Land Use Transport Research Articles

An assessment of the utility of LiDAR data in extracting base-year floorspace and a comparison with the census-based approach

A literature review indicates that most integrated land-use transport models (ILUTMs) estimate base-year floorspace data according to limited population and employment data provided by the census and, in general, the accuracy is unknown. This paper assesses the utility of airborne Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) technology as a valuable tool for extracting base-year floorspace using the following three datasets: a geographic vector building footprint layer, a LiDAR dataset, and field survey data for the south side of the City of Fredericton, Canada. It is found through a statistical comparison with the results from the field survey that LiDAR data can be used to extract buildings and estimate floorspace with a good degree of accuracy. Further, two base-year floorspace estimation methods, one based on the LiDAR data and the other on census data, are compared. In general, our results show that the traditional census-based approach may not be reliable for estimating base-year floorspace. Using the extracted floorspace from the LiDAR data as the basis, for residential floorspace estimation the average absolute percentage errors (APE) of the census-based approach is 16% and the 95th percentile APE is 34%. On the other hand, for employment floorspace estimation, the accuracy of the census-based approach is even lower, with average errors of 50% or higher and the 95th percentile APEs as high as 163% up to 400% for several land-use categories. All the above statistics indicate that the traditional census-based approach is unreliable and inaccurate for modelers and planners to prepare their base-year floorspace, and therefore suggest a better way be explored. Study results clearly show the utility of LiDAR data and imply that it can be used as a powerful add-on for ILUTMs in general.

Transport Interchange and Local Urban Environment Integration

Among the different interchange design aspects, integrated land use and infrastructure planning is maybe one of the most problematic fields in practice, given that a joint transport and urban planning spills over the regular scope of action of interchange developers, whereas it involves the cooperation and agreement of various authorities. Not only this, but the very issue of land use-transport integration seems to be a long-standing mantra in planning and transport research, lacking scientific evidence. This paper is an output of an ongoing European research project called “NODES - New tOols for Design and OpEration of Urban Transport InterchangeS”. Its aim is to start re-focusing the academic-scientific evidence on the question and to foresee a specific and practical framework to approach the problem. The underlying hypothesis is that the interchange could be a catalyst of life and security in the city.

세수 재순환과 토지이용-교통모형을 이용한 혼잡통행료 분석방법론

지금까지 토지이용-교통모형은 전적으로 수치해석적 분석도구로만 이용되어 왔는데, 최근 이론개발 노력의 결과 정책변수에 대한 후생함수의 1계 도함수 간편식을 구할 수 있게 되었다. 본 논문은 혼잡통행료가 소득세 경감을 통해 재순환될 때 혼잡통행료의 변화에 대한 후생함수의 도함수를 어떻게 유도할 수 있는지 보여준다. 분석결과 혼잡통행료의 부과가 가져오는 후생변화분을 (1)혼잡의 완화로 인한 후생증가분과 (2)노동공급과의 상호작용에서 발생하는 후생손실로 분해할 수 있다. 이 결과는 기존의 연구결과와 일치한다. So far, land use-transportation models have been used exclusively for numerical analysis. A recent theoretical endeavor now enables us to derive the first-order derivative of the model's welfare function with respect to policy variables. I extend this methodology into the institutional setting where toll revenues are recycled through labor income tax. In this setting, the first-order derivative is composed of (1) the increase in welfare due to reduced congestion, and (2) the decrease in welfare due to interaction with the existing labor income tax. This result coincides with existing theory in the non-spatial model.

Housing prices and price endogeneity in tenure and dwelling type choice models

The application of a strategic transport–land use model usually requires dwelling price data for both the chosen and non-chosen alternatives. Previous studies have used average dwelling prices either externally sourced from Census and commercial data or internally generated by hedonic models. The use of average prices may be reasonable if the spatial resolution is fine enough to ensure the absence of price endogeneity – a well known issue but hardly investigated in the literature on housing choices. Using data collected from a revealed preference survey conducted in Sydney in 2013, this paper presents a hedonic price model to obtain price data for each dwelling as a function of dwelling and location characteristics. The data are then used as input into a tenure and dwelling type choice model and a test undertaken to investigate the possible presence of price endogeneity, which we show to not exist. Price elasticities of demand for different dwelling types are derived and the application of this model within a broader and very general framework of the new version of the ‘Transportation and Environment Strategy Impact Simulator’ (New-TRESIS) is discussed.

