Land Use Transport Research Articles

On joint railway and housing development strategy

Transit Oriented Development (TOD) with railway service is recognized as a sustainable mode of development for highly dense megacities. In addition to providing safe and efficient transit services, reducing auto dependence and therefore less need for highway expansions, the improved accessibility of TOD influences commuters’ residential location choices and the resultant housing value. Traditionally, statistical approaches have been used to estimate the relationship between railway development and housing value for individual sites. To some degree, TOD has also been studied with integrated land-use transport models. While useful, they lack an analytical framework to study the region-wide impacts of TOD on residential location and travel choices and the resultant land value changes. In this study, the joint railway and housing development strategy is modeled based on a combined equilibrium formulation with the bid-rent process. The problem is formulated as a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints, in which the upper level optimizes the objective for the joint development strategy by deciding on the combination of housing supplies and railway service levels. Analytical results are obtained for a single corridor in a multi-modal transport network, which are further illustrated by sensitivity analyses. A numerical example is constructed to demonstrate the approach and compare with other separate development strategies. The results generally confirm the synergy between railway and housing developments.

A Sustainable Road Network Design Problem with Land Use Transportation Interaction over Time

Sustainability has three dimensions, including social, economic, and environmental dimensions. However, existing road network design studies only focus on one or at most two dimensions, which do not allow decision makers to consider social, economic, and environmental impacts on human simultaneously. This paper proposes a multi-objective bilevel optimization model to consider all three dimensions in road network design. To examine the effect of road network design on landowner inequity and intergeneration inequity, land-use transportation interaction over time is also captured in the model. The variance of discounted landowner profit and the variance of discounted generalized user cost over time are proposed as sustainability indicators of landowner inequity and intergeneration inequity respectively. Artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC) is proposed to search the network design solutions of the upper level problem, while the method of successive averages (MSA) and the Frank-Wolfe algorithm are adopted to solve the lower-level time-dependent land-use transportation problem. Numerical studies are set up to illustrate the tradeoff between the three dimensions of sustainability objectives, the performance of the proposed algorithm, and the existence of landowner inequity and spatial inequity of residents.

On Joint Railway and Housing Development Strategy

Transit Oriented Development (TOD) with railway service is recognized as a sustainable mode of development for highly dense megacities. In addition to providing safe and efficient transit services, reducing auto dependence and therefore less need for highway expansions, the improved accessibility of TOD influences commuters’ residential location choices and the resultant housing value. Traditionally, statistical approaches have been used to estimate the relationship between railway development and housing value for individual sites. To some degree, TOD has also been studied with integrated land-use transport models. While useful, they lack an analytical framework to study the region-wide impacts of TOD on residential location and travel choices and the resultant land value changes. In this study, the joint railway and housing development strategy is modeled based on a combined equilibrium formulation with the bid-rent process. The problem is formulated as a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints, in which the upper level optimizes the objective for the joint development strategy by deciding on the combination of housing supplies and railway service levels. Analytical results are obtained for a single corridor in a multi-modal transport network, which are further illustrated by sensitivity analyses. A numerical example is constructed to demonstrate the approach and compare with other separate development strategies. The results generaly confirm the synergy between railway and housing developments.

저탄소도시계획지원을 위한 포털서비스의 구축방향

본 논문은 도시.지역계획 등 공간계획 분야의 계획지원시스템(PSS)을 핵심구성요소인 도시모형(특히, 토지이용-교통 모형 LUTM)과 지리정보시스템(GIS) 기술의 발전과정을 중심으로 검토하고, 지구온난화 등 환경문제를 중심으로 한 계획과정에 대한 시민참여 요구 확대, 인터넷과 모바일을 기반으로 한 IT 기술심화를 주요 특징으로 하는 변화된 계획환경에 대응하여 PSS의 보완 또는 확장 개념으로서 저탄소도시계획지원에 초점을 둔 포털서비스의 구축방향을 제안한다. This study reviews planning support systems (PSS) in the context of the development processes of urban models(focusing on Land-Use Transport Models, LUTM) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), both of which are key components of PSS supporting spatial plannings like urban and regional planning. It also explores changing planning environments like increased demands of citizen participation, especially in the environmental sector like global warming, and intensified development of Information technologies based on Internet and mobile networks. As a conclusion this study proposes a prototype of portal service to support low-carbon city planning to mitigate the greenhouse gas as an alternative to supplement or reinforce PSS, reflecting the changing planning environments.

