, Kaohsiung, Wuqi, and Wuqi correspondingly performed the most favorably.

Field measurements of wind pressures on a 600 m high skyscraper during a landfall typhoon and comparison with wind tunnel test

As high-rise structures are constantly emerging worldwide, wind effects on wind-sensitive structures are correspondingly getting increasing concerns, especially in tropic cyclone prone areas. This paper presents the analyzed results from field measurements of wind effects on a 600 m high skyscraper located in Shenzhen during a landfall typhoon. Field monitoring of wind-induced pressures on the skyscraper was conducted by a structural health monitoring system. The major objective of this study is to further understand typhoon-generated wind pressures on super-tall buildings. In addition, wind tunnel test of simultaneous pressure measurements on the building model was performed. Full-scale and wind tunnel measurements of wind-induced pressures on windward, leeward and side faces of the super-tall building were analyzed and compared. A whole range of characteristic properties, including pressure coefficient, probability distribution, peak factor, power spectral density, and correlation of cladding pressures were presented and discussed. The findings of this study are expected to be of interest and practical use to professional and researchers involved in the wind-resistant designs of super-tall buildings in tropic cyclone prone regions.