Time-dependent transportation network design that considers health cost

This paper proposes a bi-level optimisation framework for time-dependent discrete road network design that considers health impacts. A general health cost function is proposed and captured in the framework. The function simultaneously considers the health impacts of road traffic emissions, noise, and accidents due to network expansion. To solve the problem, the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is proposed to search the network design solutions of the upper-level problem, while the method of successive averages and the Frank–Wolfe algorithm are adopted to solve the lower-level time-dependent land-use transportation problem. A repairing procedure is proposed to remedy infeasible solutions. A numerical study is set up to illustrate the conflict between maximising consumer surplus and minimising the health cost. This paper also reveals a paradox phenomenon that with an increasing amount of emissions, the health cost decreases. Moreover, the existence of a health inequity between different residential zones is demonstrated. A modified Sioux Falls network is adopted to show the performance of the solution algorithm as well as the effectiveness of the proposed repairing procedure.

Research of Interaction between Rail Transport and Land Use in Infancy: A Case on Hangzhou Rail Way Line One

Recently, by the continuous development of the urban rail transport construction, the issues of urban land use have become increasingly prominent, which requires a combination of urban land use and transport systems, so as to choose a reasonable planning and optimization strategies to promote sustainable urban development. This paper bases on Hangzhou Rail Transport Line rail and land use, with analysis of the status of spatial pattern, structure and function, raising optimization strategies for sustainable transport modes for further planning of urban space, thus, providing an important theoretical basis.

Neighborhood environment and health behavior in Los Angeles area

The objective of this research is to analyze the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and obesity among adults. Using data from 7200 adult respondents in the 2007 Los Angeles County Health Survey, a binary logistic regression model is tested to examine whether land use patterns and the built environment characteristics of residential neighborhoods are associated with one’s probability of being obese. The result has shown that living in a neighborhood with higher household density, closeness to rail stations, and better bus services are associated with a lesser likelihood to be obese, which implies that people in a well-designed transit-oriented neighborhood tend to use active transportation modes to reach their daily activities and access transit services. Increased use of active transportation gives people an opportunity to engage in a moderate-level of exercise, so as to reduce their weight and enhance their health condition. This paper contributes an approach to analyze and estimate the health impact of an integrated land use-transportation plan. The model estimated in the paper can be used to analyze public health issues as a result of different land use policies, built environment improvements, and future demographic change.

Measuring the impact of urban policies on transportation energy saving using a land use-transport model

Various projects all over the world are attempting to build smart cities in hopes of achieving energy-efficient and livable communities, but most of them are aiming to fulfill their goals technologically. However, the energy efficiency and livability of a city are affected by not only these technological factors but also urban structures that encompass residential areas, offices, transportation networks, and other facilities. Urban policies intervene in transportation and land-use conditions and thereby change how citizens consume energy and go about their daily lives as the actors in the urban system alter their behavior. This means that energy efficiency and quality of life share close ties. Assessments of urban policies thus need to consider the reactions of actors to the intervention.This study demonstrates the applicability of a land-use transport model to the assessment of urban policies for building smart communities. First, we outline a model that explicitly formulates the actors' location-related decisions and travel behavior. Second, we apply this model to two urban policies – road pricing and land-use regulation – to assess their long-term impact on energy saving and sustainability using the case of a simplified synthetic city. Our study verifies that, under assumed conditions, the model has the capacity to assess urban policies on energy use and sustainability in a consistent fashion.

