Laminate Veneers Research Articles

Experimental Investigation of Quasi-Static and Dynamic Impact Resistance in Thin Wood Veneer Laminates

The incorporation of sustainability into the design of transport vehicles has become increasingly important in recent years. A low carbon footprint makes wood-based structures attractive to replace other lightweight materials such as aluminum or fiber-reinforced plastics. This paper investigates and compares the static and dynamic impact behavior of thin Beech wood veneer laminates in standardized mechanical tests. The results obtained from Quasi-Static Indentation (QSI) and dynamic Low-Velocity Impact (LVI) tests reveal similarities and differences with regard to load vs. displacement behavior, damage mechanisms, permanent deformation, and energy absorption. While yield strength and damage modes are comparable in both test cases, it is found that the bending stiffness is strain-rate sensitive. Plastic deformation in compression is identified as the governing mechanism for energy absorption. These results can guide the design of sustainable wood-based structures for future transport applications where a thorough understanding of impact and crashworthiness is important.

Stress distribution on teeth restored with veneers using various incisal preparation designs: A 3D finite element analysis study

Statement of problemThe type of veneer preparation is often chosen according to the patient’s tooth structure and occlusion. Taking biomechanics into account in this decision-making process provides the clinician with more technical information on how to improve the clinical longevity of restorations. However, biomechanical analyses of veneer preparation designs are sparse. PurposeThe purpose of this 3-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis with microcomputed tomography (µCT) data obtained from realistic models was to assess the influence of different preparations for ceramic and composite resin veneers on restoration and resin layer stress distribution. Material and methodsFour replicas of a central incisor were printed and prepared for laminate veneers with 4 different incisal edge designs: shoulder (SH), palatal chamfer (PC), palatal chamfer and oblique fracture involving the distal angle (OF-PC), and palatal chamfer involving horizontal incisal fracture (IF-PC). After fabrication and cementation of the veneers, the restored replicas were assessed with µCT, and 3D finite element models were built. A 100-N load was applied on the palatal surface at 60 and 125 degrees relative to the longitudinal axis. Maximum principal stress and stress distribution on the veneers, cement layer, and tooth structure were calculated and analyzed. ResultsThe SH preparation exhibited better stress distribution than the PC preparation, and the cement layer and the veneer were subjected to lower stress. The IF-PC preparation had better stress distribution than the OF-PC. The shoulder and IF-PC showed higher stress on laminate veneers, but lower stress on the cement layer. Ceramic veneers exhibited lower stress than composite resin veneers. ConclusionsThe different incisal preparations for laminate veneers influenced stress distribution on restorations and on the resin cement layer. The shoulder type preparation showed better stress distribution and the composite resin veneers showed unfavorable results compared with the ceramic veneers.

Efek Konsumsi Teh Hitam dan Jus Apel Terhadap Stabilitas Warna Laminate Veneer Resin Komposit Indirek

Laminate veneer is a treatment in prosthodontic that is aesthetically pleasing and requires minimal preparation that can be fabricated with indirect resin composite, which is durable and low-cost, though this material has poor color stability. Due to the increasing consumption of black tea and apple juice, there was a need for this study to be taken out. This study aims to determine the effect of consumption of black tea and apple juice on colour stability. Indirect resin composite specimens were fabricated 20 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm in thickness and divided into 3 groups (n = 10). Specimens were immersed in 3 types of solutions: black tea, apple juice and aquadest as control. The color of specimens was measured before and after immersion using a color spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis was performed with univariate test, Mann-Whitney U test, Independent T-test, one-way ANOVA and LSD test. Mean delta E (ΔE) value for black tea is 1,381 ± 0,938 and ΔE = 6,803 ± 1,757 in apple juice. Black tea and apple juice reduced the color stability of indirect resin composite significantly with p = 0,001 (p < 0.05). The effect of immersion in both drinks differed significantly with p = 0,001 (p <0.05). Apple juice experienced the greatest reduction in color stability, followed by black tea, and lastly the control group. The difference in the effect of immersing black tea and apple juice was due to the difference in pH and major acid content.