수치해석적 토지이용-교통모형의 이론연구 도구화: 교통수요의 내생화를 중심으로

토지이용-교통 통합모형은 실증연구와 정책연구에 적합한 풍부하고 유연한 모형요소를 가지고 있다. 그러나 모형의 구성이 복잡한 만큼 후생함수의 정책변수에 대한 변화율 또한 통상 복잡하다. 따라서 최적 정책수단이 충족시켜야 할 1계 도함수 조건을 푸는 최적 정책수단의 수식을 명시적으로 유도하는 것이 매우 어렵고, 그 결과 수치해석적 모형은 이론연구 도구로서 활용하는데 근본적 한계를 가지고 있었다. 이 문제를 해결하고자 Yu and Rhee(2011) 및 Rhee (2012)는 이들 모형에서 목적함수인 후생함수의 정책변수에 대한 변화율을 간단한 수식으로 변환하는 방법론을 제시한 바 있다. 그러나 이들이 사용한 모형에서 교통수요는 고정된 것으로 가정하고 있어, 이들 모형 또한 교통 계획적 관점에서 보았을 때 상당한 한계를 지니고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 이들의 방법론을 교통수요가 탄력적인 토지이용-교통 모형으로 확장한다. 이 방법론을 이용하면 보다 현실적인 모습의 토지시장과 교통망이 구현된 모형에서 정책수단의 다양한 영향을 분석할 수 있게 된다. 이러한 분석은 종래에 존재하지 않았거나 있었다 하더라도 매우 제한된 범위에서 수행되었던 분석들이다. The land use-transportation models typically have complicated model structure that is good for empirical execution but bad for theoretical probe. This complexity makes it very difficult to derive the first-order conditions for system optimization in tractable forms. Yu and Rhee (2011) and Rhee (2012) show how to simplify the derivative of the model's objective function with respect to policy variables in the computable general equilibrium model of land use and transportation. However, the travel demand in their model was fixed. This drawback fundamentally limits the applicability of their methodology in the planning field. We relax this restriction. Once this is done, we can employ the methodology developed in analyzing the impacts of various types of policy instruments in the models where land market is treated endogenously and transportation network is embedded.

Mitigation of green house gases emission and energy consumption for transport sector: a fuzzy-AHP approach

The green house gas emission has sharply increased in the past several decades from transport sector. The policy options in transportation sector primarily focus on the reduction of green house gas emission through the reduction of underlying activity (i.e., travel). Several transportation sector policies have been proposed in the literature. In order to examine relative importance of these policies, a fuzzy-AHP approach has been used. This facilitates the choice of viable policies to mitigate green house gas emission from the transport sector. The analysis indicated that the policy applying an integrated model of transport planning and land use pattern change is the policy of prime importance. Further there is an exigency for development of advanced information technology for transport sector in the present scenario.

Improving Transport Planning Policy in Developing Countries of Balkan Region Using Inclusive Integration Methodology: Exploration and Comparative Development

Abstract This research explores the possibilities for improvement of transport planning policy in developing countries with a focus on the Western Balkan (WB). It is important to note that the transport infrastructure, planning policy and land use in developing countries of WB region were collapsed and disrupted during the economic and political system disintegration. Despite of many research efforts and investment projects which have taken place in the WB region, the transport planning policy in this region remains fragile. This background delivers the rationale for doing more research efforts in the field of transport planning. This research utilizes the exploration and comparative method. In addition, this research uses the methodology for integration of decisive factors and indicators in transport planning policy. Combining the research results and integration methodology this paper proposes a methodological tool supposed to support decision makers and technical factors in the WB region to deal with issues related to transport planning policy.

Modeling the effects of an urban growth boundary on vehicle travel in a small metropolitan area

An integrated land-use�transportation model was used to simulate the impact that an urban growth boundary would have on vehicle miles of travel in a small metropolitan community over a forty-year modeling horizon. The results of the modeling effort indicate that even in an area with low to moderate population growth, there is the potential to reduce vehicle miles of travel per person by as much as 25% from a business-as-usual scenario over a forty-year period. The reduction would result primarily from a shift of driving alone to carpooling or walking for many trips. A scenario in which growth is concentrated in a single urban core would also benefit from shorter average trip lengths; a scenario with multiple village centers would not have shorter trip lengths, but would still have significant improvements in total vehicle miles of travel.