Marginal Activity Access Cost (MAAC): A New Indicator for Sustainable Land Use/Transport (LUT) Planning

The paper presents the ‘Marginal Activity Access Cost’, an accessibility indicator providing estimation in monetary terms of the impacts on mobility and on the environment of locating a single new activity in a specific zone of the urban area. In the first part of this paper, the new indicator is presented and compared to other accessibility indicators proposed in literature. In the second part, the MAAC is validated through an application to the urban area of Rome. The paper concludes with brief remarks on using the proposed accessibility indicator as index of performance for sustainable spatial planning.

Integrating Disaster Mitigation Strategies in Land Use and Transport Plan Interaction

Land use and transport interaction (LUTI) plan in a sustainable urban development should achieve the highest expected utility in technical, economic, environmental and social aspects for city long term strategic planning. In fact, congestion and urban sprawl, which contributes to carbon emissions, are the most problems faced by many cities worldwide. For the high-risk cities in disaster-prone area, the strategies selected in a land-use and transport plan should not only deal with the carbon emissions problem but also it should consider the possibility of disaster occurrence. This paper presents an approach of disaster mitigation strategies integration in a land-use transport plan interaction. The approach combines the disaster mitigation with conventional land use and transport strategies in order to achieve the objectives of urban risk reduction and urban transport sustainability. The possible strategies proposed then will be presented in a case study area selected, which is called as Banda Aceh Integrated land use and transport plan (BILT). The BILT approach provide the new insight in land use and transport interaction plan by breaking the trapped within the hard shell of conventional transport strategic, regarding how to make a better long term strategic planning of a high-risk city in minimizing disaster risk and achieve carbon emission reduction simultaneously in the context of urban risk reduction urban transport sustainability.

How to Build an Alternative to Sprawl and Auto-centric Development Model through a TOD Scenario for the North-Pas-de-Calais Region? Lessons from an Integrated Transportation-land Use Modelling

This paper discusses results of an integrated land use and transport modelling, carried out for the territory of the French region of North-Pas-de-Calais using the software Tranus. The interest of this research was to simulate, test and evaluate impacts of a Transit Oriented Development regional plan, using the LUTI modelling tool. Therefore were analyzed evolution of transport demand modal share and dynamics of real estate market and of localization choices of population and activities. TOD is a model of urban development that promotes high quality, mixed and multi-functional densification, located in proximity of transit nodes and corridors, with priority to non-motorized mobility and with the aim to reduce land consumption and car dependency. Multiple TOD examples can be found at urban and metropolitan scale, with different characteristics depending on the socio-economic and territorial contexts, while rarer are interventions at a regional scale. Therefore this research aim to analyze the application of a TOD regional plan, applied to a specific group of regional railway nodes and corridors, selected for their TOD potential. Results showed that some rail corridors initially selected, clearly confirmed their TOD potential and that TOD effects are more evident in areas with good basic levels of attractiveness and of economic dynamism. Furthermore, if policy of densification clearly contributes to concentrate residential demand in urban zones and to limit urban sprawl, further incentives has to be organized in favor of transit use. More interesting effects are in fact found by simulating transit integrated tariff policies between regional train and bus services, as well as interventions discouraging car use, in addiction to TOD urban configurations.

Land use transport interaction models: Application perspectives for the city of Thessaloniki

Land use patterns and transport system are considered to be the two basic components of the urban development process, and as such they have been in the core of spatial planning policies for the last 4 decades. Land use transport interaction models are computer tools that could help us understand land use changes and organization of human activities in relation to existing or planned transport infrastructure. In this context this paper examines the perspectives of applying a land use transport interaction model for the city of Thessaloniki. Obtaining, preparing and validating socioeconomic data is a crucial part of the modeling process, therefore an extensive search of the required data was performed. The quest for appropriate and suitable data concluded with a detailed recording of emerged problems. In response to the inability of finding suitable data to perform the first step of the modeling process i.e. calibration, the paper concludes with some thoughts related to data availability, organization and standardization issues. Last but not least, the paper stresses out the significance of data availability for utilization of land use transport models, so as not to remain purely academic products but tools with practical value in planning.

