Land Alienation Research Articles

The Punjabi Pioneers

On a warm day in Imperial Valley California, visitors and residents alike can indulge in a fascinating cross-cultural dining experience: chicken curry enchiladas. The only aspect of this dish more enticing than its expert mix of flavors lies in its rich cultural history. Each bite conveys a story, stories of enterprising migrants from Punjab who married Mexican-American women and fiercely defended their ability to establish roots in their new homeland, despite a host of discriminatory legislation and the barriers of a foreign legal system. Building on primary source material uncovered by renowned anthropologist Karen Leonard in her book “Making Ethnic Choices,” I argue that the Punjabis achieved their success by pulling from a host of familiar strategies, including litigation, marriage, and cross-cultural networking, all learned from their interactions with the British Raj. I chart a path through historiography by examining how Punjabi farmers navigated a unique system of land ownership within Punjab before drawing on the experiences of Punjabi soldiers and laborers in the imperial service. I then delve deep into the lives of Punjabi immigrants in the United States, in which critical relationships with Hispanic women and local officials allowed them to circumvent the Alien Land Laws and maintain their status as landowners. This paper will illuminate how the unique experience of being a colonial subject has influenced, and continues to directly influence, how South Asian immigrants establish deep economic and agricultural roots in the Western United States.

DESCRIPTION OF A SECTIONAL TITLE UNIT IN A DEED OF SALE Erf 441 Robertsville Property CC v New Market Developments (Pty) Ltd 2007 2 SA 179 (W)

The correct description of a sectional title unit in a deed of sale has yet again received the attention of the High Court in Erf 441 Robertsville Property CC v New Market Developments (Pty) Ltd 2007 2 SA 179 (W). The issue has been the subject matter of litigation on a number of occasions: Botes v Toti Development Co (Pty) Ltd (1978 1 SA 205 (T)); Richtown Development (Pty) Ltd v Dusterwald (1981 3 SA 691 (W)); Forsyth v Josi (1982 2 SA 164 (N)); Naude v Schutte (1983 4 SA 74 (T)); Kendrick v Community Development Board (1983 4 SA 532 (W)); Den Dunnen v Kreder (1985 3 SA 616 (T)); and Phone-A-Copy Worldwide (Pty) Ltd v Orkin (1986 1 SA 729 (A)). Thelitigation stems from the fact that in terms of the Sectional Titles Act 95 of 1986 a sectional title unit is deemed to be land (s 3(4)), meaning that a sale agreement of a unit must comply with requirements of the Alienation of Land Act 68 of 1981. This stipulates (s 2(1)) that a sale of land is of no force or effect unless it is contained in a deed of alienation signed by the parties or their agents acting on their written authority. The Act does not require an agreement of sale of land to contain a faultless description of the propertysold, coached in meticulously accurate terms, but does demand some degree of accuracy in this regard.

Collisions at the Crossroads: How Place and Mobility Make Race by Genevieve Carpio