Current Evidence on the Performance of Porcelain Laminate Veneers

Current Evidence on the Performance of Porcelain Laminate Veneers

3D-printed intracoronal restorations, occlusal and laminate veneers: Clinical relevance, properties, and behavior compared to milled restorations; a systematic review and meta-analysis.

To assess the feasibility of producing 3D-printed intracoronal restorations, thin and ultrathin veneers, and to compare their mechanical behavior, accuracy, biological, and stain susceptibility to the currently applied milled restorations. The databases were comprehensively searched for relevant records up to January 2024 without language restrictions. All studies that assessed 3D-printed partial coverage restorations including inlays, onlays, laminate, and occlusal veneers were retrieved. The web search yielded a total of 1142 records, with 8 additional records added from websites at a later stage. Only 17 records were ultimately included in the review. The included records compared 3D-printed; alumina-based- and zirconia ceramics, lithium disilicate ceramics, polymer infiltrated ceramics, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), resin composites, and acrylic resins to their CNC milled analogs. The pooled data indicated that it is possible to produce ultrathin restorations with a thickness of less than 0.2 mm. 3D-printed laminate veneers and intracoronal restorations exhibited superior trueness, as well as better marginal and internal fit compared to milled restorations (p < 0.05). However, it should be noted that the choice of materials and preparation design may influence these outcomes. In terms of cost, the initial investment and production expenses associated with 3D printing were significantly lower than those of CNC milling technology. Additionally, 3D printing was also shown to be more time-efficient. Using additive manufacturing technology to produce restorations with a thickness ranging from 0.1 to 0.2 mm is indeed feasible. The high accuracy of these restorations, contributes to their ability to resist caries progression, surpassing the minimum clinical threshold load of failure by a significant margin and reliable adhesion. However, before 3D-printed resin restorations can be widely adopted for clinical applications, further improvements are needed, particularly in terms of reducing their susceptibility to stains. 3D-printed intracoronal restorations and veneers are more time and cost-efficient, more accurate, and could provide a considerable alternative to the currently applied CNC milling. Some limitations still accompany the resin materials, but this could be overcome by further development of the materials and printing technology.

Color Change of Laminate Veneer Restorations Applied to Bleached Teeth.

The aim of this study was to examine the color stability of laminate veneer restorations restored with CAD/CAM material applied to bleached teeth. In this study, 80 upper central teeth extracted because of periodontal, orthodontic or trauma problems were used. The teeth were embedded in acrylic blocks and divided into 8 groups (n=10). Groups A, B, C and D were bleached with vital bleaching agent before preparation, and teeth were prepared for laminate veneer restorations. Groups E, F, G and H were prepared without bleaching. Groups A and E were restored with A1 GC LiSi İnitial HT blocks, Groups B and F were restored with A1 GC LiSi İnitial LT blocks, Groups C and G were restored with A1 IPS Emax CAD HT blocks, Groups D and H were restored with A1 IPS Emax CAD LT blocks. All restorations were adhesively cemented and aged for 2 and 5 years with thermal cycle. Color measurements of the restorations at the beginning, after 2 and 5 years of aging were measured with a spectrophotometer. All bleached groups had more color changes than the unbleached groups. The least color change after 2 years of aging was observed in GC LiSi Initial LT (ΔE00=0.81) and IPS Emax CAD LT (ΔE00=0.81) materials which were used on unbleached teeth and the most color change was observed in GC Initial LiSi HT (ΔE00=0.93) and IPS Emax CAD HT material (ΔE00=0.92) which were used on bleached teeth. After 5 years of aging, the least color change was observed in IPS Emax CAD LT (ΔE00=0.83) and GC LiSi Initial LT material (ΔE00=0.84) which were used on unbleached and the highest color change was observed in GC Initial LiSi HT (ΔE00=0.96) and IPS Emax CAD HT material (ΔE00=0.94) which were used on bleached teeth. Bleaching and translucency affect the color stability. No difference was detected between the color changes of GC LiSi Initial and IPS Emax CAD materials. The increase in aging time increased the color changes of all materials. Bleaching and laminate veneer restorations may be preferred in many patients. For this reason, the long-term color change of laminate veneer restorations applied to bleached teeth is clinically very important. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of tooth bleaching on the long-term color change of laminate veneer restorations produced with different translucent CAD/CAM materials.