Analyzing temporal changes in land-use–transportation relationships: A LEHD-based approach

Over the last decades there has been intense focus on better understanding land-use–transportation relationships. One prominent research area within this nexus has examined whether urban structural characteristics, such as the balance of jobs and housing, impacts broader transportation patterns, particularly commuting outcomes. Researchers have sought to quantify relationships in comparative studies across space and time, without fully realizing the latter due to sparse data availability, mainly due to reliance on government census type products which often lack adequate temporal resolution. This research utilizes a relatively new database from the U.S. Census known as Longitudinal Employer–Household Dynamics (LEHD) to explore temporal commuting–land-use relationships. This database has a high degree of spatial and temporal resolution, with worker information reported annually from 2002 to 2010. Locations of workers, jobs, and their commute flows are resolved to the census block scale. We analyze LEHD data over a 9-year period from 2002 to 2010 for a mid-sized urban area. Estimation of several commuting and jobs–housing metrics lends insights into growth and decline that have occurred in the recent housing boom and bust, and their broader implications for travel patterns.

Discussion on the Land Using Mode of Conventional Public Transit Oriented City

For the contradiction between the current urban public transport system and land use status in many small and medium-sized cities, the purpose of the paper is to present the counterplan framework of the land using mode and to provide mechanism and ensuring for the land using mode that matches the conventional public transit system.

A New Method of Adaptive Zoning for Spatial Interaction Models

Spatial interaction models commonly use discrete zones to represent locations. The computational requirements of the models normally arise with the square of the number of zones or worse. For computationally intensive models, such as land use–transport interaction models and activity‐based models for city regions, this dependency of zone size is a long‐standing problem that has not disappeared even with increasing computation speed in PCs—it still forces modelers to compromise on the spatial resolution and extent of model coverage as well as on the rigor and depth of model‐based analysis. This article introduces a new type of discrete zone system, with the objective of reducing the time for estimating and applying spatial interaction models while maintaining their accuracy. The premise of the new system is that the appropriate size of destination zones depends on the distance to their origin zone: at short distances, spatial accuracy is important and destination zones must be small; at longer distances, knowing the precise location becomes less important and zones can be larger. The new method defines a specific zone map for every origin zone; each origin zone becomes the focus of its own map, surrounded by small zones nearby and large zones farther away. We present the theoretical formulation of the new method and test it with a model of commuting in England. The results of the new method are equivalent to those of the conventional model, despite reducing the number of zone pairs by 96% and the computation time by 70%.Los modelos de interacción espacial suelen utilizar zonas discretas para representar áreas o puntos de interés. Los requisitos computacionales de estos modelos normalmente aumentan a razón del número de zonas elevadas al cuadrado o más. Para modelos computacionalmente intensivos como los modelos de interacción entre uso de suelo y transporte y los modelos basados en actividades para ciudades‐región, el impacto del tamaño de la zona es un problema persistente no superado aun. Esta limitación persiste a pesar de los grandes avances en la velocidad de procesamiento en computadoras, pues obliga a los modeladores a hacer concesiones entre la resolución espacial y la extensión que abarca el modelo, así como en el rigor y profundidad del análisis. En este artículo se presenta un nuevo tipo de sistema de zonas discretas que: a) tienen como objetivo reducir el tiempo de estimación de la aplicación de modelos de interacción espacial; y b) al mismo tiempo mantienen su nivel de precisión. La premisa que gobierna este nuevo sistema es que el tamaño apropiado de las zonas de destino depende de la distancia a su zona de origen: a distancias cortas, la precisión espacial es importante y las zonas de destino deben ser pequeño; a distancias mas largas, conocer la ubicación precisa es progresivamente menos importante y las zonas pueden ser mayores. El nuevo método define un mapa específico de zonas para cada zona de origen; cada zona de origen se convierte en el foco de su propio mapa, rodeada de zonas cercanas pequeñas y zonas grandes a mayor distancia. El estudio presenta la formulación teórica del nuevo método y su demostración vía un modelo de desplazamientos residencia‐trabajo en Inglaterra. Los resultados del nuevo método son equivalentes a las del modelo convencional, a pesar de reducir del número de pares de zonas en un 96% y el tiempo de cálculo en un 70%.空间相互作用模型通常采用离散区域代表区位。模型的计算量往往与区域数量呈平方甚至更高阶增长。对于可计算的精细模型，如土地利用‐交通相互作用模型和基于行为的城市区域模型，区域尺度的依赖性是长期存在的问题，即使计算机的计算速度增加，该问题仍无法消除。因此，建模者需在模型空间分辨率和覆盖范围以及模型分析的严谨性和深度上做出权衡。本文介绍了一种新型的离散分区系统，目的在于减少空间相互作用模型估算和计算时间，同时维持其精度。新系统的前提是目标区域的适当尺度取决于与初始区域的距离：在短距离范围内，空间精确性是重要的，且目标区域必须是小的；在更远距离上，位置精度的重要性降低，目标区域可以变大。该方法为每个初始区域制定了具体的尺度地图。每个初始区域成为其自身地图的中心，被近邻的小区域和更远距离的大区域所包围。本文给出了新方法的理论公式，并以英格兰地区的通勤模型进行检验。结果显示，尽管区域对的数量减少了96%，计算时间缩短了70%，但新方法的计算结果等效于常规模型。

