Land Of Egypt Research Articles

Estimating the global solar radiation for solar energy projects – Egypt case study

The main objective of this paper is to determine the best models for estimating the global solar radiation (GSR) on a horizontal surface over Egypt. A model selection criterion is used to determine the best model for each site. A general two-stage method is developed. In the first stage, 40 popular empirical models are evaluated for a specific set of sites in Egypt. In the second stage, Egypt is divided into a set of regions each of which is described by the best found GSR model. The determined regions and regional models are based on the results of the first stage and determined based on the determined best model for the sites contained in a specific region. The results show that the solar radiation over the whole lands of Egypt can be characterised by two models: the Iranna and Bapat 10P GOB 1 and the Kılıc and Ozturk.

A theoretical approach to the design of sustainable dwellings in hot dry zones: A Toshka case study

The Toshka project is a mega-project undertaken by the Egyptian Government. It arose as part of a plan to increase the amount of inhabited land in Egypt from 5% to 25%. Toshka is a desert region located in the southeast of Egypt’s Western Desert and lies between the Tropic of Cancer (22.00°N and 24.00°N), and longitudes (31.00°E and 32.00°E). An extensive desert reclamation project is being implemented in this region using water from the Nile. Designing dwellings is one of the challenges that architects face in this region. Toshka is currently considered uninhabited and has a hot, dry climate. Furthermore, seismically active faults lie near Toshka. It also expected that the majority of settlers will be low income citizens. This paper proposes a theoretical approach to designing desert dwellings that accommodates the hot, dry climate and secures the dwelling against seismic waves by incorporating passive elements. The results showed that underground construction using a circular plan and the use of wind catchers, evaporation, vegetal roofing and sunken courtyards can provide an acceptable, sustainable design for housing in the Western Desert.

Ancient Alexandria and the dawn of medical science.

[first paragraph of article] From the banks of the Nile to the shores of the Mediterranean, it is in the land of Egypt where medicine probably started. This is the story of a great period in the history of medicine. But let us start at the beginning. Imhotep, who flourished about 5,000 years ago, is the first person whose name is recorded not for being a king or a conqueror, but for the way he contributed to knowledge 1 . He was a statesman: he advised Pharaoh Zoser. He was an engineer: he built the stepped pyramid of Saqqara, precursor to the many great pyramids to come. But above all he was a physician of talent, who launched the first true medical revolution: that disease was not something to be dealt with by magic, but by science: observation, diagnosis, and treatment. Egyptians would later deify him as the god of medicine.

English

Improvement of faba bean production in the new reclamation land in Egypt requires isolation and selection of effective abiotic stress tolerant rhizobial strains. Three rhizobial strains were isolated from healthy faba bean plants growing in different geographic areas in Egypt. These isolates were adapted against different concentrations of NaCl (100, 150 and 200 mM) by using the enrichment method. They were evaluated by measuring the symbiotic N2-fixation parameters under greenhouse and field conditions during two seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012). One rhizobial strain exhibited the highest values of symbiotic N2-parameters, nitrogenase activity and proline content. Based on 16S rDNA and nifH gene sequence, this strain was shown to belong to the Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae. A strong similarity was found between the 16S rDNA and nifH gene sequence of the strain E15 and R. leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 (100% similarity for 16S rDNA and 95% similarity fornifH gene). The results show that the maximum growth of this strain was obtained at pH 7 and 30°C. This strain was tolerant to drought stress till 20% polyethylene glycol and it yielded the highest concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at the end of the logarithmic phase. This strain solubilized inorganic phosphorus. R. leguminosarumbv. viciae was able to survive, persist, grow and effectively nodulated faba bean plants at high salt concentrations under greenhouse and field conditions and it could be used for biofertilization to reduce the severe effects of salinity and drought stress in the new reclamation land in Egypt. Key words: Vicia faba, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae, abiotic stress, nifHgene.