Management of midline diastema using the direct composite resin technique - A case report

Diastema or space between the anterior teeth is a common aesthetic complaint of patients. Direct composite resins in midline diastema cases allow dentists to have complete control in formation of natural smiles. This case report describes midline diastema closure with esthetic composite layering technique. A 25-year-old male patient reported to the clinic, with a complaint of spacing in the upper front tooth region of the jaw. The direct aesthetic composite laminate veneer was considered as the treatment of choice for the build-up of both maxillary central incisors as a more conservative, inexpensive, aesthetic, and quicker option. A2 &amp; A3 shades were selected; prepared tooth surface was etched for 15 seconds using 37% phosphoric acid, rinsed with water for 20 seconds, and air dried with slight air pressure. Bonding agent was applied (Adper single Bond, 3M ESPE, USA) and cured for 20 seconds using (Vivadent Blue phase) curing light. The labial surface of the restoration was flattened using red banded knife-edge tip diamond bur. The natural look of the restored teeth was achieved after finishing and polishing. At six-month and one-year recalls the general outlook of the maxillary anterior teeth was considered natural and aesthetical. Clinically, both restorations have no fractures and also the restoration margins on both maxillary central incisors demonstrated no discolorations. By taking this into consideration and according to the positive results, an experienced dentist with proper case selection, using an appropriate technique and modern materials, can perform highly aesthetic and durable direct composite resin restorations that can satisfy patients as under the conditions of the case presented.

Fabrication trueness and marginal quality of additively manufactured resin-based definitive laminate veneers with different restoration thicknesses

ObjectivesTo evaluate how restoration thickness (0.5 mm and 0.7 mm) affects the fabrication trueness of additively manufactured definitive resin-based laminate veneers, and to analyze the effect of restoration thickness and margin location on margin quality. MethodsTwo maxillary central incisors were prepared either for a 0.5 mm- or 0.7 mm-thick laminate veneer. After acquiring the partial-arch scans of each preparation, laminate veneers were designed and stored as reference data. By using these reference data, a total of 30 resin-based laminate veneers were additively manufactured (n = 15 per thickness). All veneers were digitized and stored as test data. The reference and test data were superimposed to calculate the root mean square values at overall, external, intaglio, and marginal surfaces. The margin quality at labial, incisal, mesial, and distal surfaces was evaluated. Fabrication trueness at each surface was analyzed with independent t-tests, while 2-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the effect of thickness and margin location on margin quality (α = 0.05). ResultsRegardless of the evaluated surface, 0.7 mm-thick veneers had lower deviations (P < 0.001). Only the margin location (P < 0.001) affected the margin quality as labial margins had the lowest quality (P < 0.001). ConclusionRestoration thickness affected the fabrication trueness of resin-based laminate veneers as 0.7 mm-thick veneers had significantly higher trueness. However, restoration thickness did not affect the margin quality and labial margins had the lowest quality. Clinical significanceLaminate veneers fabricated by using tested urethane-based acrylic resin may require less adjustment when fabricated in 0.7 mm thickness. However, marginal integrity issues may be encountered at the labial surface.

Characterization and optical properties of zirconia specimens and ultra-thin veneers fabricated by solvent-based slurry stereolithography with solvent and thermal debinding process

