Land Affairs Research Articles

ПРОДОВОЛЬЧА ДИКТАТУРА БІЛЬШОВИЦЬКОГО РЕЖИМУ – ЗАСІБ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ГОЛОДУ В УКРАЇНІ (1921–1923 рр.)

The article examines the process of establishing a food dictatorship by the Bolshevik authorities against the Ukrainian rural population, which led to the starvation of millions of Ukrainians in 1921–1923. But the most vulnerable were the Bolsheviks’ procurement and export of peasant bread and food to Russia. Using coercive harsh methods, the procurement campaign was carried out in the drought-stricken southern regions of Ukraine. This criminal action was led by O. Shlichter and M. Vladimirov sent by the Russian government in accordance with numerous government orders and directives involving the poorest sections of the peasantry and specially trained military units. In the spring of 1921, wealthy peasants had almost no grain left, and the need for a solution to the food problem by the Bolshevik government only grew. In order to eliminate the resistance of the peasants, which the Bolsheviks regarded as political banditry, the idea of the so-called stratification of the village into separate classes (poor semi-proletarians, middle peasants, kulaks) was introduced by mobilizing tens of thousands of workers in industrial centers. The People’s Commissar for Land Affairs of the USSR D. Manuilskii consciously pursued a predatory policy of destroying productive farms. Attempts by the Ukrainian leadership to stop harvesting bread in Ukraine have failed several times at a time when about 4 million people are on hunger strike in the country. The actions of the Bolshevik government contradicted the realities of peasant life at the time, as did the entire population, which suffered from famine and crop failure, backed by numerous taxes, the forcible confiscation of the last peasant food supplies, and military aggression. After the official recognition of the critical state of agriculture and famine in Ukraine, no assistance was provided by the government other than permission to appeal to the international community.

PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC SERVICES IN LAND OFFICE HULU SUNGAI SELATAN DISTRICT

Performance is the work result in quality and quantity that can be achieved by an employee in carrying out his main duties and functions as an employee in accordance with the responsibilities assigned to or assigned to him. The performance of public services at the Land Office of Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency is basically a form of service accountability in the land sector for the people in Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency in accordance with the vision and mission it carries. The purpose of this study is to determine the performance of public services that have been implemented by the Land Office of Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency, and to determine the factors inhibiting the performance of public services provided by the Land Office of Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency, and to analyze public service performance models in the Office. Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency Land.
 This research uses a qualitative approach with qualitative descriptive research type. The technique of collecting data by means of interviews, observation and documentation, with the technique of determining informants purposively so that there are 10 informants. As well as data analysis techniques using data reduction, data presentation and verification.
 The performance of public services at the Head of Land Affairs Office of Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency shows that the value is already good, with descriptions or details, namely that there are 2 (two) indicators that get good points, and 4 (four) indicators score quite good, and 4 (four) indicators get points yet / no / not good. The responsiveness subvariable on the indicators of agenda setting and service priorities is quite good in regulation, direction and implementation, and indicators of developing service programs are quite good. The responsibility sub-variable on the indicators of the easy service administration process is good, as well as the indicators for fast and precise administrative processes that are also good. In the accountability subvariable, the public accountability indicator is quite good, and the service process openness indicator is not good. The productivity sub-variable for the total production indicator is not good, and the quality production indicator is also not good, the service performance sub-variable in the service apparatus attitude indicator is quite good, and in the analysis indicator the results of public satisfaction are not good. The inhibiting factors for public services at the Land Office of Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency are caused by: the community, the lack of a process of socialization and legal counseling to the community, bureaucracy, facilities and infrastructure, and law enforcement. Supporting factors are the availability of reliable Human Resources in several fields / divisions and the support of the Central Government and Regional Government in the form of regulations. Performance models of the Land Office of 
 Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency in public services in its territory, namely in maximizing the mass certification program through Computerized Land Office (KKP) programs, People's Service for Land Certificates (Larasita) and has continued in the form of Complete Systematic Land Registration (PTSL) ), and conduct legal education in the land sector, especially regarding the registration of land rights and public services as a form of community service.
 In an effort to improve the performance of public services at the Land Office of Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency, the author provides the following suggestions: The government needs to be more intensive in providing counseling and outreach to the community through both printed and electronic media in order to guarantee legal certainty for their land rights. Increase the budget for the implementation of mass land rights certification without charge or for free or in other public services.

