Access To Land Research Articles

The policy of village infrastructure service in Deli Serdang Regency, Indonesia

This study, conducted in Deli Serdang Regency, Indonesia, explores the challenges associated with the policy of village infrastructure service and examines the relationship between the execution of village administration programs/policies in the region. The research employed a constructivist paradigm and a qualitative approach, gathering data through in-depth interviews and discussions with various local informants. These informants included the headman, village administration secretary, members of the democratic village council-BPD, the regency secretary, and a prominent local figure. The findings reveal limited land availability as a village asset, leading to constrained construction of village structures and a lack of financial resources for new facilities. Also, historical structures are inadequately maintained, and many village roads are poorly maintained. Various factors, such as communication elements, resource availability, disposition, and organizational structure, contribute to the challenges in implementing village infrastructure service policies. To address these issues, the village collaborates with the community, businesses, and other stakeholders to solve local infrastructure problems.

Landfill Waste Segregation Using Transfer and Ensemble Machine Learning: A Convolutional Neural Network Approach

Waste disposal remains a challenge due to land availability, and environmental and health issues related to the main disposal method, landfilling. Combining computer vision (machine learning) and robotics to sort waste is a cost-effective solution for landfilling activities limitation. The objective of this study was to combine transfer and ensemble learning to process collected waste images and classify landfill waste into nine classes. Pretrained CNN models (Inception–ResNet-v2, EfficientNetb3, and DenseNet201) were used as base models to develop the ensemble network, and three other single CNN models (Models 1, 2, and 3). The single network performances were compared to the ensemble model. The waste dataset, initially grouped in two classes, was obtained from Kaggle, and reorganized into nine classes. Classes with a low number of data were improved by downloading additional images from Google search. The Ensemble Model showed the highest prediction precision (90%) compared to the precision of Models 1, 2, and 3, 86%, 87%, and 88%, respectively. All models had difficulties predicting overlapping classes, such as glass and plastics, and wood and paper/cardboard. The environmental costs for the Ensemble network, and Models 2 and 3, approximately 15 g CO2 equivalent per training, were lower than the 19.23 g CO2 equivalent per training for Model 1.

Virtual water flows of Turkey's agricultural products: A gravity approach

In this study, we use a gravity model to analyze virtual water flows due to the trade of agricultural products for Turkey. We calculate virtual water flows of agricultural trade for 326 products and 192 trade partners for 2002–2019. The empirical model of virtual water trade flows for Turkey is formed where the dependent variable is the total amount of water embedded in the trade of agricultural products. Besides the baseline equations, which include conventional explanatory variables like income, population, geographical distance, and affinity dummies, we estimate expanded models that include two measures of water availability and two measures of water pressure. Additionally, variables showing the size of agricultural activity and availability of agricultural land in the partner country are included in the analysis. Furthermore, the gravity models for total virtual water flows are disaggregated into intermediate and consumer goods, providing further insights.

Soil carbon sequestration potential bounded by population growth, land availability, food production, and climate change

Improving soil management to enhance soil carbon sequestration (SCS)—a cost-efficient carbon dioxide (CO2) removal approach—can result in co-benefits or trade-offs. Here we address this issue by setting up a modeling framework for Switzerland that combines soil carbon (C) storage, food production and agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The link to food production is crucial because crop types and livestock numbers influence soil organic C (SOC) stocks, through soil C inputs from plants and manure. We estimated SCS rates for the years 2020–2050 for three scenarios, each with two variants for biochar: cover cropping (0.30 t CO2 equivalents [CO2-eq] ha−1 yr−1), biochar addition (0.36–1.8 t CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1) and agroforestry-biochar addition (2.2–2.3 t CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1). Different limiting factors (land and biomass availability, population growth) affected SCS rates and indicated that they cannot be sustained until 2100 under all scenarios (cover cropping: 0.10 t CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1 [2051–2100]; biochar addition: 0.35–1.8 t CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1; agroforestry-biochar addition: 1.0–1.7 t CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1). This information together with the associated GHG emissions is critical for planning net zero strategies and highlights the importance of integrated assessments that capture links between SCS and the food system.