The study investigated the viability of 3D-printed zirconia specimens created using solvent-based ceramic slurry stereolithography (3S), focusing on their utility in dental ultra-thin laminate veneers. Solvent debinding was employed to minimize defect risks, with the debinding process designed based on thermogravimetric analysis. The study evaluated how solvent debinding affected the microstructural and mechanical properties of the zirconia specimens. Optical properties of 0.1 mm and 0.3 mm thick ultra-thin veneers were characterized, focusing on color parameters and relative translucency (RTP00) values. Following solvent debinding, the green bodies exhibited noticeable surface pores, although this did not compromise density or dimensional accuracy. The sintered specimens treated with solvent debinding showed a slight increase in tetragonal phases, a significant reduction in surface roughness, and improvements in Vickers hardness and flexural strength. Cell viability tests confirmed more than 90% viability for NIH-3T3 cell lines, highlighting excellent biocompatibility. Veneers with a 0.1 mm thickness demonstrated RTP00 values between 16.57 and 19.38, and the shade of the dental substrate notably influenced their color. The study demonstrated that the solvent debinding process effectively reduced porosity, consequently improving the mechanical properties of specimens fabricated using the 3S technique. Ultra-thin zirconia veneers produced by this method exhibited high RTP00 values, indicating their potential suitability for anterior dental applications. Notably, the substrate shade emerged as a critical factor in achieving optimal aesthetic results.

Preparation of ultrathin translucent zirconia laminate veneers using 3D printing reduction guides

Minimizing and controlling the amount of tooth reduction during the preparation of ultrathin laminate veneers is a challenge for minimally invasive dentistry. The use of reduction guides is advised to reach the optimal space required for the definitive restoration without excessive reduction. The digital production of a reduction guide used to control tooth preparation for ultrathin laminate veneers is described.

Do mouthwashes affect the optical properties of resin cement?

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of mouthwashes on the optical properties of resin cement.Materials and methodsOne hundred and 60 resin cement discs (6x2mm) were produced from 4 different brands of resin cement (Panavia V5, Estecem II, RelyX Veneer, NX3) with the help of a Teflon mould. The discs were divided into 4 subgroups, 1 of which served as the control group, to be immersed in mouthwashes after measuring the initial L, a, and b values on white and black backgrounds. Colour measurements were repeated after the 1st and 7th days. The collected data were used to calculate the ∆E00 value to measure colour stability, the translucency parameter (TP00), and the contrast ratio parameter (CR) to compare translucency change. Data were statistically analysed using mixed-design analysis of ANOVA and the Bonferroni-Dunn test. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for dependent results (α = 0.05).ResultsOn the ∆E00, TP00, and CR parameters; the joint effect of resin groups, mouthwash groups, and measurement times were found to be statistically significant. The ∆E00 (colour difference) parameter; the joint effect of resin groups, mouthwash groups, and measurement times was found to be statistically significant. The TP00; the joint effect of resin groups, mouthwash groups, and measurement times were found to be statistically significant. The CR parameter; the joint effect of resin groups, mouthwash groups, and measurement times was found to be statistically significant. In the Estecem II (Tokuyama) group, the means of Listerine Cool Mint (Johnson & Johnson) was above acceptable limits in both time periods. In the Panavia V5 (Kuraray Noritake) group, the color change was above acceptable limits in all time periods and in all mouthwash groups. Among the resin materials used, Estecem II (Tokuyama) shows the most color change. Listerine Cool Mint (Johnson & Johnson) caused more color change than other mouthwashes at all times.ConclusionsWithin the limitations of this study; the colour stability and translucency value of resin cement depend on both the resin cement content and the mouthwash. Long-term use of mouthwash may adversely affect the optical properties of the resin cement.Clinical relevanceClinicians should take into account the fact that mouthwash use and the composition of the resin cement employed will have an impact on the colour of laminate veneers.

Influence of Immediate Dentin Sealing on Marginal Gaps of Laminate Veneers: Machinable Monolithic Zirconia Versus Pressable Lithium Dislocate. An In Vitro Study.

