Lahore District Research Articles

Hematological Parameters and Demographic Distribution of Hemoglobinopathies and Various Hemoglobin Variants.

Background The study was conducted to find the prevalence of hemoglobinopathies along with their geographical/ethnic distribution to highlight the region of high prevalence that can be used to guide screening. Method Results of blood samples received for hemoglobin variants determination by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were retrospectively analyzed at Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore. Blood samples were assayed for CBC (complete blood count), red blood cell morphology, and hemoglobin analysis by HPLC. CBC was performed on Sysmex XN 9000 analyzer (Sysmex, Kobe Japan), peripheral smears to review RBC morphology were stained with Wright-Giemsa stain, and HPLC was performed on BIO-RAD variant II (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, USA). Results Hemoglobinopathies were identified in 9.7% (n=997) out of 10,297 samples. Beta thalassemia trait was the most common hemoglobinopathy recognized with a prevalence of 5% (n=516), with the maximum number of cases in the Lahore district of Punjab province. The next most common hemoglobinopathy identified was sickle cell disease with a frequency of 1.43% (n=148) and the maximum cases from the Dera Ismail Khan district of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The additional important hemoglobinopathies found were sickle cell trait, hemoglobin-D Punjab trait, and compound heterozygote for sickle and beta thalassemia. Conclusion Hemoglobinopathies are the most common inherited disorders in Pakistan and worldwide. Screening for hemoglobinopathies is recommended in high-prevalence districts of Pakistan. Sickle cell screening is also recommended in newborns in the high prevalence area of Pakistan, such as the northwest regions.

Delineation of Ground Water Recharge Potential Zones in Lahore District, Punjab, Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

Lahore is the provincial capital of Punjab and the second most populous city in Pakistan. Aquifer rechargerates have been continuously decreasing over a long period of time, which has caused a significant decline in the watertable level. Rapid population growth, urban development, and industrialization have all raised the demand for watersupplies. Due to significant infrastructural development, a considerable portion of the land is now impervious andrainfall now drains as surface runoff rather than recharging the aquifer level. Average annual rainfall, one of theprimary sources used to replenish the Lahore aquifer, is insufficient to prevent the depletion of the water table, andRiver Ravi stays almost dry except in rainy seasons. Geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS)techniques are used to find suitable areas for replenishment in the Lahore aquifer system in order to enhancesustainability and prevent decreasing groundwater levels. Distance from the water channel, land use/land cover(LULC), slope, geology, drainage density, rainfall, lineament density, and soil type are the eight layers that have beenintegrated with the GIS overlay analysis. Thematic maps are generated using both conventional and remote sensingdata. These maps are eventually converted to raster data. Very good, good, moderate, poor, and very poor are the fivezones that have been delineated. A good to very good

Price-setting for Residential Water: Estimation of Water Demand in Lahore

The population of Lahore has roughly doubled over the past twenty years, and an increase of two million is expected by the year 2020 [UN (2005)]. This has important implications for city planning as demand for housing, electricity, water, sanitation, public health, education, and infrastructure grows accordingly. Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA), the city’s official water supplier, has often responded to the growing demand by offering the supply-side solution: augmenting supply capacity by exploiting new water resources.1 Such investments are costly, but in view of the public good nature of water, WASA has kept tariffs well below the costrecovery level, relying on heavy loans and subsidies. While this arrangement may have worked in the past, it is now becoming increasingly unsustainable, because (1) WASA is facing severe financial constraints and which has led to poor service and underinvestment, and (2) the environmental cost of extracting water is increasing. With its low tariff rates and continually increasing costs, the WASA Lahore is unable to meet even its operation and management (O&M) costs [WASA (2007)]. WASA has been receiving financial assistance from the provincial and Lahore district governments as well as international donors in the form of grants and loans with the grant element gradually diminishing over the passage of time. In 2007, WASA currently owed Rs 5.6 billion to these agencies [WASA (2007)]. Deteriorating financial situation has also led to short-term planning, reactive operational strategy, and underinvestment in asset maintenance, future capacity, IT equipment, management and accounting information system, and training [IFC (2005)]. Consequently, WASA has shown suboptimal performance: low pressure and irregular supply, leakages, poor customer service, etc.