Reviewed by: Collisions at the Crossroads: How Place and Mobility Make Race by Genevieve Carpio Natalia Molina COLLISIONS AT THE CROSSROADS: HOW PLACE AND MOBILITY MAKE RACE. By Genevieve Carpio. Oakland: University of California Press, 2019. For over forty years in ethnic studies, we scholars have examined "race-making" practices in sustained scholarly ways. We have examined the role of structural forces (e.g. laws, policies), as well as cultural narratives (e.g. media, representations) across fields. We have learned much and yet Carpio has managed to show us a new way of seeing by bringing Mobility Studies into the conversation on how race is made. Mobility as a race-making concept is so powerful that once you see it, you cannot un-see it. In her book, Collisions at the Crossroads: How Place and Mobility Make Race, Carpio examines the history of California's Inland Empire across the span of the twentieth century, beginning with the rise of the citrus industry. In this work, she demonstrates how "mobility has been an active force in racialization over the twentieth century, one that has operated alongside 'place' to shape regional memory and belonging in multiracial communities" (5). Her strongly argued thesis is firmly supported by close examinations of the everyday movement of racialized immigrant communities. At times, she contrasts the experience of these racialized communities with that of dominant white communities, which enjoyed a right to mobility, as well as settlement, often denied to racialized communities. Carpio conducted research in over thirty archives to put these shards of evidence into conversation with one another and construct this history. What is so fascinating about Carpio's work is the way she elucidates how mobility, and the lack of it, can serve to depict groups as entitled or as unworthy—and then how these scripts might flip depending on what was at stake. As the citrus industry developed in the nineteenth century, for example, Mexicans living in the new state of California were dispossessed of their land under the California Land Act of 1851. Under the Homestead Act of 1860, this land was redistributed to whites who were depicted as more worthy of settling on the land, making them better candidates for land development. Indigenous peoples, who were considered nomadic, were not even considered as possible land owners, though of course it was their land to begin with. Similarly, Japanese were not allowed to settle long-term in the first half of the twentieth century. Japanese were depicted as so undesirable that under the Alien Land Law Acts beginning in California in 1913 they were not allowed to own land or lease it for more than three years, a law that stayed on the books until it was overturned in 1952. As such, we see how settlement, in contrast to mobility, was an important tool for maintaining a racial hierarchy in the region and securing racial capitalism for whites only. [End Page 109] A relational understanding of race is central to Carpio's argument about how mobility can shape ideas about race differently. In the previous example, we can see how one group's acquisition of resources (land for settled whites, not for supposedly nomadic or itinerant others) is made possible by those resources being stripped away from others. This is more than comparing and contrasting one group to another: her work is central in showing how the freedoms and privileges of one group actively depend on those privileges being denied to others. Overall, Collisions at the Crossroads provides groundbreaking insights into how mobility allowed some groups to become insiders and how the lack of it forced other groups to become outsiders, occupying different places in the regional racial hierarchy. This is a strongly original and insightful work. Natalia Molina Distinguished Professor of American Studies & Ethnicity University of Southern California Copyright © 2022 Mid-America American Studies Association

Peculiarities of legal regulation of compulsory termination of land ownership in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine

The purpose of the study is to analyze the principles of land law regulation and the legal framework for the forced termination of private ownership of land and the acquisition of state ownership of land under martial law. The following scientific tasks are solved in the article: the content of some grounds for termination of private ownership of land plots, which are the grounds for state acquisition of land ownership under the legal regime of martial law; the procedure of compulsory alienation and seizure of land plots under martial law is analyzed, gaps in the current legislation are identified and ways of settling legal conflicts are proposed. The elaboration of the topic is based on the provisions of the general theory of land and civil law, where, taking into account the latest advances in science, conceptual recommendations are provided for building a legal structure of forced termination of land ownership. The research was conducted on the basis of an analysis of the provisions of Ukrainian civil and land legislation, measures of forced alienation and seizure of land. The article provides coverage of current issues and legislative features of the termination of private ownership of land and the acquisition of state rights of landowners under martial law. The existence of the procedure of forced alienation of property, the procedure of forced seizure of property in favor of the state, different in form, content and mechanism in the legal regulation, is explained. The forcible termination of the right of private ownership of land under martial law entails the acquisition by the state of the rights of the owner. Compulsory alienation of land must follow the advance payment of alienation; the procedure for withdrawing land for the needs of the state may provide for the following reimbursement. Proposed ways to resolve legal conflicts by systematizing the grounds for state acquisition of property rights in martial law and filling gaps in legislation, by developing a separate mechanism that regulates the procedure of forced expropriation of land in martial law, decisions to determine the list of land, for which forced expropriation or seizure of land may be applied.