РАДЯНСЬКА ПРОГРАМА ПЕРЕСЕЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО СЕЛЯНСТВА У 1921–1925 РР.

The article, based on little-known sources, deals with the process of forming the policy of the Soviet government to solve such a problem as agrarian overpopulation of the USSR. The article presents data on overpopulation in some districts of the Ukrainian SSR, such as Kyiv, Chernihiv and Volyn districts, where such a phenomenon as scarcity of land and low-yielding soils was presented. An Emergency Resettlement Commission was established within the People’s Commissariat of Land Affairs by the decision of the Council of People’ Commissars (CPC). This Commission solved all issues related to the resettlement of peasants within the republic and abroad. Similar commissions were also formed in all provincial and county centers of the Ukrainian SSR. These commissions began active work on the registration of landless peasants and the search for vacant lands, primarily in the republic for their resettlement, beginning in the spring of 1921. Commissions were also carried out with the All-Russian (later All-Union) Resettlement Commission on the provision of land in uninhabited areas of the RSFSR, such as the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan, the Far East, Kuban, Stavropol, North Caucasus to the settlers from Ukraine. In February 1923, the CPC of the Ukrainian SSR took measures to ensure the planned resettlement of the rural population of the republic in Ukraine and abroad. In the autumn of 1923, the VIII All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets approved the main directions of resettlement policy in the republic. It was reduced to the following measures: first – the resettlement of Ukrainians in the free lands of the Ukrainian SSR; second – resettlement, first of all, of the poor population, which included assistance in farming; third – the resettlement of part of the population from rural areas to cities; fourth – the resettlement of small peasant families in the All-Union Colonization Fund in the Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan, the Far East. In April 1924, CPC of the Soviet Union, supporting the resettlement movement, adopted a resolution “On the benefits of migrants”. It determined the level of material assistance to the families who settled in new lands. Thus, during 1921–1925, the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee and the CPC of the Ukrainian SSR developed a program of resettlement of the Ukrainian population within its ethnic lands and the Union Colonization Fund. This was the first five-year cycle of resettlement policy of the government of the USSR, and in 1926 a new resettlement program was approved, designed first for seven and then for ten years.

Analisa Yuridis Implementasi Pengadaan Tanah Untuk Pembangunan Infrastruktur Pekerjaan Umum

This thesis discusses the Implementation of Land Procurement for Development in the Public Interest in the Construction of the Kawal Reservoir Infrastructure, which was built by the Ministry of Public Works of the Director General of Water Resources. The background used is the issuance of regulations regarding land acquisition in the form of Law No. 2. In 2012, which is quite comprehensive regulates and facilitates the process of land acquisition for development in the public interest. This law has been revised 4 times in the form of a Perpres from the Presidential Regulation No. 71 of 2012 to the latest Presidential Regulation No. 88 of 2017 as a refinement and consistency of the government in the policy of accelerating infrastructure development. But the fact is that national land acquisition is still the second biggest inhibiting factor, 30%. Kawal Reservoir is an infrastructure development in the field of public works has become a polemic, starting from the systems and procedures for land acquisition, the policies issued by the parties, the substance of the problem, as well as the apparatus' view of the land acquisition itself. The implementation of land acquisition for development in the public interest is in accordance with Law No. 2 of 2012 on the construction of the guarding reservoir infrastructure, which at present is still continuing to stop its physical development at the preparation stage. Problems in the form of forest status functions, overlapping ownership, and the existence of the Governor of Riau Islands Province Decree regarding Location Determination are obstacles that are passed through the Spatial Planning and Land Affairs apparatus in carrying out their main duties and functions. The phenomena that exist in the background of the problem will be integrated with the literature, conceptual and frame of mind developed. Research using Empirical / Sociological Legal Research methods.