ANALYSIS OF LAND USE CHANGE AND POPULATION GROWTH USING GOE- SPATIAL TECHNIQUES IN LAHORE-PAKISTAN


 
 
 The research aims to investigate the tehsils population growth and land use change. The study was conducted in megacity Lahore which is the second largest city of Pakistan. The urbanization is a process which enables towns and cities to grow by human migration from rural to urban areas. In addition, it is a progressive population increase in cities and towns, which is hugely influenced by the notion achieved by towns and cities. Changing the Earth is a very regional trend with effects on the environment scale on the regional scale that may vary in the sign of the change. In order to study LULC changes in a city like Lahore, four Landsat satellite images of Lahore district were acquired for 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020 with the resolution of 30 meters. By using Arc GIS the satellite images were digitized to know the land use change in Lahore from 1990-2020. Lahore tehsils population detection maps from 1990-2020 using GIS were used to show the tehsils population. According to the present study of tehsils population of Lahore including cantonment, city, Model town, raiwind and Shalimar, as observed, the highest trend of population is towards raiwind tehsil. The second highest populating growth is in tehsil model town and the lowest trend of populating is in tehsil Shalimar. Temporal analysis of population and land use change data for the last thirty years from 1990-2020 demonstrates that Lahore’s population has increased 156%. Built-up area has increased 57%, vegetation and green cover decreased by 21%, the open area has decreased by 42% and water bodies decreased by 58%..
 
 

OPTIMIZATION OF CULTURE CONDITIONS FOR PHYTASE PRODUCTION BY ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS PHY168 ISOLATED FROM SOIL

The present study deals with optimization of culture conditions for phytase production by indigenous strain of Aspergillus flavus PHY168 isolated from soil of livestock farms in Lahore district of Punjab, Pakistan. Best phytase producing isolate was selected based on size of zone of hydrolysis on plate of phytase screening medium agar and identified as A. flavus PHY168 by morphological methods. Culture conditions were optimized for maximum phytase production by A. lavus using one variable approach. Effect of temperature, pH, substrate type and concentration was studied using submerged fermentation. Results indicated that maximum phytase production was noted at temperature 350C, pH 5 and 5% rice bran as substrate. Agricultural bye-products such as rice bran can be used for cost effective phytase production under optimized conditions. Thus, indigenous A.flavus PHY168 can be used for large scale phytase production to meet its requirements in food and feed industries.

Municipal Solid Waste Collection and Haulage Modeling Design for Lahore, Pakistan: Transition toward Sustainability and Circular Economy

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is a critical administrative, environmental and financial issue in low-income countries, such as Pakistan, where waste collection efficiency is less than 75% in all urban areas, except Lahore. Therefore, it is pertinent to develop practical decision-making tools to enhance waste collection efficiency by local municipalities and waste management companies (WMCs). A tool/calculator, holistically measure analyze forecast honestly (HMAFH), is proposed for waste collection in urban areas based on the lessons learned. The tool was developed considering local conditions, i.e., business environment, socio-economic and cultural dynamics, city infrastructure and stakeholders’ desires. It is flexible to various proposed waste collection modes, with heterogeneous fleet choices, and it presents an opportunity to integrate collection with a material recovery facility (MRF) or direct haulage to the disposal site. The HMAFH was tested successfully in the Lahore district. Based on the proposed scenarios, the result shows a material recovery of up to 33% by defining dedicated waste collection streams with a 26% saving on fuel. The proposed interventions can prove to be a defining step toward building a circular economy (CE) that allows the integration of treatment options with economic potential to account for 35% of the current operating expenditures and a reduction in greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission, i.e., 1,604,019 tons of CO2-eq./annum.

Spatio-temporal assessment of land use land cover based on trajectories and cellular automata Markov modelling and its impact on land surface temperature of Lahore district Pakistan.

This research aims to assess the urban growth and impact on land surface temperature (LST) of Lahore, the second biggest city in Pakistan. In this research, various geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) techniques (maximum likelihood classification (MLC)) LST, and different normalized satellite indices have been implemented to analyse the spatio-temporal trends of Lahore city; by using Landsat for 1990, 2004, and 2018. The development of integrated use of RS and GIS and combined cellular automata-Markov models has provided new means of assessing changes in land use and land cover and has enabled the projection of trajectories into the future. Results indicate that the built-up area and bare area increased from 15,541 (27%) to 23,024 km2 (40%) and 5756 km2 (10%) to 13,814 km2 (24%). Meanwhile, water area and vegetation were decreased from 2302 km2 (4%) to 1151 km2 (2%) and 33,961 km2 (59%) to 19,571 km2 (34%) respectively. Under this urbanization, the LST of the city was also got affected. In 1990, the mean LST of most of the area was between 14 and 28 ℃, which rose to 22-28 ℃ in 2004 and 34 to 36 ℃ in 2018. Because of the shift of vegetation and built-up land, the surface reflectance and roughness of each land use land cover (LULC) class are different. The analysis established a direct correlation between Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) with LST and an indirect correlation among Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), and Built-up Index (BI) with LST. The results are important for the planning and development department since they may be used to guarantee the sustainable utilization of land resources for future urbanization expansion projects.