OWNERSHIP AND ACCESS ON BEACH: A CASE STUDY ON AVANI SEPANG GOLD COAST, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

Private beach is a global practice in enhancing tourism industry activity but relatively new concept in Malaysia. While tourism is under responsibility of the federal government, utilization and use of land belong to state authority’s power and control pursuant to Federal Constitution 1957. This including land consist of beach pursuant to National Land Code 1965. However, Malaysia is yet to have specific statutory governance on beach or coastal. This paper focuses on State of Selangor government practice in land administration regarding practice of private ownership existence on beach. It will discuss on the government’s reason, present administration and management for the practice and uptake on public access to private owned beach. A qualitative methodology has been adopted by using case study strategy on AVANI Sepang Gold Coast (SGC), Bagan Lalang, Sepang, Selangor. Data has gathered through document analysis and semi-structured interviews on purposive key informants including local authority and state agency representatives. It was found that the practice of ‘private beach’ in Selangor exist through state land alienation and transfer process to ‘joint venture’ entity which include state agency for ‘eco-tourism’ redevelopment in Bagan Lalang’s coastal area which comprises of soil land, beach land and water. This practice was found in line with State of Selangor government guideline on ‘Pekeliling Pengarah Tanah Dan Galian Selangor Bilangan 14/2010: Panduan Pemberimilikan Tanah Dasar Laut Bagi Tujuan Pembangunan Di Atas Dasar Air Di Negeri Selangor.’ Further findings were explained in SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat) analysis. To conclude, key informants agree this complex issue requires intense caution when considering the implications, models, and administrative processes associated for beach redevelopment and sustainable.

Destocking Question and the Environmental Degradation in Machakos County in Kenya: Myths and Facts.

This article analyses environmental degradation and the destocking question in Machakos County. The establishment of colonial rule led to a considerable transformation in the environmental conditions of Machakos County. Human activities have always changed the physical environment, but the scale and impact grew enormously during the colonial period. In order to survive, the Akamba responded to the altered environmental conditions under the demands and restraints of colonial policies. Forceful destocking in the context of land alienation is discussed in this article from the political ecology theoretical framework. Akamba response to these changes is demonstrated as well as the consequent reaction of the colonial administration. Data for the article was drawn from both primary and secondary sources. Primary sources included archival records at the Kenya National Archives (Nairobi and Machakos). Both published and unpublished works were used to collect secondary data. Descriptive data analysis using qualitative methods of content analysis was applied. This article concluded that political considerations were made in regard environmental conservation. The intersection between colonialism, resource utilisation, and local and international politics fall in the context of environmental history. The area recommended for further research is the Second World War, the Mau Mau war and the clamour for independence as relates to land and its resources in terms of environmental conservation in Machakos County.

CANCELLING AN INSTALMENT SALE OF LAND Merry Hill (Pty) Ltd v Engelbrecht 2008 2 SA 544 (SCA) Van Niekerk v Favel 2008 3 SA 175 (SCA)

Chapter II of the Alienation of Land Act 68 of 1981 (“the Act”) governs instalment sales of land (as defined in the Act) where the purchase price is payable in more than two instalments over a period longer than 12 months. The Act affords the purchaser special protection, given the risks arising from instalment sale transactions. Perhaps the biggest risk is that the owner of the land may be sequestrated prior to transfer of the property to the purchaser, after the latter has paid the owner a portion of the purchase priceby way of a deposit and/or instalments. At common law this would leave the purchaser with no more than a concurrent claim for damages against the insolvent estate, should the trustee decide to abandon the sale: Glen Anil Finance (Pty) Ltd v Joint Liquidators Glen Anil Development Corp Ltd (1981 1 SA 171 (A)). Special provision is therefore made in the Act to safeguard the purchaser’s interests in the event of the owner’s insolvency. But there are also a number of other equally serious risks, including the unexpected implementation of a payment acceleration clause, cancellation of the agreement or a claim for damages, all of which could, depending on the wording of the agreement, be triggered by an isolated (even unknown) breach of contract on the part of the purchaser.

Celebrating 100 Years of California History

Celebrating 100 Years of <i>California History</i>

Hammerhead flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae, Bipaliinae): mitochondrial genomes and description of two new species from France, Italy, and Mayotte.