To investigate the influence of immediate dentin sealing (IDS) vs delayed dentin sealing (DDS) on the marginal gaps of machinable monolithic zirconia (MMZ) vs pressable lithium disilicate (PLD) laminate veneers. A total of 40 maxillary lateral incisors were used and received butt-joint laminate veneer preparation. The samples were divided into two groups (n = 20 each) according to ceramic material: PLD ceramic was used in the first group, and MMZ was used in the second. Each group was then divided into two subgroups according to the bonding protocol: IDS was employed in one, and DDS in the other (n = 10 each). The marginal gap widths were measured using digital microscopy and statistically analyzed. The smallest marginal gaps were observed in MMZ-DDS (57.2 ± 8.4 μm), followed by PLD-DDS (62.4 ± 2.7 μm) and MMZ-IDS (63.5 ± 1.9 μm). The largest marginal gaps were observed in PLD-IDS (81.5 ± 6.3 μm). Two-way ANOVA revealed that the bonding technique (P < .001) and ceramic material (P < .001) both showed significant differences. MMZ produced beIer marginal accuracy than PLD. IDS seems to have a predisposition to significantly wider marginal gaps than DDS, but these gaps are within the clinically acceptable range. The marginal accuracy of ceramic veneers appears to be related to the bonding technique as well as the material of construction.

Effect of a modified laminate veneer preparation design on absolute margin discrepancy and marginal overhang

Veneer preparation designs impact veneer accuracy. However, whether a modified design could reduce absolute margin discrepancy and marginal overhangs is unclear. The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate whether a modified veneer preparation design enhances the absolute margin discrepancy and marginal overhang. The absolute margin discrepancy and the marginal overhang of 3 different veneer preparation designs on a typodont tooth (n=20): feather edge, shoulder, and shoulder with wings were measured. The feather edge design was prepared first and subsequently modified to create the shoulder and shoulder with wings preparations. Ceramic veneers were fabricated using computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture with each veneer assessed for fit before cementation. Ten specimens were cut vertically, and 10 were cut horizontally in each group. The absolute margin discrepancy and marginal overhangs were measured for each cross-section with scanning electron microscopy. Descriptive data analysis and hypothesis testing were conducted using the nonparametric Kruskal Wallis test (α=.05). On the vertical sections, the shoulder with wings preparation had the best absolute margin discrepancy and overhang. The design was also best for mesial overhang and mesial absolute margin discrepancy when measuring horizontally. The shoulder with wings preparation design produced the smallest cervical absolute margin discrepancy and overhang. This design also produced absolute margin discrepancy and overhangs comparable with those of the shoulder design in the proximal areas.

Clinical performance of laminate veneers: A review of the literature.

This narrative review aimed to survey the clinical outcomes of laminate veneers (LVs), including their survival and success rates. An electronic search of MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar from 2000 to April 2023 was conducted using the keywords "laminate" OR "veneer" OR "porcelain" OR "feldspathic" OR "lithium disilicate" OR "composite resin" OR "zirconia" OR "survival" OR "success." Case reports, case series, reviews, abstracts, in vitro studies, and observational studies were excluded. Five researchers independently evaluated the titles and abstracts of all identified studies. A total of 55 studies were identified. None of the studies met the criteria for zirconia LVs. According to the studies in this review, LVs fabricated with feldspathic porcelain, leucite-reinforced glass ceramics (LRG), and lithium disilicate ceramics (LDS) exhibited satisfactory survival and success rates. Furthermore, hydrofluoric acid etching followed by silane priming of the surface of ceramic LVs is necessary for improved clinical outcomes. The extent of dentin exposure significantly decreases the success rate of ceramic LVs. An appropriate adhesive luting process is required to achieve the long-term success of ceramic LVs. Dentin exposure should be minimized or sealed during tooth preparation to achieve a reliable and durable bond between LVs and abutment teeth. Based on this narrative review of the literature, the use of silica-based ceramic feldspathic porcelain, LRG, and LDS is recommended for LVs.

Marginal chipping factor in machinable zirconia and lithium disilicate ceramic veneer restorations