Politik Hukum Larangan Kepemilikan Hak Atas Tanah di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Oleh Warga Negara Indonesia Keturunan Tionghoa Dan Dampak Terhadap Komparisi Akta Jual Beli

Law Number 5 of 1960 (UUPA), is a legal instrument that regulates land affairs and creates a single national land law. Basically an individual can have land rights, in Article 21 paragraph 1 states that the subject of ownership is an Indonesian citizen, right of ownership can be transferred, one of which is through the sale and purchase with proof of sale and purchase deeds made by the Acting Authority, and the referral to Government Regulation Number 8 of 2012, Articles 1320 and 1868 of the Civil Code , and how to register it according to Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997 and State Minister of Agrarian Regulation Number 3 of 1997. The method used in this research is the normative juridical research method supported by Empirical Juridical. Based on the results of this study it was concluded that Political Law through Instructions 898/I/V/A/1975 concerning the prohibition of ownership of land rights by Indonesian citizens of Chinese descent carried out by the Special Region of Yogyakarta to protect indigenous people who are economically weak, even though it is contrary to the Law Principal of Agrarianism, because ethnic Chinese are considered to be superior in financial terms, a form of positive discrimination is a form of the Sultan’s wish as the High Leader of Yogyakarta in protecting its financially weak people and the Deed of sale and purchase in the city of Yogyakarta that has been signed by the parties, witnesses as well as land deed officials, are not obliged to include the phrase Indigenous/ Non-Indigenous as long as the Land Deed Makers Officer makes a New Legal Document namely a statement that the sale and purchase is done by being able to reduce the Property Rights to another right for Indonesian citizens of Chinese descent, selling can be done by n the requirement that land ownership has become a Building Use Right if it does not have to start with the PPJB or the deed of release

The Policy of Village Web-Based Land Affairs Administration Management as Prior Evidence in Land Registration in Indonesia

Indonesia has not had good land affairs administration management yet at Village Government Level. Land conflict or dispute derives from village’s very limited, manual, and outdated data. Data at village level still refers to data inherited from East Indie government time. The data available cannot meet the modern need today. Relatively inadequate human resource at village level and low awareness of land affair administration discipline within society make the change of prior data supply difficult. This research will study the utilization of village web in providing prior evidence of land registration and the juridical construction of web-based land affairs administration management to the organization of village government. The normative juridical research method with statute and conceptual approaches was used to address the problem of research. The result of research showed that the data of land affairs presented by village web can be the prior evidence as governed in Government Regulation about Land Registration and the provision without changing the source of evidence that can be either written evidence or testimony. The juridical construction of village web-based land affairs administration management derived from Village Law, Archive Law, and Information and Electronic Transaction Law. Village government can present the web-based land affairs data and make it electronic evidence. Keywords: Management, Administration, Land Affairs, Village Web

WINDS OF SMALL CHANGE: CHIEFS, CHIEFLY POWERS, EVOLVING POLITICS AND THE STATE IN ZIMBABWE, 1985–1999.

In 1980, the independence government of Zimbabwe adopted a political and administrative policy which was hostile to chiefs. The charge was that chief­ taincy was backward, unproductive, undemocratic, and a “sellout” institution that had sided with the colonial system. Consequently, chieftaincy was relegated to the fringes of the state, whereby it lost its authority over grassroots judicial and land affairs, a key marker of its power and status. However, from 1985 the government began to court the chiefs by, among other ways, ceasing hostile rhetoric and promising to return them their “original” powers. The scholarship has mainly explained this shift in terms of growing political opposition, among other factors that challenged the government’s legitimacy. This article examines the relationship between chiefs and government from 1985 to 1999. Building on literature that has emphasised the government’s motives for turning to chiefs, it considers whether chiefs got their powers back. It argues that the state did not cede back to chiefs the powers they yearned for and continued to keep them at the margins of its administrative processes. It mainly sought chiefs’ legitimating and mobilising capabilities in the context of waning political fortunes. By the close of the 1990s, chiefs were still battling to get their land and judicial powers back.

Strategies for Improving the Quality of Public Services at the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and the National Land Agency of North Luwu Regency

This study aims to analyze and examine strategies for improving the quality of public services at the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and the National Land Agency of North Luwu Regency. The method is qualitative research with data collection techniques in this study include interviews and observations. The data analysis process used an interactive model analysis with data analysis including data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results show obstacles in implementing strategies for improving the quality of land services, including the capacity and capability of the apparatus personnel who are not yet fully capable of carrying out service functions based on predetermined SOPs, including the lack of human resources who have expertise in land affairs. Apart from that, the support for facilities and infrastructure which greatly supports the implementation of land service functions in the field is still very limited. The cultural strategy that needs to be put forward is how to build a work culture that is flexible and sensitive to the needs of land service users. This is considered important, given the complexity of problems surrounding land administration management, which is still a major problem and is in the public spotlight. The facts that the researchers found in the field prove that land problems, especially those related to the work culture of land service officials, are still a matter of concern for people who use land services.