BackgroundNew records of alien land planarians are regularly reported worldwide, and some correspond to undescribed species of unknown geographic origin. The description of new species of land planarians (Geoplanidae) should classically be based on both external morphology and histology of anatomical structures, especially the copulatory organs, ideally with the addition of molecular data.MethodsHere, we describe the morphology and reproductive anatomy of a species previously reported as Diversibipalium “black”, and the morphology of a species previously reported as Diversibipalium “blue”. Based on next generation sequencing, we obtained the complete mitogenome of five species of Bipaliinae, including these two species.ResultsThe new species Humbertium covidum n. sp. (syn: Diversibipalium “black” of Justine et al., 2018) is formally described on the basis of morphology, histology and mitogenome, and is assigned to Humbertium on the basis of its reproductive anatomy. The type-locality is Casier, Italy, and other localities are in the Department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France; some published or unpublished records suggest that this species might also be present in Russia, China, and Japan. The mitogenomic polymorphism of two geographically distinct specimens (Italy vs France) is described; the cox1 gene displayed 2.25% difference. The new species Diversibipalium mayottensis n. sp. (syn: Diversibipalium “blue” of Justine et al., 2018) is formally described on the basis of external morphology and complete mitogenome and is assigned to Diversibipalium on the basis of an absence of information on its reproductive anatomy. The type- and only known locality is the island of Mayotte in the Mozambique Channel off Africa. Phylogenies of bipaliine geoplanids were constructed on the basis of SSU, LSU, mitochondrial proteins and concatenated sequences of cox1, SSU and LSU. In all four phylogenies, D. mayottensis was the sister-group to all the other bipaliines. With the exception of D. multilineatum which could not be circularised, the complete mitogenomes of B. kewense, B. vagum, B. adventitium, H. covidum and D. mayottensis were colinear. The 16S gene in all bipaliine species was problematic because usual tools were unable to locate its exact position.ConclusionNext generation sequencing, which can provide complete mitochondrial genomes as well as traditionally used genes such as SSU, LSU and cox1, is a powerful tool for delineating and describing species of Bipaliinae when the reproductive structure cannot be studied, which is sometimes the case of asexually reproducing invasive species. The unexpected position of the new species D. mayottensis as sister-group to all other Bipaliinae in all phylogenetic analyses suggests that the species could belong to a new genus, yet to be described.

8 - Colonial Economic Disempowerment and the Responses of the Hlengwe Peasantry of the South East Lowveld of Zimbabwe: 1890-1965

Much has been written on how colonialists economically incapacitated Africans through wrestling control of the means of production from them. Some studies have also looked at how various Africans responded to the new order. In the British territory of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) the economic disempowerment of the Africans was through land alienation. However, the areas which have received much of the coverage on the subject in the country are Matabeleland and Mashonaland on the highveld. Given the economic attractiveness of these two areas to the colonialists and the resistance that the Ndebele and Shona in these areas offered, the overshadowing of peripheral areas such as the S.E. Lowveld, home to the Hlengwe is understandable. However, though the Hlengwe have attracted little more than an occasional passing reference in many studies, they were not spared from the colonial experience, especially the oppression, exploitation and economic disempowerment which other African groups experienced. Therefore, this paper is primarily concerned with filling the gap created by the seeming lack of interest in the history of the Hlengwe. Information on Hlengwe colonial history was collected and compiled through oral interviews and a thorough study of archival materials and written sources,. The paper thus establishes that the loss of land led to the loss of economic independence by the Hlengwe peasantry whose main economic activities were land-based and that this same loss resulted in the Hlengwe people responding in diverse ways to the new colonial order. It goes on to explore the dynamics and variations of the Hlengwe response to colonial rule and exploitation. Most importantly, it establishes that contrary to what the Native Commissioners said, the Hlengwe were a warlike people. The paper reveals that as they were integrated more into the orbit of colonial rule and felt its squeeze, they became more aggressive.