Influence of Farmer Quality Attributes on Farmers’ Participation in Contract Farming in Tanzania’s Tea Subsector

This paper assesses how selected farmer quality indicators influence farmers’ participation in contract farming in Tanzania’s tea industry. A total of 393 smallholder tea farmers from three purposefully selected districts in the Mbeya and Njombe regions in the southern highlands of Tanzania participated in a cross-section survey that yielded the study’s primary data. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire with five-point scale questions. Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the impact of the four farmer quality determinants on farmers’ participation in contract farming. The results show that farmers’ engagement in contract farming is significantly negatively affected by land access (B=-0.529, Wald value=4.931 and P<0.05). Access to farming equipment was found to have negatively influenced farmers’ engagement in contract farming (B=-0.21, Wald value=0.931 and P<0.30). Further results show that prior contract farming experience significantly positively affects tea farmers’ participation (B=0.551, Wald value=9.656 and P<0.05). Regression results indicate that farmers’ knowledge of the tea value chain seems to have a positive influence on farmers’ engagement in contract farming (B=0.27, Wald=1.757 p<0.20). These findings suggest that access to land and equipment negatively affects farmers’ contract farming participation. Thus, strategies and policies should focus on improving land access to overcome the challenges faced by farmers to engage in contract farming. Moreover, the enhancement of farmers’ access to farming equipment through subsidised programs, equipment rental schemes or cooperative initiatives is crucial. These measures contribute to enhanced and sustainable contract farming practices, thus benefiting both farmers and the tea subsector at large

Cluster-Based Demonstration of Bread Wheat Variety (Danda’a) Production Technologies Packages: The Case of Select Districts Under Gedeo Zone in SNNPRS and Sidama Region, Ethiopia

Wheat is an important food security crop in Ethiopia, but its productivity is low. Hence, this cluster-based demonstration was conducted to demonstrate wheat production packages, measure wheat productivity, and assess farmers’ feedback. The sites were selected purposively based on production potential, land availability, and road accessibility. The training was given to farmers and development agents. Inputs were collected under the shared responsibility of the research center and the district agricultural office. Seed rate, fertilizer rate and lime rate were major used packages. The demonstration was evaluated through field visits and field days. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. The mean grain yield was 39 qt/ha and 40.5 qt/ha in Gedeb and Teticha districts, respectively. The farmers' appreciated the wheat variety in terms of grain yield, number of seeds per heading, disease resistance, tilling capacity, spike length, and well-covered seed. So, extension personnel need to give due attention to full packages application.

The Impact of Road Side Friction on the Traffic Flow of Arterial Roads in Varanasi