Geospatial technology and structural analysis for geological mapping and tectonic evolution of Feiran–Solaf metamorphic complex, South Sinai, Egypt

The Sinai Peninsula constitutes an important district of the Egyptian lands where it forms a triangular portion in northeastern Egypt. The southern Sinai metamorphic complexes are the northern uppermost part of the Arabian–Nubian Shield revealing the upper and middle crust from the East African Orogeny, in which they tectonically evolved. The Feiran–Solaf metamorphic complex (FSMC) of Sinai, Egypt is one of the highest grades metamorphic complexes of a series of basement domes that trends NW and crops out throughout the Arabian–Nubian Shield. The main aim of the present study is to apply the geospatial technology and to represent the capability of the geospatial technology to estimate the combined influence of lithology and structure studies, and to construct the lithological and structural maps of FSMC. Furthermore, detailed structural analysis is carried out to reveal the different ductile and brittle deformational events and proposed the tectonic evolutionary model for the study area. Mainly geospatial technology and structural analysis software have been used to go well with the aim of the present study. Developing specific image processing of satellite images and structural analysis were succeeded to discriminate the various lithological rock units, and the geological structural features of the FSMC, using geographic information system tools to construct the different thematic maps, were extracted. The present detailed investigations of the enhanced satellite images, structural analysis, and field verification reveal that the FSMC reached its present tectonic setting through more than four deformational phases concluding that the Pan-African Najd Fault System continued in Sinai and was reactivated during Red Sea tectonics as indicated by the dextral shear zone (Rihba) bordering the northern side of the FSMC.

KONRAD HIRSCHLER. The Written Word in the Medieval Arabic Lands: A Social and Cultural History of Reading Practices.

Konrad Hirschler's study of the development of Arabic reading communities in the premodern era is an important contribution to the study of a time period that has not been the focus—at least until recently—of much scholarly research. Its qualities lie in the fact that the author has not only consulted a huge number of primary sources (many of them in manuscript form), but has also integrated his findings into a framework that clearly explores the problematics of the topic and gives due cognizance to previous and current research in the wide variety of genres and disciplines that are inevitably involved. Having established a chronological divide between what he terms an “early period” (pre-tenth century C.E.) and a “middle period” (post-tenth century C.E.), Hirschler contextualizes his project as one that “addresses this profile of scholarship on reading by studying the history of reading, or rather aspects of the history of reading, during the Middle Period in the Syrian and Egyptian lands” (p. 3). Hirschler first identifies the different categories of his source materials (pp. 5–7) and then, in an initial chapter (“Reading and Writerly Culture”), explores a number of definitional issues. He begins with a summary of scholarship on the issue of orality and the development of writing. Here the substitution (or addition) of the adjective “aural” leads to an important refinement in the definition of “reading,” namely “as both … the visual and the aural reception of a written text” (p. 15). A further section in this chapter focuses on the definition of the term “popular,” avoiding the notions of social context and textual characteristics and instead “analyzing concrete sets of reading practices without the a priori assumption that they either pertained to either a realm of popular or high culture” (p. 24).

Assessment of Spread Range of Urban Development in the West Delta by Utilizing High Resolution Satellite Images

The spread of urban development in the west delta and studying the factors of attraction and expulsion in the new cities and reclamation of desert land in Egypt becomes a hot issue nowadays. That is to solve the crisis of greater Cairo and central delta; this is in order to re-planning some new cities such as Sadat city that has been used as a study area in this paper. It was noticed that the population, in Sadat city, have abandoned it .Also, to consider the factors of shortfalls, both in services or in poor planning on the basis of the target population size in the original plan. In the light of these facts, some questions should be answered such as: i) how fast are such changes taking place? ii) What are the trends of such changes? In this regard, we used two quick bird (MS) satellite images with a high resolution which covering the years of 2004 and 2009. Three change detection methods were applied: i) Principle Component Analysis (PCA). ii) Minimum noise fraction. iii) Subtraction technique. Accuracy assessments were done for each class [urban and linear features (roads, canals)]. The obtained results are tabulated and analyzed.