Hydrogeochemical characterization of the groundwater of Lahore region using supervised machine learning technique.

The cationic and anionic composition in groundwater can be better understood by identifying the type of hydrogeochemical processes influencing groundwater chemistry. This research deals with the characterization of groundwater samples by considering the likely role of hydrogeochemical processes and the factors responsible for the weathering process. The study applies statistical methods and supervised machine learning algorithm (i.e., logistic regression model) on the large data set of 1300 water samples from the Lahore district of Punjab, Pakistan. All the water samples were collected by the local authorities from a deep unconfined aquifer (> 350 ft in depth) for the years of 2005 to 2016. The characterization of groundwater quality parameters includes pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), nitrate (NO3-), and sulfate (SO42-). The results show the sequence of the major ion in the following order: Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg+ > K+ and HCO32- > SO42- > Cl- > NO3-. The ionic ratios and Gibb's plot revealed that the prominent hydrogeochemical facies of aquifer water is Ca-HCO3, Ca-Na-HCO3, and mixed Ca-Mg-Cl type rock-weathering process, especially carbonate and silicate weathering, as significant process controlling water chemistry. The statistical evaluation of the prepared regression model determined its prediction accuracy as 92.2%, which means the model is highly efficient and satisfies the analysis. The outcomes of this study favor the utilization of such methods for other areas with large data sets.

Effect of Social Stressors on Work-Family Conflict Experienced by Female Faculty Members at Public Sector Schools in District Lahore, Pakistan

The goal of this study is to find out how work-family conflict (WFC) affects the quality of service that female school faculty provide. A healthy balance between work and personal life includes both work and personal activities. Because their workloads are getting bigger, it's getting harder for women faculty members to balance work and family life. The gender gap puts more stress on the female faculty, which makes it harder for them to give good care. This study uses a positivist research paradigm to get information from female teachers in Pakistan's Lahore District public schools. The focus of this study is on female teachers from a variety of public schools in District Lahore, Pakistan. For this study, a representative sample of female teachers from 203 public schools in the Lahore District of Pakistan was chosen. Cronbach's Alpha (Sarstedt et al., 2019) ranges from 0.681 to 0.931 and a composite range of 0.826 to 0.954, which shows that the results of this study can be trusted. The Fornell-Larcker criterion (Henseler, 2015), cross-loadings, and heteronormativity are used to figure out whether the results are similar or different. Structured equation modelling (SEQ) is used to look at the data (Cheung & Wang, 2017). This study found that role ambiguity and role conflict at work, as well as interactions between parents and spouses at home, have a negative effect on WFC. People are affected by work pressures, which can lead to job stress and, in the long run, depression. When women in the academic workforce experience WFC, it makes their depression worse. Respondent views of ISQ were average when it came to dependability, empathy, responsiveness, and concreteness (Reynoso et a., 1995). WFC hurts the ISQ of female faculty members because it makes them more likely to get depressed. This study also shows that more research needs to be done using different methods, like qualitative analysis and triangulation. This means that in Pakistan, WFC in female faculty can be studied in both public and private schools. Lastly, the study makes some suggestions for future research on WFC and gives management some tips on how to help the female faculty members raise the ISQ.

Relationship between Formative Assessment Techniques, Students’ Learning and Academic Achievement at University Level

The study's objective was to determine the relationship between formative assessment techniques, students’ learning and academic achievement at university level. The study's methodology included quantitative, descriptive, and survey. All universities in the Lahore district, (public and private), were the target population of the research. It employed a multi-stage sampling technique. The total sample was comprised of 600 students. The questionnaire was self-constructed. The validity of the instrument was determined through experts’ opinions and the questionnaire’ reliability was found through pilot-testing. The Cronbach’s Alfa value was 0.912. It was concluded that there was strong positive relationship among different formative assessment techniques, students’ learning and academic achievement. It was recommended that the study be used by university teachers to create various appropriate formative assessment techniques to improve students' learning and academic achievement.