Varanasi's prominence as a cultural and historical center means it receives visitors from all over the world. The city's tourism industry is a boon to the local economy. Better transportation infrastructure is crucial to attracting more tourists and increasing revenue. Varanasi is currently experiencing terrible difficulties due to various roadside frictional activities. Vehicle ownership grows in tandem with population growth. The increase in the number of vehicles on the road significantly impacts the reliability of the transportation network since land availability is fixed. The various roadside frictional activities usually found in the streets of Varanasi are on-street parking, pedestrian crossing, and Non-Motorized Vehicles (NMVs). There are not enough legal on-street parking and segregated lanes for NMVs/slow-moving vehicles or demarcation for pedestrian movements in the old city of Varanasi. Vehicles in Varanasi are traditionally parked on the street due to the narrow carriageways. Slow-moving vehicles are forced to move with fast-moving vehicles, and pedestrian crossings affect traffic flow. Integrated movement of slow-moving vehicles and rapid-moving vehicles affects traffic speed, pedestrian crossings impact the Level of Service (LOS), and on-street parking results in the reduction of the effective carriageway width and, hence, road capacity. This paper aims to identify the impact of pedestrian crossings, NMVs, and on-street parking on the traffic flow, speed, capacity, and LOS of urban arterial roads in Varanasi. To achieve this objective, two case studies were considered: the base section (with minimum side friction) and the friction section (with maximum side friction). The videography method was used for data collection. Nine hours of data were collected from 9:30 am to 6:30 pm. The video was played on the screen for data extraction. The speed model was developed by using fundamental diagram methods. Speed-density curve was drawn using Greenshield’s model. The speed-flow curve was derived from the speed-density curve to estimate the capacity at the base and friction sections. Reduction in capacity was determined by comparing friction section capacity with base section capacity. V/C ratio of a particular road compared with the V/C value provided by IRC 106 to predict LOS. A correlation model was developed between the percentage reduction in capacity and road width. Increase in parking, the proportion of NMVs, and pedestrian crossing frequency reduce the traffic flow. It was observed that a 6.42% capacity loss occurs at a 7.00% reduction in effective width, and a 35.09% loss occurs at a 36.02% reduction in effective width. Roads with frictional activities found their LOS class affected up to LOS-E (for the Bhelupur section).

Pelaksanaan Peraturan Daerah Kota Semarang Nomor 3 Tahun 2018 (Studi Tentang Penataan Dan Pemberdayaan Pedagang Kaki Lima Di Jalan Pandanaran II Kota Semarang)

Indonesia is a Republican State that has a variety of cultures, a maritime country with waters covering two-thirds of its land area, which makes it clear that Indonesia is a large country. The increasing number of poor people has resulted in an increasing number of people who prefer to work as street vendors because the work is in accordance with their expertise. The City Government has made efforts to reduce the difficulties caused by the presence of street vendors by passing Semarang City Regional Regulation Number 3 of 2018 concerning Arrangement and Empowerment of Street Vendors. The purpose of this research is to find out and examine the implementation of these regional regulations on Jalan Pandanaran 2 Semarang City, as well as the obstacles that hinder its implementation. The problems discussed in this study include how the Regional Regulation of the City of Semarang Number 3 of 2018 concerning Jalan Pandanaran II Semarang City is implemented, as well as the challenges faced. This research uses a juridical-empirical research type, the resources used consist of primary and secondary data. The research results obtained are (1) the implementation of this regional regulation can be said to have been going quite well even though it has not been implemented effectively. (2) there are still several obstacles encountered in the field such as lack of land availability, lack of human resources to support the effective implementation of regional regulations. (3) The solution that can be concluded from the results of interviews with several street vendors, the majority of them voiced a desire for the government to be more aggressive in providing socialization regarding a more orderly arrangement of street vendors, more accomodated collection of fees and clear coordination.

Towards renewable energy projects under sustainable watersheds principles for forest biomass supply

The transition in the global energy matrix to sources of renewable electric generation has been the main demand of countries in the face of a state of climatic emergency. Forest biomass is a potential alternative to meet the growing demand. The expansion of thermoelectric projects based on forest residues highlights the need to assess raw materials' availability and land suitability. This is usually a problem of spatial decision and geographic intelligence under a holistic perspective since, in planning these projects, it is essential to understand the economic, environmental, and social feasibility. In this article, we propose a decision support system based on multi-criteria modeling on a GIS structure associated with a mathematical optimization model for zoning the suitability and availability of land for constructing thermoelectric power plants. The geospatial model for determining priority sites integrated various environmental, social, and economic criteria and constraints. The AHP method was used to weigh and estimate the relative importance weights of the criteria for modeling territorial aptitude. The results of the GIS stage formed the basis of a mixed-integer linear programming model that incorporated technical and economic aspects for a better allocation of financial resources. The minimized cost function included transport costs, harvesting, forestry, purchasing land/leasing land/forest outgrower schemes, and purchasing wood from the market to supply the biomass. We used a sizeable hydrographic basin in southeastern Brazil as a case study for the demonstration. The mapping of suitability and constrained zones identified the classes of preference and availability of land. The proposed mathematical model recognized sets of supply locations (new plantations or existing areas) and minimized the project's final cost to supply biomass to meet the demand of potential thermoelectric plants that are candidates for implementation. Despite the problem's large scale and the large data set, our findings indicated that we could provide a broad and multidimensional view of the potential of developing electrical generation systems based on forest biomass. The methodology and the model proposed in this study can be replicated in other global regions and modified to assess other resources from different biomasses and bioenergy systems. Our study promotes the UN's sustainable development goals, particularly SDG 7 (Affordable and clean energy) and SDG 13 (Climate Action).