Development of an Integrated Transport-land Use Model for the Activities Relocation in Urban Areas

The study presents a new Land Use – Transport Interaction (LUTI) planning model to provide an effective decision support system tool for the Urban Planning Administrations and to promote the use of the public transport system in urban areas.The idea is to relocate a subset of activities from urban zones with strong attraction, but poorly connected by the existing mass transit system, to urban zones close to the existing mass transit links with available residual capacity. This residual capacity is the main variable that indicates location and intensity of activities to be moved.The model has been applied for the real case study of the city of Rome in Italy. Results demonstrated the capability of the model to be a useful support system to suggest activities relocation pursuing the goal of sustainability for a short-term horizon.

Urban Forms is Changing from Transport and Land Use

Urban forms are shaped under transport-land use connection. According to literature reviews, urban forms can be divided into six kinds from 1880 to 1990, traditional walking city, industrial transit city, automobile-oriented development city (compact or sprawl), transit-related development city and transit-oriented development city (TOD). Although many cities in the world had attempted to shape their urban forms like TOD in the 1990s, they didnt have definite goals and strategies to achieve it. On the other hand, there is neither systematic discussion nor comparative analysis concerning how to determine the original urban form of these cities. In this case, it is unlikely for them to become a TOD city in effective and suitable ways. As a sequence, this paper aims at reviewing literature , designing two sets of strategies to shape TOD urban form for policy-makers reference.

A Land-Use Transport Model to Assess the Impact of Urban Policies on Carbon Dioxide Reduction and Sustainability

Urban policies are considered important measures for mitigating global warming. They are estimated to have a substantial positive impact on CO2 emissions from urban activities, owing to changes in the behavior of actors in the urban system. This means that urban mitigation policies would also affect the quality of life of urban residents. The impact of urban policies should therefore be assessed with regards to both CO2 emissions and sustainability. This study demonstrates the applicability of a land-use transport model to urban mitigation policy assessment. First, the authors develop a model in which actors’ location decisions and travel behavior are explicitly formulated. Second, this model is applied to two urban policies, road pricing and land-use regulation, to assess their long-term impact on CO2 emissions and sustainability. The study verifies that the developed model has the capacity, under assumed conditions, to consistently assess urban policies regarding CO2 emissions and sustainability.

The Fourth Coase Theorem: State planning rules and spontaneity in action

This article elucidates a novel and powerful Fourth Coase Theorem using Coase’s own reasoning and extending the First Coase Theorem. It holds that state rules, which include, but are not limited to, property rights, can enlarge a market. This theorem lends support to state planning insofar as it establishes rules that enable and promote market transactions and illuminates the operation of the market’s spontaneity, subject to constraints. Seven conditions that demarcate the state’s role under this theorem from interventionist planning by edict are specified and illustrated by three well-researched real-life examples, one revealed by Coase and two others involving rights conferred by the state by licensing and zoning for maritime resources and by franchising for ordering land-use transport.

SIMULACRA: Fast Land-Use—Transportation Models for the Rapid Assessment of Urban Futures

We are building a series of fast, visually accessible, cross-sectional, hence static urban models for large metropolitan areas that will enable us to rapidly test many different scenarios pertaining to both short-term and long-term urban futures. We call this framework SIMULACRA which is a forum for developing many different model variants which can be finely tuned to different problem contexts and future scenarios. The models are multisector, dealing with residential, retail/service, and employment location, are highly disaggregate, and subject to constraints on land availability and transport capacities. They have an explicit urban economic focus around transport costs, incomes, and house prices and thus encapsulate simple market-clearing mechanisms. Here we will briefly outline this class of models, paying particular attention to their structure and the way physical flows and locations are mirrored by economic flows in terms of costs and prices. Several versions of the model now exist, but we will focus, first, on the simplest ‘one-window’ desktop pilot version with the most obvious graphical interface; and, second, on a much more elaborated framework developed for web access, extensible to web service architectures and other related services. To demonstrate its flexibility and intelligibility, we define the various interfaces and demonstrate how the aggregate model can be calibrated to the wider London region to which it is applied. We will demonstrate the model, albeit briefly with respect to the rapid assessment of different urban futures—“what-if” scenarios, based on the impact of new London airports in the Thames Estuary. The key feature of this entire project is that the model and its variants can be run in a matter of seconds, thus entirely changing the traditional dialogue associated with their use and experimentation.