English

The purpose of this study was found out to investigate the response of some rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars to germination parameters under salinity stress. This study was carried out to confirm rice seedling growth performance and to examine a range of genetic variability for salinity tolerance among ten rice cultivars under seven salinity levels. A laboratory experiment was accompanied at Giza Central Seed Testing laboratory (CASC), Egypt. The results showed that rice cultivars significantly varied in means of Final Germination Percentage (FGP), Germination Rate (GR), Germination Index (GI), Vigor Index (VI), Root Length, Shoot Length, Root Fresh Weight, Shoot Fresh Weight, Root Dry Weight, Relative Dry Weight and Seedling Height Reduction. Sakha 102 and Sakha 106 had positive effects in most of studied characters while, Giza 181 cultivar had negative effects in most of germination parameters under study. Salinity levels significantly varied in all germination parameters under study except shoot dry weight character. Increasing salinity concentration from 0 to 14% NaCl gradually reduced averages of germination and seedling characters. All studied characters were significantly affected by the interaction between cultivars and salinity stress, vice versa, shoot, root fresh weight and root dry weight didn't affect by interaction. It could be established that for exploiting rice germination percentage and seedling parameters under salinity stress are recognized by using rice Sakha 102, Sakha 106, Sakha 104 and Egyptian Yasmin cultivars with increasing salinity levels up to 14% NaCl. These cultivars were more tolerant to salinity and suggested to use in breeding program for attractive rice production in Egypt . Key wordsOryza sativa, salinity concentration, germination characters, rice cultivars, seedling parameters International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 4, Issue 6, 2012 Introduction Rice is considered as a major cereal crop for more than 50% of the world population. There is a great shortage in rice production more than 25% of the recent production may be needed [1]. Moreover, rice ranks second after wheat crop as the national income is concerned. The excessive increase in population in Egypt needs to increase the total yield of this crop in order to overcome this lack in production through its cultivation in the newly reclaimed lands especially under saline conditions of such soil. Rice is one of the most effective and commercial means of reclaiming hundreds of thousands of hectares of saline lands in Egypt. Growth characters including shoot height, fresh weight, dry weight and leaf area of salt-stressed seedlings were inhibited, depending on rice genotypes [2]. Rice varieties showed a great variation in germination due to salinity effects. Many investigators concluded that differences among rice cultivars in germination characters and seedling parameters[3,15,17,22]. Salinity is one of the major obstacles in enhancing rice production in growing areas in Egypt. Salinity decreases final germination percentage, speed of germination and led to reduction in shoot and root length and dry weight in all varieties and the magnitude of reduction increased with increasing salinity stress [11]. Therefore, development of salt tolerance varieties has been considered as one of strategies to increase rice production in saline prone Citation: Kandil A.A., Sharief A.E. and Nassar E.S.E. (2012) Response of Some Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars to Germination Under Salinity Stress. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 4, Issue 6, pp-272-277. Copyright: Copyright©2012 Kandil A.A., Sharief A.E. and Nassar E.S.E. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Monitoring land-use change-associated land development using multitemporal Landsat data and geoinformatics in Kom Ombo area, South Egypt

Due to the progressive increase in population, sustainable development of desert land in Egypt has become a strategic priority in order to meet the increasing demands of a growing population for food and housing. Such obligations require efficient compilation of accurate land-cover information in addition to detailed analysis of archival land-use changes over an extended time span. In this study, we applied a methodology for mapping land cover and monitoring change in patterns related to agricultural development and urban expansion in the desert of the Kom Ombo area. We utilized the available records of multitemporal Landsat Thematic Mapper and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus images to produce three land-use/land-cover maps for 1988, 1999 and 2008. Post-classification change detection analysis shows that agricultural development increased by 39.2% through the study period with an average annual rate of land development of 8.7 km2 year−1. We report a total increase in urbanization over the selected time span of approximately 28.0 km2 with most of this urban growth concentrated to the east of the Nile and occurring through encroachment on the former old cultivated lands. The archival record of the length of irrigation canals showed that their estimated length was 341.5, 461.8 and 580.1 km in the years 1988, 1999 and 2008, respectively, with a 70% increase in canal length from 1988 to 2008. Our results not only accurately quantified the land-cover changes but also delineated their spatial patterns, showing the efficiency of Landsat data in evaluating landscape dynamics over a particular time span. Such information is critical in making effective policies for efficient and sustainable natural resource management.