8 - Colonial Economic Disempowerment and the Responses of the Hlengwe Peasantry of the South East Lowveld of Zimbabwe: 1890-1965

Much has been written on how colonialists economically incapacitated Africans through wrestling control of the means of production from them. Some studies have also looked at how various Africans responded to the new order. In the British territory of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) the economic disempowerment of the Africans was through land alienation. However, the areas which have received much coverage on the subject in the country are Matabeleland and Mashonaland on the highveld. Given the economic attractiveness of these two areas to the colonialists and the resistance that the Ndebele and Shona in these areas put up, the overshadowing of peripheral areas such as the S.E. Lowveld, home to the Hlengwe is understandable. However, though the Hlengwe have attracted little more than an occasional passing reference in many studies, they were not spared from the colonial experience, especially the oppression, exploitation and economic disempowerment which other African groups experienced. Therefore, this article is primarily concerned with filling the gap created by the seeming lack of interest in the history of the Hlengwe. Information on Hlengwe colonial history was collected and compiled through oral interviews and a thorough study of archival materials and written sources. The article thus establishes that the loss of land led to the loss of economic independence by the Hlengwe peasantry whose main economic activities were land-based and that this same loss resulted in the Hlengwe people responding in diverse ways to the new colonial order. It goes on to explore the dynamics and variations of the Hlengwe response to colonial rule and exploitation. Most importantly, it establishes that contrary to what the Native Commissioners said, the Hlengwe were a warlike people. The article reveals that as they were integrated more into the orbit of colonial rule and felt its squeeze, they became more aggressive.

Demographic and spatial structure at the stage of expansion in thepopulations of some alien land snails in Belgorod city (CentralRussian Upland)

Studying of the demographic characteristics of populations of alien species at the stage of expansion makes it possible to assess their invasive potential. Field studies of alien terrestrial gastropods Xeropicta derbentina (Gastropoda,Stylommatophora, Hygromiidae), Brephulopsis cylindrica (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora, Enidae) and Harmozica ravergiensis (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora, Hygromiidae) have been carried out in Belgorod city, the southern part of the Central Russian Upland (Russia). All studied species are native to the Black Sea region and the Caucasus; in the southern part of the Central Russian Upland, they have been registered over the past ten years. The population density, demographic structure, and spatial structure have been analyzed for three years of observations (2017, 2019, 2020). During this period, the changes in the population density have been noted for all studied species. The most pronounced changes have been observed in X. derbentina, whose population density has significantly decreased, and the spatial structure has changed from clustered type to random distribution. In addition, the age structure of X. derbentina population had a pronounced change at the beginning of the snail activity season of 2020. The expansion of the other two invaders, B. cylindrica and H. ravergiensis, is proved as more successful. At the same time, H. ravergiensis is distributed throughout the city. This species has stable population density and random type of spatial population structure on most sites. B. cylindrica has the highest population density: in 2020, it has reached 406 ind./m2 on average, with the maximum of 1215 ind./m2.Meantime, the species keeps the clustered spatial structure, which is explained by both high population density and adaptation to the arid conditions of its natural range.

Displacement and Tribal Livelihood in Mining Areas of Keonjhar District in Odisha

Land is not only a tangible asset but is the mainstay of most of the rural folks as they are dependent on agriculture and allied activities. The tribal economy is also primarily agro-based and they have emotional attachment to land. But, with the opening of the tribal areas, the tribal land is being alienated to the non-tribals. Consequently, a large number of tribal cultivators have been rendered landless labourers. Decrease in the number of cultivators and increase in the number of landless labourers indicates the disturbing trend of land alienation. Shifting cultivation as the earliest form of agriculture continues to be predominantly practiced by the tribals. Though it has its own merits and demerits, it has become a way of life with them. The Constitution of India provides certain provisions to protect the interests of the Scheduled Tribes, which will also be discussed in this unit. The present study reveals the overall scenario of tribal belt with mining affected areas in Keonjhar district of Odisha and its present livelihoods in the displacement process due to land alienation.