Is Africa ready for green hydrogen energy takeoff? – A multi-criteria analysis approach to the opportunities and barriers of hydrogen production on the continent

Hydrogen is mostly seen as a potential universal fuel that can be used in place of fossil fuels. Africa has been identified as a potential key player in the production of green hydrogen not only for itself but also for other countries in Europe. There are however several factors that may either positively or negatively affect the development of green hydrogen on the continent. This study identified some opportunities and barriers to the production of green hydrogen in Africa and used the multi-criteria decision-making approach to prioritize them. The study identified the opportunity to export to EU market (20.90%), availability of RE resources (34.88%), youthful population (13.95%), Agenda 2063 (9.30%), and ammonia production (20.90%) as some of the opportunities available on the continent. The availability of RE resources was selected as the highest opportunity for the development of hydrogen energy in Africa. High cost of hydrogen (11.78%), dealing with the status-quo (8.82%), corruption in the energy sector (4.52%), land availability issues (7.06%), political instabilities and insecurity in certain parts of the continent (11.76%), lack of the needed skills and education (11.76%), limited supporting infrastructure and financing (15.38%), and lack of the needed regulatory and legal framework (28.95%) were identified as some of the barriers that could affect the development and use of hydrogen in Africa. The study recommends regional and country level policies and cooperation among the various blocs in Africa as an important tool to remove barriers that could hinder the deployment of hydrogen energy on the continent.

Quantifying synergistic effects of multi-temporal ecosystem service bundles for degraded ecosystem restoration: a case study in Hubei Province, China

Ecological restoration is vital for combating ecosystem degradation and enhancing ecosystem services. However, conventional approaches typically tend to focus on a single ecosystem service at a particular time, resulting in a limited understanding of the interactions and trade-offs among various services. This study proposes a novel method that utilizes ecosystem service bundles (ESBs) over time to identify degraded areas of prioritize restoration efforts. By employing ESBs, double-counting is avoided, and accuracy is improved. In this study, the area of degraded ecosystems identified based on ESBs accounted for approximately 40.27% of the total area of individual ecosystem service degradation. Restoration measures are shown to vary in effectiveness for different ESBs across different scenarios, with land-to-lake restoration improving ESB II (flood regulation services), while other measures significantly enhance ESB I (pollination services, habitat provision services, and carbon sequestration services). Strengthening shelterbelts on both sides of rivers, lakes and wetlands, as well as expanding habitat restoration scope, can effectively improve both ESB I and ESB II. Artificial afforestation can boost all three ESBs simultaneously, but its impact is limited due to land availability. Restoration efforts may also result in trade-offs, with ESB III (water production services and soil conservation services) declining. The findings provide decision-makers with a useful tool for prioritizing ecological restoration areas and selecting appropriate restoration measures to enhance multiple ecosystem services synergistically.