Znaczenie Egiptu w apokaliptyce – Λόγος Τέλειος /Asclepius (NHC VI, 8: 70,3-76,1; Ascl. 24-27)

The aim of this paper was to present the Egyptian land in two apocalyptic texts both written in a Coptic language. First – the Apocalypse of Elijah (written in two Coptic dialectical versions: Sahidic and Achmimic) – shows a typical biblical meaning of Egypt as a place full of pain, death and fear. On the other hand, in the Codex VI of the Nag Hammadi Library there is the Apocalypse which gives us quite different image of that part of African land. This very Apocalypse is called the Apocalypse of Hermes Trismegistos or the Hermetic Apocalypse (written in Sahidic dialect and partly in the ancient Greek, whole test is composed in a Latin version and attributed to Ps-Apuleius of Madaura). Here, Egypt seems to be a paradise – image of heaven, land of gods and beautiful temples. But suddenly, that peaceful part of the world turns into “hell” with death, blood and pain – just like in the Apocalypse of Elijah. Our purpose was to analyze those two Coptic Apocalypse, compare the results and finally, try to find the answer on the basic questions: Egypt – heaven or hell? Could it be that this land was full of blood because of monotheistic religion?

Spatial disintegration and arable land security in Egypt: A study of small- and moderate-sized urban areas

While commonly associated with regional ‘mega-cities’, rapid urbanization in the less-developed world has also begun to define growth in small- and moderate-sized settlements on the periphery of major metropolitan areas. The dispersal of population growth to these smaller areas holds significant implications for environmental, economic, and social health, and threatens local food security, increases congestions, and induces difficulty in service provision. This study examines the effects of spatial disintegration and rapid urbanization in the stock of arable land in Egypt. To assess this issue, the study will meet three objectives. First, we evaluate the relationship between population growth and urban land cover expansion in small- and moderate-sized settlements in Egypt. Second, we consider the role of selected geographic determinants in influencing the growth of these areas through the use of a regression model. The selection of an appropriate model type is a sub-objective and will be discussed further. Third, these drivers of growth will be assessed through their effects on the country’s stock of arable land. These objectives will be met through the development and application of the regression models, in order to examine the relationship between urban land expansion and several independent variables. An increase in population is found to have a positive and statistically significant effect on corresponding urban land cover area. Surprisingly, the variables commonly associated with urbanization in Egypt – proximity to major roads, the capital of Cairo, and the Nile River – though exhibiting a positive relationship with urban growth, are not statistically significant in the selected case studies. This research underlines the necessity for a combined approach to policy formation – with input from policy fields as varied as agriculture, urban planning, and land reclamation – to slow outward growth and maintain arable land stocks.

The New Deal and Modern Memory

The “Great Recession,” which began at year‐end 2007, was precipitated by plunging real estate values, followed by borrower defaults and financial crisis for the public and private institutions that supplied loanable funds to the mortgage market. With economic growth not yet returned to trend, three years on more than 9% of the American labor force remains unemployed. Current macroeconomic events, perhaps inevitably, have been compared to those of the Great Depression of 1929–1933, both in terms of severity and of the efficacy of the public policies adopted ostensibly to restore prosperity. In this article, I review the literature on the New Deal, paying particular attention to modern scholarship emphasizing the role of presidential politics and antibusiness political rhetoric in deepening and prolonging the Great Depression. The parallels between then and now suggest that the two economic contractions had similar causes and elicited equally counterproductive policy responses.