EXISTENTIAL EXPERIENCE IN BHARATI MUKHERJEE’S NOVEL JASMINE: A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES

Bharati Mukherjee was a Calcutta born an Indian American Canadian writer and professor emeriti at the University of California, Berkely. She is one of the promninent and leading Indian women writers in English. Like Kamala Markandaya, Jhumpa Lahiri and Kiran Desai, she is well recognised as a diasporic novelist in the literary arena. She is a representative novelist of Asian immigrants. Her experience as an expatriate in America and Canada forms the main source of her creative writing and literary talents. Her oeuvre comprises novels, short stories, nonfiction prose, socio-political commentaries, journal articles and interviews. The present novel’s title, the character, Jasmine, continually sheds lives to move into other roles. She gets uprooted and re-routed thrice in a new world and establishes a new identity. Jasmine dislocates from Indian traditional conventional life and relocates with modern liberal American life. She is an innocent, diffident woman who has become a fighter, adapter and adventurous in America. Through her novel, Bharati Mukherjee presents Jasmine as a Phoenix who rises from her ashes again and again in the form of different names and characters. She clearly exhibits the life of an Immigrant Indian as well as woman and the obstacles. She needs to break for the transformation of her life in an alien land. The major theme is about Jasmine's love story and the minor one is about her struggle in life. This paper analyses the existential experience of Jasmine in the foreign culture.

Conflict and Anguish in an Alien Land: How Feminine Writers Cope with Migration

Social scientists have since long been aware that migration is not just a transfer of place; rather it leads to a veritable metamorphosis of the life of migrants and generates several multi-layered influences on the migrants’ psyche. In its implication, this has repercussions on both sides: genesis of chauvinistic feelings among the hosts and, more as a reaction to it, a kind of nostalgic self-identity crisis among the immigrants, the moment they seek to locate themselves within the host social corpora. Such experiences lead the social scientists working in the field to pay attention to the migrants’ struggle to get their identity established in the world of the host community. The present paper uses a Conflict Approach to the phenomenon of migration. As a vital aspect of the Conflict Approach, the paper endeavours to underline quotidian agonies and struggles depicted in the writings of the female migrants across continents. Our main concerns are: How do these women authors provide deep insights into the migrants’ expectations from the host land and the bereavements in the nations left behind? How do they provide glimpses of the conflicts gripping the migrants who find themselves divided between two worlds? How does a trans-national identity transcend its cultural differences with the receiving society? The paper also seeks to find out how migrants struggle to adapt themselves to an alien culture and how they endeavor to resolve the potential, latent and manifest, instances of conflict. Our investigation is based on a content analysis of selected pieces of female migrant literature.

Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Lowland: A study of alienation and identity

Jhumpa Lahiri is one of the leading and successful second generation of Indian writers of English novellists. Lahiri’s The Lowland explores complex nature of human relationship and feelings of loneliness and the question of identity. The novel centres round the theme of political and personal violence, duty and desire, heritage and homeland, secrets and conspiracies and alienation and identity. The Lowland is a comprehensive, enthusiastic story that examines in detail the junction of the political and the personal scenario, enveloping nearly fifty years of Indian and American history through the lives of one family. Jhumpa Lahiri’s themes are far-fetched and widely focused on the issues of acculturation, assimilation, desolation, fragmented identity and individuality of the characters in an alien land. Being a contemporary novelist of immigrant experience, she incandescently substantiated the problems encountered by the second generation in the ‘imaginary homeland’. In this paper, an attempt has been made on the theme of alienation and identity.

Diasporic Tendencies in Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s Queen of Dreams

The present paper aims to trace out the diasporic tendencies in the selected novel of Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s Queen of Dreams. Diaspora literature constitute the problematic abroad life of immigrants. As an outsider, diaspora community faces many critical issues in their host land. Alienation, racial segregation, cultural conflict and identity crisis are core issues faced by immigrants. Indian diaspora literature is an academic body of writing enriched by Indian immigrant writers. Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni has occupied adorable status in female category in the literary canon of Indian diasporic writing. She has artistically projected the survival issues of immigrant women in her poetry, novels and short stories. Divakaruni has critically examined how Indain immigrant women struggles in assimilation with western culture and survive with hyphened identity. Indian immigrant’s experience, contemporary America, history, fantasy and the difficulties of immigrant’s living in an alien land are her major thematic concerns. Divakaruni’s novel Queen of Dreams is a journey of young Indian artist named Rakhi in California, United States. Surviving in abroad, Rakhi perceives the conflict of hyphened identity. She asserts that as an immigrant, she is having a dual identity and she swings between ‘real’ and ‘reel world. Rakhi’s two daughters survives as second generation immigrants in United States who are not much aware about India and its culture. The novel profoundly focuses on the identity conflict, east-west conflict, cultural clash, assimilation, pain of immigration and belongingness.