Comparative Study: Learning Environment of Pakistani Public and Private Secondary Schools

The objective of the study was to investigate the learning environment of public and private schools at secondary level. five public and five private secondary schools were the sample of this stusy in Lahore district. In addition, 100 male and female students of public and private schools was the sample of this research. The data was collected through self-developed instrument by the researcher. Major findings of the research were that students of public schools were more motivated toward studies as compared to students of private schools. In addition, public school teachers created the friendly learning environment as compared to private school teachers. Moreover, learning environment of private schools was free from noise and threats than public school. Furthermore, students of private school are satisfied from the teaching methodology as compared to the students of govt. schools. Finally, treatment of private schools teachers with the students is biased in the class rooms.

Assessment of English Language Proficiency in Grade 7 Pakistan

Standardized tests help learners fulfil their natural desire to learn English and achieve self-actualization needs. The standardized Grade 7 test measured single subject maximum performance on lexical, vocabulary, reading, and writing items. Public schools of Pakistan were the population. Test takers included in this research (n=1500, boys =733, girls =770) were randomly sampled from 56 public schools across Pakistan. However, the pilot study sample was from Lahore district. The percentage of urban schools was 55%, while the rural school percentage was 45%. The percentage of test takers from Punjab was 42.2%, the Northern Areas 24.2%, Sindh 19.1%, and Baluchistan 10.8%. The percentage of female Grade 7 learners was 50.9%, and male learners 49.1%. The sample size for males and females was achieved at 95 % confidence level, margin of error ±5%, population proportion 70%. The objectives achieved during this research were development of a reliable standardized English test (Cronbach alpha 0.888). The findings indicated urban schools had higher scores on learners’ objective items compared to rural schools while the writing tasks indicated no sig. difference in the performance of urban and rural schools suggesting memorization of English essays. This research recommends standardized testing since objective items activate schema retrieval practices.

Exploratory Factor Analysis of Differential Classroom Behavior of Autism Scale (DCBA)

This research has explored the differential classroom behaviours of children with autism exhibited during their studies during class time. The study used a sequential exploratory design. The study was conducted in the district of Lahore to develop an indigenous tool to investigate the differential classroom behaviors of children with autism. With the help of related literature and in-depth interviews of teachers working with autism for the last 5 years, a tool was developed. The self-developed tool was validated by 5 experts from the relevant field. A sample of 100 teachers was recruited using the purposive sampling technique and the data was collected by using the indigenously developed scale. Exploratory factor analysis was run to find out the emerging factors related to differential classroom behaviors. The analysis revealed that there was a total of eight factors related to differential classroom behaviors of students with autism. The factors included communication deficit, inattentiveness, impulsiveness, lack of socialization, academic approach, acting out behaviors, sensory issues and Restrictive and Repetitive Behaviors. Future studies are needed to investigate the reasons behind the differences in the behaviors of students with autism and how these differences affect their overall functioning.

Developing a Spatiotemporal Model to Forecast Land Surface Temperature: A Way Forward for Better Town Planning

The change in the local climate is attributed primarily to rapid urbanization, and this change has a strong influence on the adjacent areas. Lahore is one of the fast-growing metropolises in Pakistan, representing a swiftly urbanizing cluster. Anthropogenic materials sweep the usual land surfaces owing to the rapid urbanization, which adversely influences the environment causing the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) effect. For the analysis of the SUHI effect, the parameter of utmost importance is the Land Surface Temperature (LST). The current research aimed to develop a model to forecast the LST to evaluate the SUHI effect on the surface of the Lahore district. For LST prediction, remote sensing data from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and the Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model and Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer sensor are exploited. Different parameters are used to develop the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model. In the present investigation, for the prediction of LST, the input parameters to the model included 10 years of LST data (2009 to 2019) and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), road density, and elevation. Data for the year 2020 are used to validate the outcomes of the LSTM model. An assessment of the measured and model-forecasted LST specified that the extent of mean absolute error is 0.27 K for both periods. In contrast, the mean absolute percentage error fluctuated from 0.12 to 0.14%. The functioning of the model is also assessed through the number of pixels of the research area, classified based on the error in the forecasting of LST. The LSTM model is contrasted with the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model to evaluate the skill score factor of the LSTM model in relation to the ANN model. The skill scores computed for both periods expressed absolute values, which distinctly illustrated the efficiency of the LSTM model for better LST prediction compared to the ANN model. Thus, the LST prediction for evaluating the SUHI effect by the LSTM model is practically acceptable.