EVALUATING THE PARTICIPATION POLICY IN STRATEGIC PLANNING OF EGYPTIAN VILLAGES

This study offers a preliminary insight into the participation policy that has been introduced into the decision-making process for strategic urban planning in Egyptian villages. Since 2004, the Egyptian government has made efforts to decentralize urban management by involving local communities in the decision-making process. We analyzed the procedures and practices of the newly adopted participation policy to improve its implementation in the future. Through an analysis of each of the steps of the participatory process, as well as interviews and the questionnaire responses from 50 Egyptian urban planners, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) Participatory decision making presents an opportunity to solve important urban problems such as unregulated urban sprawl impinging on agricultural lands in Egypt. 2) To ensure that the participation process is fair to all stakeholders, there is a need for the implementation of participatory decision making to be refined. 3) Despite the new policy, the process of involving the community in urban planning can still only be considered to be community consultation, rather than true community participation.

Could Wind Have Parted the Red Sea?

Crossing of the Red Sea, painting by Nicolas Poussin (1634). The sun sank over the eastern Nile Delta. A man stood on the shore of a great sea of reeds. As twilight fell upon the land of Egypt, he ...

Aaron and the Golden Calf in the Rhetoric of the Pentateuch

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.) In the Pentateuch, the contrast between legal or instructional material, on the one hand, and stories, on the other, is nowhere more stark than in the relationship between the story of the golden calf (Exodus 32-34) and the instructions and narratives (Exodus 25-31; 35-40) that surround it. The story tells of ritual failure with disastrous consequences, while the ritual instructions and narratives around it recount fulfilling those divine instructions to the letter. The contrast becomes most excruciating in each section's characterization of the high priest: the golden calf story seems to vilify Aaron by placing him at the center of the idolatrous event, while the ritual texts celebrate Aaron and his sons as divinely consecrated priests. Though source and redaction criticism have long since distinguished the authors of these accounts, the critics explain the intentions behind a literary juxtaposition that is too stark to be anything but intentional. Why did the Aaronide dynasties controlled both the Second Temple and its Torah allow this negative depiction of Aaron to stand? Over the last decade, increasing numbers of scholars have dated part or all of Exodus 32 to the postexilic period, which makes the problem of an anti-Aaronide polemic in an otherwise pro-Aaronide Pentateuch even harder to explain. Thus, both synchronic and diachronic approaches have trouble explaining the depiction of Aaron in this story. Rhetorical analysis of the possible function of Exodus 32 in the Penta teuch of the Second Temple period provides new answers to these questions. I. Exodus 32 in Historical Criticism By rhetorical analysis, I mean the study of persuasion.1 Who is trying to persuade whom of what by recounting this story in this context? Because of the negative depiction of Aaron, historical criticism has traditionally identified the who as anti-priestly/anti-Aaronide but pro-Levite groups in various historical time periods. This claim finds its basis in the contrast between Aaron creating the calf (32:3) and the Levites killing its worshipers, for which they are rewarded with ordination (32:26-29). Critics also consider Exodus 32 to be a projection of Judean polemics against the northern kingdom of Israel, because the calf is greeted with the call These are your gods, Israel, brought you out of the land of Egypt (32:4), which echoes the story of Jeroboam's golden calf in 1 Kgs 12:28.2 The appearance of both polemics together in this story has generated speculation about the Aaronides' priestly roles in the temples of the northern kingdom, especially at Bethel.3 Thus, the story is often used as a mine where interpreters dig for information about the historical development of Israel's priesthood as well as the politics of the two preexilic kingdoms. The Aaronides' prominence in postexilic politics draws my attention in this essay to the priesthood. Some have argued that the original story valued Aaron's bull/calf as a positive representation of YHWH. Only later editing turned it into a story of idolatry.4 Others argue that the references to Aaron, the Levites, or both were added to the original story in response to later conflicts between priesthoods.5 (Modern preachers have even picked up this theme to juxtapose Aaron to Moses as representing the church of the world versus the church of the Word.6) Much of the discussion that takes Exodus 32 as evidence for the history of the priesthood focuses on preexilic times. It ignores the literary context of the golden calf story within P's tabernacle traditions (Exodus 25-40).7 It is, however, this context and its likely historical origins in the Persian period that pose the greatest difficulties for understanding Exodus 32 as an anti-Aaronide polemic. How did the story survive Priestly editing in a period when avowedly Aaronide priests controlled not only the Jerusalem temple and its Torah, but increasingly also wielded political power as representatives of the Jewish people? …

THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVEMENT SOIL ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE CROP IN GHARBIA GOVERNORATE

Improvement of soil is the essential foundation for the implementation of state policy towards vertical expansion because of its vital importance in addressing the problems of soil and bring it to marginal productivity and because of the major problems of land cultivated and reflected on the national economy from the effects of large has taken care of the Ministry of Agriculture. The main research problem in the deterioration of chemical and physical properties of agricultural land of Egypt and that resulted from the agricultural policies pursued by the state during the past period, as well as appropriating large tracts of agricultural land to be used in non-agricultural purposes. The research aims to measure the economic effects of technology to improve soil and their impact on yield production of maize at the level of province of West through the study of the current status of land improvement in Gharbia Governorate during the period (2000-2008), distributed on governorate districts, and then estimate the standard functions of production farm to harvest maize Sham Western Province. The research was based on the data field by selecting a random sample of the most important agricultural districts performing the operations of improvement in Gharbia Governorate Data was collected from the respondents using the questionnaire designated for that purpose, in addition to secondary data published and unpublished, issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation and the Public Authority to the Executive for projects implementation land. Production functions were estimated for the maize crop in the western province through research random sample was chosen from among maize growers in the agricultural year (2007-2008) by 200 farmers had been relocated to a central Tanta and Mahala as the largest districts in which it was an improvement processes. In the light of the findings of the study results, it can display the most important recommendations drawn from the results of the study which could benefit agricultural policy makers in developing policies, which include recommendations on the need to pay due care to improve the soil and circulated to the level of all the Western Districts, and awareness of their own all the media available. The need to provide equipment and machinery necessary to conduct such operations in the agricultural societies of its village centers. The need for spreading awareness among farmers of the importance and the need for improvements in the rapidly changing global economic and Alintaizp and provide a minimum of self-sufficiency of crops. Encourage investment in soil improvement through the establishment of some small projects to ensure that more job oppor-tunities and the advancement of the various operations improvement.

Gains from expanded irrigation water trading in Egypt: An integrated basin approach

Economic development and population growth in Egypt continue to increase the demands for water. Meeting these demands places increasing stress on Egypt's water institutions to support the country's need for food, urban, industrial, and environmental water uses. Many studies have examined measures to increase Egypt's effective water supplies or reduce its water demands. However, no research to date has examined economically efficient and culturally acceptable water institutions for improving the economic performance of Egyptian agricultural water use. The aim of this study is to examine the potential for irrigation water trading as a measure to improve the economic efficiency of Egyptian agricultural water use of the Nile River. Using data on Egyptian land, water, and agriculture, a catchment scale framework is developed to characterize hydrologic and economic impacts of limited water trading by irrigated agriculture while respecting hydrologic, environmental, food security, and institutional constraints. Results suggest that expanded water trading among Egyptian farmers could raise the economic performance of Egypt's irrigation water use. That improved performance could increase national farm income by 6.3 to 7.9% annually with little or no loss in water-related benefits outside agriculture. Worldwide, solutions to safeguard food production are needed fast. Institutionalizing currently informal water trading arrangements could be a prototype for measures to promote food and water security in Egypt and in other countries with similar water management challenges.