Transitioning to Transit-Oriented Development: The Case of Perth, Western Australia

Perth has seen one of the most deliberate attempts worldwide to move from car-dependent development patterns to transit-oriented development (TOD). State planning policy has required TOD for the past 20 years, the public transport network has been progressively improved and the institutional arrangements are strong. Three different town planning models have been applied to implement TOD. A series of research investigations examine the land-use response to TOD policy including land-use mapping, policy content analysis and interviews with local government. The findings suggest that transition to TOD requires policy clarity and consistent application, considered integration of land-use planning and transport planning actions at the project level, and incentives for local government and development industry.

Strategies and instruments for low-carbon urban transport: An international review on trends and effects

Designing low-carbon urban transport systems is a key element in realising low-carbon cities for tackling the climate change issues on an urban scale. Low-carbon transport measures can be classified according to their strategies and instruments. It is more useful for decision making to identify what options are more feasible and effective among available ones in each type of cities. This paper gives an overview of the trends and effects of low-carbon measures for urban transport, dependent upon the development stages and types of urban land-use transport systems. Typical measures affecting low-carbon transport systems all over the world are classified through the CUTE matrix to capture the trends. Then, their prospective effects on CO2 mitigation are discussed by reviewing empirical studies. These reviews show that the feasibility and effectiveness of transport strategies are significantly affected by the development process of cities.

Correlation between Underground Space Intensity and Land-Use Transport Interaction

Urban planning for vertical space use must consider underground space form and intensity. But little researches and investigations about it have been done. Planners have little knowledge about quantitative mechanism of underground space developing and evolution. Advanced countries developed experienced data of underground space distribution. Modern statistical analysis method provides an efficient tool for this kind of quantitative and empirical research of spatial correlation. This paper selected some of the major characteristic indexes of land-use transport interaction and induces spatial statistical model to analyze the correlation between intensity of underground space use and the indexes of land-use transport interaction in central four districts of Tokyo City. Results show that the intensity of underground space use has positive and stable quantitative correlations with land use function (LT), land price (LP) and floor area ratio (FAR), especially significant in commercial and mixed land-use areas. The influencing factors of land-use transport interaction could be used as external indexes for forecasting the intensity and spatial distribution of underground space in urban central areas.

Immobility Levels and Mobility Preferences of the Elderly in the United States

Transportation mobility is critically important to the well-being of the elderly population. By using data from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey, this paper proposes a metric to measure immobility among elderly over different time frames. Specifically, “short-term immobility” is defined as immobility for a single day while “long-term immobility” refers to immobility of a week or more, and “medium-term immobility” is between 2 to 7 days. In addition, long-term immobile elderly are divided into two mobility-preference groups on the basis of whether they prefer going out of their home. With this immobility metric, and respondent-stated mobility preferences, descriptive analysis and discrete choice models are used to analyze the correlates of immobility among the American elderly. African American elderly are found to be more likely to be long-term immobile than those from other racial groups. Such racial differences are not readily apparent in immobility over shorter time frames. This result explains that most previous studies did not find any racial differences in elderly mobility because of the shorter time frames of analysis of those studies. The presence of another elderly companion in the household is found to have a significant positive influence on a person's mobility. Medical conditions may impose physical constraints on the ability to travel but do not seem to curb the desire for mobility among the elderly. However, the inability to drive is associated with a strong preference against going out of the home, suggesting that the automobile-centric land-use transportation system can potentially curb the desire of nondriving elderly to travel out of the home.

Land-Use Transport Interaction: A Comparison of Melbourne,Riyadh

This paper compares the land use transport interactions in Melbourne, Australia and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The relationship between the urban form and commuters’ travel patterns are analysed and compared. Although these two cities are similar in area and population size, they have significantly different transport systems. Melbourne has a functioning public transport system consisting of train, tram and bus networks, while Riyadh is heavily car-dependent with very limited public transport services. Increases in car ownership and mixed land use on arterial roads in Riyadh create chronic congestion problems on the city's roads. Melbourne also faces these problems, despite good public transport and proper planning controls. This study attempts to identify the land use and socioeconomic determinants of travel patterns. Statistical analyses using Journey to Work (JTW) census data and origin and destination (OD) travel patterns at the suburb level are used to examine relationships between urban form and travel patterns. Comparisons of these relationships help to delineate the role of land use–transport interaction on the travel patterns.^p