Colonial Ethnography and the Rhetoric of Bodo Identity

The Bodo tribe, considered as the largest plains tribe in Assam, has been agitating for a separate state since the 1980s. Land alienation, marginalization faced from the mainstream and dominant community, and prolonged economic backwardness are believed to be the driving factors for the Bodo identity movement. While the movement itself began to gain momentum only in the 1960s, the Bodo people’s insistence on a distinctive identity vis-à-vis the mainstream Assamese community can be traced to pre-independent India. The Bodo people’s consciousness of distinctness may have been a result of the onset of colonization. At the same time, the fact that this consciousness may have been influenced by colonial writings about the community cannot be ignored. Since the colonial period, the Bodos have lived in fear of assimilation and extinction while also being acutely conscious of their “glorious past” now lost. Both the fear of assimilation and the awareness of a lost glory are colonial legacies. While the first is a result of the Hindu/Assamese cultural hegemony, the second is inspired by colonial writings about the Bodos or Bodo-Kacharis. This essay is an attempt to study the Bodo identity movement as a colonial legacy by looking at its accompanying cultural nationalism through literature without negating the violent turn it took in the 1990s. It would be an attempt to establish the hypothesis that the Bodo tribe’s very perception of the self is derived from the knowledge produced by colonial writings on the tribe.

Capitalist Transformation and Settler Colonialism: Theorizing the Interface

ABSTRACTAnthropological theory has approached Indigenous experiences of colonialism through frameworks of capitalist expansion or, more recently, through those of settler colonialism. Given their different attentions, these frameworks in conjunction provide a more nuanced account of the colonizing and displacement process than either does alone. The history of Hawaiʻi from 1778 to 1860 provides a valuable illustration of the entanglements of economic transformation and settler colonialism over time, showing the need to combine analyses of settler colonialism with those of political economy to understand the emergence of new systems of governance, law, and exchange. The establishment of settler colonialism was neither quick nor uncontested, entailing Indigenous strategic appropriation along with political, legal, and social changes that created the space for settler dominance. Settler colonialism was fostered by the prospect of a profitable plantation economy. In Hawai‘i, chiefs managed to avoid a Euro‐American capitalist takeover during the first eighty years of contact but began to lose control as the settler population grew and the capitalist economy expanded. [settler colonialism, capitalist transformation, land alienation, Hawaiian history]

Tribes at the Margin of Tribal Space: Urban Socio-Spatial Exclusion

Unlike the cities of the global North, where poor indigenous communities are primarily immigrants attracted to cities to secure better livelihoods, the tribals of Jharkhand in urban spaces are mostly ‘original inhabitants’. In Ranchi, their original state has been increasingly dwindled or marginalised and led to a dialectical process of socio-spatial poverty traps. This study attempts to understand the socio-spatial integration of the tribal community within Ranchi city through the identification of tribal toponymy and the patterns of clustering and concentration vis-à-vis the process of land association and dissociation. Further, it brings together the attributes of such a produced spatiality. Location Quotient, based on secondary data, and Key Informant Interviews with field observations are applied to measure the tribal concentration and the processes of spatiality, respectively. The findings present a dismal picture, where the tribals mostly find themselves at the margins of the city space, especially in the core-inner city and the microperipheral localities. The continuous inflow of outsiders, the issue of land rights and land alienation, the pattern of socio-spatial clustering and disadvantages, and the dynamics of tribal identity associations are all integrally connected in perpetuating tribals’ urban spatial exclusion and thereby their socio-spatial segregation.