‘Mijn volk, wat heb ik u gedaan?’ Micha 6:3-4a in de Improperia voor Goede Vrijdag en bij de kerkvaders ‘My People, what have i done to you?’ Micah 6:3-4a in the Improperia for Good Friday and with the Church Fathers

In de tekst van de Septuaginta staat in Micha 6:3-4a: ‘Mijn volk, wat heb ik u gedaan? Of waarmee heb ik u bedroefd, of waarmee heb ik u lastig gevallen? Antwoord mij! Want ik heb u uitgeleid uit het land Egypte.’ In de Byzantijnse, Mazarabische en Romeinse liturgieën van Goede Vrijdag worden deze of vergelijkbare woorden Christus in de mond gelegd als zijn verwijten (of Improperia) aan degenen die hem kruisigden, hoewel hij hen toch bevrijd had van de slavernij in Egypte. Dit artikel zoekt een antwoord op twee vragen: 1. uit welke tijd dateert de oudste tekst waaruit het gebruik van de tekst in de liturgie van Goede Vrijdag blijkt, en 2. hoe zijn deze woorden geïnterpreteerd in het vroege en middeleeuwse christendom? De tekst uit Micha komt voor in de zevende-eeuwse liturgie voor Goede Vrijdag uit Jeruzalem, maar werd in die setting waarschijnlijk ook al eerder gebruikt. Al in de late vierde eeuw citeerden kerkvaders de tekst als een uitspraak van de pre-existente Christus, maar er zijn nog geen liturgische teksten uit die tijd gevonden waarin hij voorkomt. Een excurs belicht een toenmalige joodse interpretatie van Micha 6:3-5.

Cartographic modeling of land suitability for industrial development in the Egyptian desert

land-use decisions and planning processes deal with large volumes of basic data where technical knowledge must be coordinated with the decision makers’ views of society. This fact makes spatial planning a very complex process. This paper addresses a regional scale zoning issue through cartographic modeling using geographic information science through a case study. It utilizes a theoretical framework that can potentially assist planners in this regard, namely the multicriteria evaluation (MCe) theory. The paper demonstrates an approach that combines geographic information system with MCe techniques for the land-use decision support system on the strategic scale. a national geographic database was established for the desert land of egypt. Criteria for industrial development of land including the land constraints and potential resources were identified based on selected objectives and strategy proposed by decision makers. factors were ranked, scaled and assigned a relative importance weight. The constraints were masked out. running the cartographic model produced the land suitability index for industrial development. The suitability index was further classified into five phases of suitability zones. The result is a zoning map for potential sites for residing industrial-based activities with varying classes of suitability. The applied methodology can provide what-if land-use scenarios based on the strategic objectives and their relative selective set of criteria.

PERFORMANCE OF ROTATING SPRAY PLATE SPRINKLERS

Understanding the distribution characteristics of an individual irrigation sprinkler or spray nozzle is necessary to improve the uniformity of any sprinkler system.Relevant factors affecting the improvement of the irrigation performance of sprinkler systems are the engineering factors (i.e. operating pressure, riser height of sprinkler / nozzle, sprinkler type, deflector plates, and nozzle diameter), and the climatic factors (i.e. wind speed, air humidity and air temperature). It is important to highlight that this study has been focused on center pivot sprinkler irrigation system as it is the widely used sprinkler irrigation system in new lands of Egypt ( Toshka, Sinai and Nobaria).Therefore, five different types of spray nozzles, used on center pivot irrigation system, have been tested and evaluated. Several outdoor single-sprinklers and overlapped - sprinklers irrigation tests have been conducted for determining: water application rate, uniformity of water distribution, and application efficiency, under different engineering and climatic conditions. Various sprinkler types - pressure -riser height combinations were used and the variation of application rate and weather conditions (i.e. air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed) were measured during the test. A statistical approach has been used with these data to estimate water distribution uniformity coefficient CU, and water application efficiency AE, using a linear model. CU, and AE as sprinkler irrigation performance parameters, were estimated as functions of the sprinkler type, nozzle characteristics, riser height, operating pressure, and wind speed. Other climatic and engineering factors were not of significant effect on the CU or AE in this study. The model can be a useful tool to select the operational conditions (e.g. working pressure, riser height, nozzle type) that can be suitable for certain environmental conditions ( air temperature, relative humidity, etc.) to improve water distribution uniformity CU and water application efficiency AE.