LAND RIGHT’S APPLICATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE USE OF EXISTING SPACE IN MEDAN CITY

One of the tasks of the Ministry of Agrarian and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency of the Republic of Indonesia is to provide types of land rights in each region throughout Indonesia. The purpose of this study is aimed for the institution of the National Land Agency throughout Indonesia to provide land rights based on the type of land allocation and its usage. This is a normative legal study in which data were collected through library research with the support of empirical data from the Land Agency of Medan. The allocation system, a type of land zone division system, is utilized by the Municipal Land Affairs Office of Medan to establish land rights. Building rights are granted by the Land Agency when a zone has been allocated as a trading area, although in practice there are still a lot of lands used for residential purposes. The designation system for the granting of land rights assigned by the Municipal Land Affairs Office of Medan, based on Regional Regulation No. 2 of 2015, failed to uphold justice for the people of Medan that applied for the rights to the land under their name. Therefore, a more applicable system is the existing spatial system or a system based on the land’s actual use in practice Keywords: National Land Agency, spatial planning, allocation system, land use, spatial management

Peran Karel Frederick Holle dalam Perkembangan Pertanian dan Pendidikan di Garut

This paper discusses a very important figure in the development of language and literature in the city of Garut. Karel Frederick Holle was a Dutchman who came to the Indies at the age of 14 years. He began life in the Dutch East Indies as a housing administration employee in Cianjur. Followed by becoming a Dutch government employee in Batavia and ended up being an honorary advisor for land affairs in the administration department as well as a tea and coffee plantation owner in Cikajang Garut. This paper discusses K. F. Holle in outline. The author is aware of the lack of sources used due to the rare sources about K. F. Holle, therefore it needs further research in order to discuss all aspects in depth. Kata Kunci: Dutch Policy, Indonesian farming, K. F. Holle

Accountability Model for Utilization of Privilege Funds Special Region of Yogyakarta 2013-2017

This study describes the process of accountability of DIY special funds in realizing the prosperity of DIY society 2013-2017. Special Region of Yogyakarta is one of the regions that get the special policy in the form of asymmetric decentralization. This policy is effective since the enactment of Law Number 13 the Year 2012 on the Specialties of DIY. In particular, this regulation regulates 5 privileged affairs: the procedures for filling the positions, positions, duties and authorities of the Governor and Vice Governor, the regional government of DIY, the affairs of culture, the land affairs and spatial affairs. The hope that decentralization policy in Indonesia can improve the people's welfare significantly has not been fulfilled. This is like what happened in Yogyakarta Special Region which has special authority to manage its government affairs. However, these expectations still cannot be met well. This study aims to analyze the accountability model for the utilization of DIY privileged funds so as to provide policy recommendations to be taken. This research uses the qualitative method with data collection method with in-depth interview technique, elite interview, and documentation. The results showed that the poverty rate in DIY until March 2017 about 488.53 thousand people or about 13.02% and Ratio Gini DIY by 0.425%. This is not worth the number of privileged funds that increase each year. It is, therefore, necessary in the determination of success indicators of achievement and output in accordance with the output and outcome to be achieved. In addition, the accountability process also includes not only technical in report submission but also ensuring that process and involving the community in the planning process until accountability.

LAND REFORM IN THE SECOND POLISH REPUBLIC: IMPLEMENTATION AND CONSEQUENCES

Summary. The purpose of the articles of in dout the main features of the agrarian trans formations which took place as are sult of the land reform sin the Second Polish Republic in Western Ukraine in context of the nation wide reform. The methodological basis was chosen taking into account the objective and specificity of the object and subject of study. The basis is the system of methods of scientific knowledge: formal logic (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, analogy, abstraction) – in order to clarify the content of the issues under consideration; theoretical – for the analysis of scientific literature; method of systematic analysis – to summarize the features of legal land regulation. In addition, statistical, problem ‒ chronological, empirical, comparative and source-based methods were also used. The author of this article brings a new scientific approach to specific changes in land affairs in the Western Ukraine in the context of the nation-wide reform carried out by the Polish state using the resources the state had at that time. Conclusions. Key objectives of the agrarian reform were not achieved. The economic purpose of this reform was the creation of efficient private farms. This was not fulfilled. Also, the social and political tensions were intensified in Western Ukraine as a result of this reform. Considering the overpopulation in rural areas, the weak growth of the Polish economy and the weakness across different industries which was intensified by a worldwide economic crisis and unemployment growth, which has lead us to the conclusion that it was impossible to solve the social problems of peasants by solely focusing on agrarian sector reforms. This should be taken into account when decisions are made regarding changes to the agrarian sector in modern Ukraine.