Evaluating integrated land use and transport strategies in the urban regeneration projects toward sustainable urban structure: case studies of Hafen City in Germany and Shinagawa Station in Tokyo

Due to the emergence of urban regeneration, there have been many case studies on urban regeneration projects. However, there has been little research on a successful project that may be helpful for the execution of a sustainable urban structure policy. This study analyses the strategies and characteristics of two successful representative urban regeneration projects that aimed toward a sustainable urban structure, from the viewpoint of land-use transport interaction. For this purpose, we conducted a literature review on the theory of sustainable urban structures and land-use transport interaction and analysed the major strategies and planning characteristics of HafenCity and Shinagawa Station area. In this study, we found that two cases considered an integrated approach of land use and transport to achieve sustainable urban structures that also emphasized regional characteristics and planning factors based on the goal of the projects. As a result, we concluded that a sustainable urban regeneration project should be based on integrated consideration in local context, transport systems and regional characteristics.

A functional integrated land use-transportation model for analyzing transportation impacts in the Maryland-Washington, DC Region

The Maryland-Washington, DC region has been experiencing significant land-use changes and changes in local and regional travel patterns due to increasing growth and sprawl. The region’s highway and transit networks regularly experience severe congestion levels. Before proceeding with plans to build new transportation infrastructure to address this expanding demand for travel, a critical question is how future land use will affect the regional transportation system. This article investigates how an integrated land-use and transportation model can address this question. A base year and two horizon-year land use-transport scenarios are analyzed. The horizon-year scenarios are: (1) business as usual (BAU) and (2) high gasoline prices (HGP). The scenarios developed through the land-use model are derived from a three-stage top-down approach: (a) at the state level, (b) at the county level, and (c) at the statewide modeling zone (SMZ) level that reflects economic impacts on the region. The transportation model, the Maryland Statewide Transport Model (MSTM), is an integrated land use-transportation model, capable of reflecting development and travel patterns in the region. The model includes all of Maryland, Washington, DC, and Delaware, and portions of southern Pennsylvania, northern Virginia, New Jersey, and West Virginia. The neighboring states are included to reflect the entering, exiting, and through trips in the region. The MSTM is a four-step travel-demand model with input provided by the alternative land-use scenarios, designed to produce link-level assignment results for four daily time periods, nineteen trip purposes, and eleven modes of travel. This article presents preliminary results of the land use-transportation model. The long-distance passenger and commodity-travel models are at the development stage and are not included in the results. The analyses of the land use-transport scenarios reveal insights to the region’s travel patterns in terms of the congestion level and the shift of travel as per land-use changes. The model is a useful tool for analyzing future land-use and transportation impacts in the region.

Government Transport Land-use Planning and Development by Implicit Contract for Franchised Buses and Ferries in Hong Kong, 1933–1972

As a contribution to policy research on monopolies in planning for public utilities and the role of the state in ordering the coordination of land use and transport in a market economy, this paper evaluates a couple of hypotheses informed by the Coasian economic concept of an implicit contract. There have been public subsidies to franchised bus and ferry companies in Colonial Hong Kong in the form of concessions in kind with spatial land-use transport implications. The hypotheses were evaluated by a comprehensive archive survey and documentary analysis of the clauses in relevant franchise documents, Crown Leases, government memoranda, and expert writings on buses and ferries. The findings revealed that there was no real land price subsidy provided for within or outside the franchise or lease documents, but there were substantial indirect subsidies during the study period. These were provided not only in terms of the free provision of bus terminals and piers, but also their planned combination on government land, as well as the strategic positioning of bus terminals in newly-developed government housing estates and new towns. The land-use public transport planning strategy shaped the urban structure of Hong Kong prior to the takeover of the companies by developers. The critical role of the government vis-à-vis developers as a super landlord is discussed.

Field Application of Particle Filtration with EPP (Expanded Polypropylene) Engineered Media of Road Runoff

Metal elements or other constituents transported in urban and transportation land use rainfall runoff are often adsorbed on or incorporated with entrained particles that are ubiquitous in such runoff. EPP(Expanded Polypropylene) engineered media with a large surface area was developed to treat road runoff. Field application of particle filtration reactor(PFR), which combined the EPP engineered media with filtration called EcoTank system, provided control of water quality. Under the operating conditions with 0.55 hours hydraulic retention time(HRT) and a capable of treating a maximum road runoff 9.5 m3/h, the mean residual Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were 0.24, 2.8, 13.4, 11 and 112.3 ㎍/L and corresponding percentage mean removal values were 91, 93, 85, 91 and 80%, respectively. Results suggest that a properly designed PFR can provide effective in situ control for particles and could be combined with or function separately from source control.