Non-Industrial Sugarcane Value Chain Analysis in Zombwe Extension Planning Area, Mzimba North, Malawi

Non-industrial sugarcane production sector in Malawi is under-researched and under-developed with limited support. This study used a value chain approach to map the non-industrial sugarcane value chain in Zombwe Extension Planning Area in North Mzimba, Malawi to identify key actors, relationships and constraints in the chain. Multi-staged sampling technique was used to sample the study respondents and a structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 153 non-industrial sugarcane value chain actors. Qualitative data was collected through two focus group discussions (FGD) and analysed using a value chain flow chart. Descriptive statistics and functional and regression analysis were used to analyse the data. Results indicated that production, selling and consumption are key processes in the non-industrial sugarcane value chain. The actors in the value chain were producers, retailers and consumers who participated in the two channels of the value chain. Both channels start with producers and end with domestic consumers. The results have shown that the major constraints of producers were access to credit and extension services while the major constraints of retailers were transportation, access to credit and price fluctuations. Age, education level, land accessibility and credit accessibility are significant determinants of non-industrial sugarcane production (yield). The study recommends that non-industrial sugarcane producers and retailers be supported to access credit available through the government and other financial institutions. We recommend that extension services should include producers to improve the non-industrial sugarcane value chain. The paper will help policymakers and decision-makers identify potential areas for intervention towards the commercialisation of the non-industrial sugarcane value chain.

An Effective approach for Plant Disease Detection Using Assessment-Based Convolutional Neural Networks (A-CNN)

Agriculture is crucial in determining land availability and economic productivity in developing countries, where most of the population relies on this sector. Even though plant diseases are common, they are primarily identified in agriculture. Automated disease detection technology is necessary for the timely identification of plant diseases. Detecting plant diseases is crucial in avoiding loss of production and enhancing agricultural produce quality. Lack of proper attention in this area can cause severe damage to plants, resulting in loss of product quality, quantity, or productivity. Diagnosing plant diseases can be a complex process that requires specialized knowledge and hands-on attention. The previous methods didn't find accurate disease in the plant leaves. To combat this problem, this paper presents deep learning (DL) based Assessment-based Convolutional Neural Network (A-CNN) method to detect healthy and unhealthy plant leaves. We first collect the plant image dataset from a Kaggle repository. To enhance the quality of plant images and achieve a smoother appearance, an Optimized Gaussian Wiener Filter (OGWF) can be utilized for image pre-processing. Additionally, the edges of plant leaves can be detected by implementing Sobel and Canny operators. Then we use Otsu's Threshold Fragment (OTF) algorithm to segment the disease-affected region. Additionally, the Spatial Grey-Level Dependence Matrix (SGLDM) algorithm is utilized to identify the most suitable feature of the impacted leaf. The A-CNN method is employed to detect healthy and unhealthy plant leaves accurately. The proposed simulation results have shown higher accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in predicting plant diseases than other methods.

A Reality of Quality of Life Lived! Socio-economic Impact of Selected Informal Settlements on Neighbourhood Quality in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria

The study assessed the selected informal settlements on neighbourhood quality in the Port Harcourt metropolis, Nigeria, and the Quality of Life (QoL) lived by residents. The objectives of the study were to describe the socio-economic characteristics of the residents of the selected informal settlements; identify the causes of informal settlements development in the study area; identify and assess the impact of informal settlements development on the neighbourhood quality of residents’ QoL lived; and identify physical planning measures to improve the neighbourhood quality and QoL of the selected informal settlements. The study adopted a quantitative approach and a descriptive research design. The study employed purposive and simple random sampling techniques for the selection of two (2) settlements namely: Mgbushimini and Nkpor and one hundred (100) respondents were determined and sampled for the study using the Taro Yamane formula at a 10% precision level. The study found that the socio-economic characteristics of residents of the settlements are age bracket 39-48 years of adults and mostly married with an average of 4-5 persons per household. Educational qualification is mostly vocational education, employed temporary, casual and contract and engaged in trading/business and craft/technical. The development of these informal settlements is attributed to low rent, cheap land and free access to land. The buildings are permanent structures, rented apartments of rooming houses of 2-3 rooms as habitable spaces on average. The impacts are poor sanitary conditions, poor layout of buildings and a dirty environment. These conditions have made the residents rate their neighbourhood quality and QoL lived as mostly “fair”, “unsatisfied” and “very unsatisfied”. The study recommended that urban studies should be carried out on the settlements to ascertain the socio-economic characteristics of residents and where needs a priority for improvement, the government should declare the study area blighted and carry out urban renewal schemes to improve the physical, social, and economic conditions, basic urban infrastructure, facilities and services should be provided to improve residents’ access, neighbourhood quality and QoL lived.