Background:The marginal edges of the laminate veneer ceramic restorations are very critical areas that play a very determinant role in the success of this type of esthetic restorations.Aim:To evaluate the marginal chipping factor of laminate veneer restorations prepared from both zirconia lithium disilicate materials. Materials and methods:Two typodont teeth representing the upper central incisors were used to prepare laminate veneers with an overlapping incisal design. These veneers were fabricated in two thicknesses (0.5 mm and 0.3 mm) using three types of multilayer zirconia materials with varying yttria percentages (3Y, 5Y, and 3Y/5Y) as well as lithium disilicate computer-aided-design (CAD) blocks. The veneers were divided into four groups based on the yttria percentage and further subdivided into two subgroups for the thickness. Top-view images of the veneer margins were captured and imported into the Image Pro Plus software. The average periphery of each veneer margin was 30 mm. The lengths of the chipped margins were measured under a stereomicroscope, and the CF was calculated.Results: One-way ANOVAsuggested significant differences among the ceramics. e.max CAD ceramic veneers exhibited the highest mean CF values (4.72, 5.9), whereas 3Y/5Y zirconia veneers demonstrated the lowest mean CF values (0.74, 1.54) for 0.5 mm and 0.3 mm thicknesses, respectively. Independent t-tests indicated no significant difference in the CF between 0.5 mm and 0.3 mm thicknesses for each ceramic material.Conclusion:Different ceramic materials exhibited varying levels of marginal chipping, with zirconia ceramics demonstrating lower CF than lithium disilicate ceramics. Reducing the veneer thickness from 0.5 mm to 0.3 mm did not significantly affect the CF.

CAD/CAM VENEERS FOR DIASTEMA CLOSURE USING DIGITAL WORKFLOW: A CASE REPORT

Objective: To present a clinical strategy to manage a case of diastema with CAD/CAM veneers using digital workflow. Case report: A healthy 32-year-old female patient presented to the Department of Prosthodontics with the chief complaint of spacing between the maxillary anterior teeth. Labial frenectomy was done to eliminate the etiological factor followed by prosthetic rehabilitation with porcelain laminate veneers using the digital impression employing CAD/CAM technology. Conclusion: The practical benefit of CAD/CAM technology are quality dental care allied with minimally invasive preparation, least possibility of errors and eliminating the need of multiple appointments.

Comparative evaluation of the shear bond strength of lithium disilicate veneers using one light-cure and two dual-cure resin cement: An in vitro study.

The present in vitro study aimed to comparatively evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of one light-cure and two dual-cure resin cement to bond lithium disilicate veneers. Thirty maxillary central incisors (n = 30) were procured and randomly divided into three groups of adhesive/resin cement systems, into groups of 10 each (n = 10); Group A: Adper Single Bond 2/RelyX Veneer Cement, Group B: Prime and Bond NT/Calibra, and Group C: Excite DSC/Variolink II. All the tooth samples were etched and respective bonding agent was applied. Similarly, all the laminate veneer specimens were etched, silanated, and treated with respective bonding agents before cementation with the respective resin cement. The SBS was measured in a universal testing machine with a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. Data obtained were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey's test at a 5% significance level. The highest SBS was demonstrated by Group C (18.8 ± 0.92 Mpa), followed by Group B (18.4 ± 0.74) Mpa, and the least by Group A (17.4 ± 0.75 MPa). Significant differences were found between Group A, Group B, and Group C, respectively. However, Group B and Group C did not differ significantly from each other. Dual-cure resin cement have higher SBS than the light-cure variants.

Rehabilitation of Worn Anterior Teeth with Ceramic Veneers

Abstract The use of porcelain laminate veneers to solve esthetic and functional problems has proven to be a valid management option, especially in the anterior esthetic zone. Veneers are a reliable treatment option to modify the appearance of tooth position and form, to close diastema or cervical embrasures, or to change the tooth shade. Porcelain veneers are one of the best corrective options available considering biological, functional, mechanical, and esthetic points of view.

Esthetic rehabilitation of dental fluorosis with CAD-CAM generated yttria-stabilized zirconia and glass-ceramic laminate veneers

Dental fluorosis is a growing public health problem. Its manifestation could compromise esthetics and function. Several treatment modalities have been proposed to manage mild to severe dental fluorosis. Treatment options varied from bleaching to full coverage crowns. This clinical report demonstrates the use of two different ceramic biomaterials for the treatment of two different levels of fluorosis.

Effect of Hydrothermal Degradation on Translucency of Zirconia Laminate Veneers

Effect of Hydrothermal Degradation on Translucency of Zirconia Laminate Veneers