THE PROVINCIAL URBAN AFFAIRS PRESENCE AS AN ORGAN OF ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION OF MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT IN THE 70S AND 90S OF THE XIX CENTURY

The article deals with the activity of the provincial presence for urban affairs — the body that establishes administrative supervision over the activities of city self-government bodies in the 70s and 90s of the XIX century. The study is based on the positions of pre-revolutionary lawyers who consider and analyze innovations in the Urban statute of 1870 and changes that occurred in 1892. First of all, it is worth noting that in post-reform Russia, the provincial presence for urban affairs was created to streamline the work on administrative control over city self-government bodies. Its organization was due to the need to oversee the correctness and legality of their rulings, as well as the desire to speed up the resolution of many cases that had previously often lain for a long time in the departments of the Governing Senate. The presence was mainly assigned to the functions of the administrative court, whose decisions were often not final. Based on archival materials of the post-reform period, the practice of administrative supervision concerning city self-government bodies is analyzed. Special attention is paid to the consideration of complaints from members of the city government on various grounds. After the city counter-reform, which resulted in the adoption of the new Urban statute, the provincial presence for city affairs was merged with the provincial presence for land affairs. This was done to simplify the work since the specifics of the activities of these bodies were almost the same. Thus, after combining the two presences into one, the new organization has the opportunity to monitor and analyze the most important issues related to the interests of the entire province. As a result, it was revealed that the activity of the provincial presence for urban affairs is also determined to an important extent by the public function.

ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ УПОВНОВАЖЕНИХ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ

Статтю присвячено аналізу основних норматив-но-правових документів у сфері правового регулюван-ня діяльності уповноважених Президента України. Досліджено хронологію виникнення та розвитку ін-ституту уповноважених Президента України. З’ясова-но, що нині в Україні працюють шість президентських уповноважених – з прав дитини; з прав людей з інва-лідністю; з питань реабілітації учасників бойових дій; із земельних питань; з питань контролю за діяльністю Служби безпеки України; з питань волонтерської ді-яльності. Посада Уповноваженого Президента України у справах кримськотатарського народу наразі залиша-ється вакантною.
 Установлено, що діяльність президентських уповноважених регулюється Законом України «Про державну службу» від 10 грудня 2015 р., Указом Пре-зидента України «Про Положення про Офіс Прези-дента України» від 25 червня 2019 р. та спеціальними положеннями, подібними один до одного. Здебільшого вони складаються з чотирьох частин: у першій визна-чаються мета й принципи роботи уповноваженого, у другій і третій – завдання й права (відповідно до сфе-ри спеціалізації), у четвертій – особливості забезпечен-ня їхньої роботи.
 Указано, що нормативно-правова база діяльності уповноважених Президента України є недосконалою та потребує подальшого розроблення (відсутність ви-мог щодо осіб, які претендують на посаду уповноваже-них Президента України, переліку їхніх обов’язків; законодавча невизначеність критеріїв оцінювання ефективності їхньої діяльності та шляхів взаємодії з парламентським омбудсменом тощо).

A Note on Mandela v Executors, Estate Nelson Mandela 2018 (4) SA 86 (SCA) and the Conundrum around the Customary Marriage between Nelson and Winnie Mandela