Impact of siting ordinances on land availability for wind and solar development

Impact of siting ordinances on land availability for wind and solar development

Toward sustainable urbanization: Understanding the dynamics of urban sprawl and food (in)security of indigenous households in peri-urban Wa, Ghana

ABSTRACT This study responds to the limited literature on the effects of urban sprawl on food security in Ghanaian cities. As the study sought to understand the characteristics, drivers, and challenges of urban sprawl and the threat it poses to the urban food security of indigenous peri-urban households, we drew evidence from peri-urban Wa, Ghana. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 261 randomly sampled indigenous household heads and purposely selected key stakeholders using questionnaires and interview guides, respectively. The study used descriptive statistics, linear regression, and the food consumption score (FCS) to analyze the quantitative data. In contrast, thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data to contextualize the findings from the household survey. According to the results, urban sprawl is characterized by low-density residential housing, recurrent land disputes, and widespread encroachment on active and fallow farmlands. Hence, sprawling reduces land availability for food production and land fallowing. A higher proportion of indigenous households that depend on self-produced food fall within the acceptable level of food consumption than those that purchase food. Households that purchased food comprised those who lost land to urban sprawl and abandoned agriculture. The results imply that the role of urban and peri-urban food and land markets must be projected in urban sprawl discourse to broaden the spectrum in the Global South.

Legal Implications of Free-Range System of Rearing Cattle in Nigeria: a Review

Open grazing in Nigeria has been an age-long practice associated with the people of the Sahel. Evidence abounds of the peaceful co-existence between cattle herders and their host communities in nearly all parts of the country; what obtains today is far from peaceful. There have been incessant reports of violence ranging from the destruction of farmlands to the deaths of farmers and herdsmen through deliberate, unprovoked, violent attacks and reprisal attacks. Government efforts at resolving these issues have brought about suggestions to have grazing reserves or ranching, which have been resisted by some states. There have been calls by some state governments for the ban of open grazing due to the problems associated with it while some states have enacted laws banning open grazing. Meanwhile, there is a paucity of information on the legality of open grazing or otherwise, since there is yet to be a federal law in support of or condemnation, hence this investigation. This paper adopts legal and agropastoral methodologies to review these issues as they affect animal-human welfare. It further investigates how grazing is done in other climes to suggest possible solutions that will be mutually beneficial to farmers and herders. It found that in other climes, the methods of grazing were permitted to depend on the peculiarity of each state, particularly the availability of land. Findings further revealed the possible consequences of the free-range system if left unchecked, one of which could gradually affect the country’s adequate food supply. Farmlands are gradually abandoned for fear of possible attacks. Some states particularly known for farming are now plagued with hunger and poverty among farmers in rural areas. The consequence of unregulated open grazing could impair the possibility of attaining sustainable development goals of zero hunger and eradication of poverty. It recommends that the government urgently finds a lasting solution to open grazing that will be welcomed and acceptable to all states, bearing in mind their different peculiarities. Failure to attain these amounts to a gross violation of the rights of the various stakeholders.