Accessibility Planning Tools for Sustainable and Integrated Land Use/Transport (LUT) Development: An Application to Rome

The paper fits into the themes of sustainable accessibility planning in urban areas, that can be defined as the integration of transport and land use planning to achieve sustainable development. In particular the study proposes a tool to support the choices of activities location, which is based on a new aggregate (zone-specific) indicator: the ‘Marginal Activity Access Cost’, providing estimation in monetary terms of the impacts on mobility and on the environment of locating one new activity in a specific zone of the urban area. The proposed indicator is validated through an application to the urban area of Rome.

Toward integrated land use and transport planning in fast-growing cities: The case of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Integrated land use and transportation planning is vital in rapidly growing cities, such as Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The current land use and transport planning policies and practice in Jeddah focus on different visions, such that neither land use nor transport issues are managed effectively or efficiently. To prevent managing these issues in isolation, Jeddah's urban planners require methods of integrated land use and transport planning that can contend with the dynamics of Jeddah's urban growth. Dynamic land use and transport interaction models are a valuable method to address this growth. This study uses a cellular automata-based Land-Use Transport Interaction (LUTI) model to assess and simulate different (proposed) land use and transport policy interventions in Jeddah over a 20 year period (2011–2031). The impact of both isolated and integrated policy interventions on land use and transportation were explicitly simulated in the model. Local planners and experts assessed the results of the model. The results show that the dynamic model provides a useful tool for simulating the various planning visions in the city. As such, the model provides a new, valid, proactive land use and transport planning approach to address land use and transportation challenges in the early planning stages and facilitates shared visions of planners. Policies and integrated strategies that stem from this model may provide a sustainable land use and transportation future for Jeddah.

지구단위에서 CO2배출량 최소화를 위한 토지이용-교통모형에 관한 연구

지구(district)는 도시를 형성하는 기본 단위로 모든 도시활동이 시작되는 장소이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 지구단위에서의 교통과 토지이용패턴의 결합 형태에 따른 270개의 시나리오를 가정하고 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> 배출량을 분석한 후 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> 배출량을 최소화하는 토지이용-교통모형을 작성하고자 하였다. 그 결과 균등 또는 외곽을 고밀도로 개발하는 토지이용패턴이 지구의 중간부나 1개 중앙존만을 개발하는 것보다 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> 배출량 감소에 유리한 것으로 파악되었다. <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> 배출량 감소에 가장 영향을 많이 주는 것은 교통수요관리정책으로, 특히 개발밀도가 높은 상태일수록 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>를 감소시키기 위해서 교통수요관리는 필수적인 것으로 판단되었다. 고밀개발이 아닌 경우에 주어진 가상 네트워크에서는 2차로도로에 차량통행금지를 시키고 보행자도로로 전환시킬 경우 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> 배출량을 감소시킬 수 있음을 알게 되었다. 한편, 제시된 토지이용-교통 회귀모델은 지구설계시 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> 배출량을 줄이기 위한 최적대안 선정시 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. District is not only a place that every urban activities are executing but also basic unit that are forming urban structure. Therefore this study tried to make land use-transportation model through analyzing <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> exhausting volumes by assuming 270 scenarios those are postulated various land use patterns and transport policies in District. As results, this study shows best District Unit Design technique is the policy that develop equally all blocks or only outer blocks and introduction of car free zone to inner 2 way streets. Most important policy in order to reduce <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> gas is to introduce Transportation Demand Management especially in case of hyper high density development. In case of low density development, policy of car free streets in 2 ways roads is efficiency for reducing <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> gas. And suggested land use-transportation model will be good for choosing alternatives those are able to reduce <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> in District Unit.