The note is about the appeal lodged by the late Mrs Winnie Madikizela-Mandela to the SCA against the decision of the Eastern Cape High Court, Mthatha, dismissing her application for review in 2014. In that application, she sought to have reviewed the decision of the Minister of Land Affairs, to transfer the now extended and renovated Qunu property to Mr Mandela and to register it in his name. Because her application was out of time, she also applied for condonation of her delay in making the application. The court a quo dismissed both applications with costs, holding that there had been an undue delay on her part. Mrs Mandela then approached the Supreme Court of Appeal, for special leave to appeal the decision of the court a quo. Two questions fell for decision by the SCA: whether there was an unreasonable and undue delay on Mrs Mandela’s part in instituting review proceedings; and whether the order for costs was appropriate in the circumstances of the case. The SCA held that there was indeed an unreasonable delay (of seventeen years). Shongwe AP (with Swain, Mathopo JJA, Mokgothloa and Rodgers AJJA concurring) held that the fact that there had been an undue delay does not necessarily mean that an order for costs should, of necessity, particularly where, as in this case, the other litigant is the state. It is the writer’s view that two other ancillary points needed to be raised by counsel and pronounced on by the Court: (a) the lawfulness and regularity of the transfer of the Qunu property to Mr Mandela; and (b) Mrs Mandela’s status as a customary-law widow—in relation to Mr Mandela.

AUTHORITY OF DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF SPACE MINISTRY OF WORKGENERAL UNDER THE MINISTRY OF AGRARIAN AND GOVERNANCE / BPN

The rise of the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning / BPN in 2015 is a new chapter for BPN institutions. In view of the existence of these ministries, the functions and duties of the Director General of Spatial Planning of the Ministry of Public Works are merged into a ministry institution named the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning / BPN. So that change is based on increasing the authority of a state institution, and that authority is increasing and strategic.But in reality in the field, the two ministries are juxtaposed, many are involved. Therefore, it will be discussed in this quiz in accordance with the Regulation of the Director General of Spatial Planning of the Ministry of Public Works who is in charge of the ministry of agrarian affairs and spatial planning / BPN. The purpose of this study is to analyze the authority of the director general of spatial ministry of public works under the ministry of agrarian and spatial planning / BPN.This study uses a normative legal method, with the approach to the legislation and other literature. Based on research results, the authority of the Director General of Spatial Planning of the Ministry of Work under the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning / BPN is an institutional opportunity to unify land management comprehensively. The regulation and management of land is not limited to land surface space but encompasses underground space, above ground space, water space and surface space itself, Positive Impact of the existence of the Director General of Spatial Planning under the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning / BPN mandates the state to conduct land affairs in a manner to spread includes earth, water, space and natural resources for the greatest prosperity of the people. The Negative Impact of the Authority of the Director General of Spatial Planning under the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning / BPN is the need for harmonization of various laws and regulations relating to spatial planning and land management, to facilitate implementation in the field.

Juridical Analysis of the Legal Results of the Binding Agreement of Sale and Purchase with a Deed under the Hand Endorsed by a Notary after the Judge's Decision Number 54 /PDT.G/2014/PN.PDG

Notary is authorized to authorize the letter under hand (legalization). The legalization process is a letter made under the hand signed by the parties before the Notary and the notary register the deed into a special book, for example a binding sale and purchase agreement. The author is interested in discuss1) What is behind the occurrence of the case Decision Number 54 /Pdt.G/2014/PN.Pdg? 2)How the judge's consideration of the sale and purchase agreement binding made and approved by the notary in the case Decision Number 54 /Pdt.G/2014 /PN.Pdg? The research method used is the method of juridical normative empirical approach. The result of the research 1) The background of the occurrence of the Decision Number 54 /Pdt.G/2014/PN.Pdg is that Defendant I did not carry out the payment of the Plaintiff's land sale and purchase of the above land, both the second term and the third termin payment, causing such a large loss Plaintiffs, such losses include the Plaintiff can not utilize the land sale money optimally, the Plaintiff has sought constantly to pursue the path of peace to find a way of settlement but Defendant I always tried to dodge so as not to meet common ground, 2) Judge's consideration of the binding agreement Sale and purchase made and approved by a notary in the case of Decision Number 54 /Pdt.G/2014/PN.Pdg is the object of PPJB is a plot of land that has been certified shall be held a local examination by the Assembly, the TRTB Service does not issue permits for the location of housing on land SHM .No.4065 / Balai Gadang with the reason that evidently the land is located just above the ground which is the plan of the road or in the area of the eastern ring road of the city of Padang. This is contrary to the IPPT issued by the Land Office of Padang City and the Sale and Purchase of Land of SHM.No.4065 / Balai Gadang has been declared void in accordance with the provisions of Article 5 of the Agreement dated September 13, 2013, that both parties agree to the costs incurred in The process of reversing the name of the land certificate either on a Notary which makes the deed or administrative process in the Land Affairs office of Padang city. Therefore, please punish the plaintiff for reconstruction and defendant to pay as much (50% each) the costs incurred in the process behind the name SHM.No.4065 / Balai Gadang.