Pengaruh Jenis dan Konsentrasi Pupuk Organik Cair Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Kailan (Brassica Oleraceae L.) dengan Sistem Hidroponik Substrat

In Indonesia, kailan plants are classified as new plants but have quite large prospects, however, kailan production in Indonesia is still relatively low and is not comparable to the increasing demand for kailan and the availability of agricultural land which is still limited. The use of liquid organic fertilizer with the application of a substrate hydroponic cultivation system is a good alternative in a cultivation system to increase yields in terms of quality and quantity. It is necessary to do research on the effect of the right type and concentration of liquid organic fertilizer for kailan plants. This study aims to determine the effect of the right type of liquid organic fertilizer and the concentration of good liquid organic fertilizer on the yield of kailan plants. The research was conducted in August-October 2022 which took place in Patrang, Jember Regency. This study used the RAL method (Completely Randomized Design) which was arranged in a factorial manner consisting of 2 treatment factors which were applied to kailan plants which were repeated 3 times. The first factor is the type of liquid organic fertilizer (P), which consists of three levels, namely: Rabbit Urine (P1), Nasa (P2), and Cow Biourine (P3). The second factor was the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (K) which consisted of 4 levels, without POC treatment (K0); 10 ml/l water (K1); 20 ml/l water (K2); 30 ml/l water (K3); 40 ml/l water (K4). The data obtained will be analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Treatments with significantly different effects were further analyzed using Duncan's test at the 5% level. Based on the data and discussion of the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the best type of liquid organic fertilizer concentration treatment is the Nasa liquid organic fertilizer type treatment, while the more efficient liquid organic fertilizer concentration treatment used to be applied in the kailan cultivation system is the kailan plant treatment. concentration of liquid organic fertilizer 30ml/L. There is an interaction between the types of liquid organic fertilizer treatment at the concentration level of liquid organic fertilizer on the plant wet weight parameter.

Crucial safety performance indicators in high rise buildings- case study of Bengaluru

The construction industry is accountable for a significant number of safety lapses, making it one of the sectors with the highest occurrence of accidents within our country. While there has been a noticeable shift towards prioritizing safety in the construction field, the mortality rate at work sites has not shown a substantial decrease. Notably, the urban regions have experienced a higher mortality rate due to the surge in infrastructure development, rapid population growth, and limited land availability. These factors have led to an increased demand for constructing high-rise buildings to address these challenges. This research paper presents a comprehensive study accomplished through statistical analysis, data collection, and interviews with various stakeholders at diverse construction sites in Bengaluru, particularly those involving high-rise buildings. Additionally, on-site observation surveys were conducted to evaluate the safety performance of these projects. The study's findings encapsulate critical factors contributing to the lack of safety performance. These insights hold the potential to assist construction stakeholders in enhancing health and safety measures at work sites, thereby facilitating a safer environment for all involved.

Geotechnical Aspects in the Planning of Radioactive by Product Landfill Facilities

Radioactive by-products (MIR) can be produced from non-nuclear activities. It is crucial to ensure proper management of MIR from the moment they are created. The issue of permanent disposal in landfill facilities has recently been resolved. Design planning, land availability, financing, public acceptance, and other factors are essential considerations in this process. This paper provides an overview of the role and influence of geotechnical engineering in planning MIR landfill facilities. The methodology involves a literature study of regulations, research results, and recommendations from international organizations. The Government Regulation No. 52 of 2022 outlines the general landfill criteria. However, the regulation of MIR and Hazardous and Toxic Waste (B3) differs in concept and approach. Geotechnical studies the properties of rocks and soil. For MIR landfills, the characteristics of the MIR to be disposed of must be considered during planning and design. Physical, chemical, and activity concentration elements of the MIR affect the planning and design process. Geotechnical aspects, such as soil and rock type, groundwater level (MAT), pore water pressure, grain size, water content, density, shear strength, compression, permeability, and chemical testing, are necessary considerations. Several geotechnical tests are carried out to prevent infrastructure failure. The first step in planning and design is to understand the characteristics of the MIR material to be disposed of in landfills. Some geotechnical aspects include slope stability analysis, soil carrying capacity, and foundation suitability. Although the current regulations do not explicitly mention the geotechnical aspects that must be met, the general criteria for the acceptability of landfill locations are used in designing landfill designs. Keywords: radioactive by-products, planning, landfill, geotechnic