The Effect of Work Motivation, Work Discipline and Leadership on Employee Performance at the Public Works, Spatial Planning and Land Office of South Solok Regency

This research aims to determine the effect of work motivation on employee performance at Public Works, Spatial Planning and Land Office of South Solok. The influence of work discipline on the performance of employees in the Public Works, Spatial and Land Office of South Solok Regency, Effect of Leadership on Employee Performance at the Department of Public Works, Spatial Planning and Land of South Solok and the influence of work motivation, work discipline and leadership on performance at the Department of Employment General, Spatial and Land Affairs of South Solok Regency. The sample used was 51 people against employees of the Public Works, Spatial and Land Office of South Solok Regency. The analysis used in this study is multiple linear regression which measures the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable. The results of this research indicate that motivation has a significant effect on the performance of employees of the Public Works, Spatial Planning and Land Office of South Solok, Work discipline does not have a significant effect on Performance at the Public Works, Spatial and Land Office of South Solok Regency, Leadership has a significant effect on employee performance Public Works, Spatial Planning and Land Office of South Solok Regency and Motivation, Work Discipline and Leadership influence the performance of employees of the Public Works, Spatial and Land Office of South Solok Regency.

The Effect of Work Motivation, Work Discipline and Leadership on Employee Performance at the Public Works, Spatial Planning and Land Office of South Solok Regency

This research aims to determine the effect of work motivation on employee performance at Public Works, Spatial Planning and Land Office of South Solok. The influence of work discipline on the performance of employees in the Public Works, Spatial and Land Office of South Solok Regency, Effect of Leadership on Employee Performance at the Department of Public Works, Spatial Planning and Land of South Solok and the influence of work motivation, work discipline and leadership on performance at the Department of Employment General, Spatial and Land Affairs of South Solok Regency. The sample used was 51 people against employees of the Public Works, Spatial and Land Office of South Solok Regency. The analysis used in this study is multiple linear regression which measures the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable. The results of this research indicate that motivation has a significant effect on the performance of employees of the Public Works, Spatial Planning and Land Office of South Solok, Work discipline does not have a significant effect on Performance at the Public Works, Spatial and Land Office of South Solok Regency, Leadership has a significant effect on employee performance Public Works, Spatial Planning and Land Office of South Solok Regency and Motivation, Work Discipline and Leadership influence the performance of employees of the Public Works, Spatial and Land Office of South Solok Regency.

Tsar Mikhail Romanov: His Entry into Power

Introduction. As historical literature shows, the election of Tsar Mikhail Romanov at the Zemsky Sobor of 1613 occurred without broad support of boyars and nobles. The Cossacks played a decisive role in his election. This article is devoted to considering the issue of how Tsar Mikhail was able to establish himself in power. Methods and materials. The article is based on the use and comprehensive analysis of the sources, which show the process of approval of Tsar Mikhail Romanov in power. The article uses narrative and documentary sources, including new archival materials. The article contains a critical comparison of official and unofficial sources. The author of the article uses the principles of historicism and system analysis. The article considers the events of 1613 in their development and interrelations, and provides a comprehensive analysis of various political and socio-economic phenomena that contributed to Tsar Mikhail’s power strengthening. The article uses the methods of genealogical research and textual analysis of sources. Analysis. On March 14, 1613, Tsar Mikhail, after much persuasion, agreed to accept the throne in Kostroma, but he didn’t hurry to move to Moscow. He arrived in Moscow only on May 2, 1613. It was necessary to strengthen the authority of the royal power, to establish relations with social classes and, above all, with the ruling elite. The author of the article shows that Tsar Mikhail and his entourage coped very successfully with these problems during the march from Kostroma to Moscow. The control over the government, the initiative of operational assignments and solutions of land affairs gradually concentrated in the hands of the tsar. The author shows that Mikhail entered Moscow as an absolute sovereign and that there is no reason to talk about restricting his power in favor of the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor. During 1613-1618 the composition of the Duma and court ranks was intensively replenished by the Romanovs. Results. The author comes to the conclusion that during the first years of Mikhail Fedorovich’s reign the position of the House of Romanov in the state was significantly strengthened.