Impact of Financial Inclusion on Financial Well-Being: Moderating Effect of Orientation towards Finance

The present study examines the impact of women’s orientation toward finance on their financial well-being. Along this, research also considers the financial capability of working women in the Lahore district's educational sector. For this purpose, the current study developed insight into the effect of financial inclusion on the financial well-being. In addition, the study is testing the mediation of financial capability and conditional process modeling of orientation towards finance of the working women as a teaching staff working in the different educational institutes such as schools, colleges and universities of Lahore. The research study adopted a quantitative strategy with using a deductive approach. The researcher used a self-administered questionnaire to collect the data from the research study's respondents. Eight hundred questionnaires were distributed among the respondents, and 600 were returned from the participants, out of which 550 questionnaires were fully filled. For analyzing data collected from respondents in the form of their responses, SPSS and AMOS have been used. The study's results indicated that the financially included working women have a high level of financial well-being. The findings also revealed that financial capability mediates the relationship between financial inclusion and financial well-being. The research outcomes showed that the working women’s orientation toward finance has a moderated mediation mechanism among financial inclusion and financial well-being and financial inclusion and financial capability. The prevailing study is significant for the women belonging to different working sectors as well as different levels of hierarchy. The study is also important for the policymakers and the governing bodies to focus on enhancing women's financial well-being by making sure that they are financially included.

Surveillance and Assessment of Risk Factors for Newcastle Disease Virus from Live Bird Retail Stalls in Lahore District of Pakistan.

Live bird markets (LBMs) in Asian countries are considered hubs for the spread of several poultry viruses. In Pakistan, there is a lack of uniformity in practices used in LBMs, which leads to the spread of poultry diseases. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in June-October 2017 to determine the circulation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in chickens being sold in live bird retail stalls (LBRSs) and to identify potential risk factors associated with estimated prevalence. A total of 189 stalls (n = 1134 birds) distributed in eight administrative towns of Lahore were visited. A pool of six oropharyngeal swabs was collected from each stall and tested by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR for the presence of NDV. Forty-two out of 189 swabs were found positive with an overall prevalence of 22.22% (95% confidence interval [Cl]: 16.88%-28.67%). Data for 11 potential risk factors acquired through questionnaires were analyzed by survey-weighted logistic regression and prevalence odds ratios (ORs) for associated risk factors were calculated. A final multivariable model identified three risk factors for NDV prevalence in LBRSs, including trading other poultry breeds alongside broilers (OR = 2.41; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5-6.1), purchasing birds from mixed sources (OR = 3.12; 95% CI = 1.4-11.9), and number of birds sold per day (OR = 6.32; 95% CI = 1.9-23.5). Additionally, 24 selected samples were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis of the complete fusion gene (1662 bp) revealed that all isolates belonged to Subgenotype VII.2. This study provides important information on the epidemiology of NDV in Pakistan and highlights the importance of implementing surveillance and biosecurity practices in LBRSs.

Effect of Parenting Styles on Student Performance among Secondary School Students in District Lahore

The present study aims to investigate the association of parenting style and academic performance in school students. The sample comprised of district Lahore school students. Parent were recruited from different rural and urban areas of Lahore district. Students were asked to report information about both mother and father. The scales to study variables were used as parent burnout assessment (PBA), Emotional regulation questionnaire (EQR), Parenthood constellation (PCON),Cor parental cooperation (COP), Parent violence and neglect (PVIO), to observe parent’s attitude towards student performance. Anova and t-test have been applied to test hypothesis to find out significant relationship between parenting style and student’s academic performance. Findings indicate that parenting style is the significant predictor of academic performance. Further study found that there is significant relationship between parenting styles of mother with student performance but there is different between parenting style of mothers and fathers.

Invitro Study on the Combined Effects of Natural Ingredients and Antimicrobial Drugs as Novel Anti Biofilm Approach

Biofilm forming bacteria stick to one another or to the different surfaces or interface. Biofilm formation is not a good thing in many ways as they go with low metabolic rate and passed with less number of cell divisions. Objective: To find some novel anti-biofilm approaches against biofilms. Methods: Soil and water samples were collected from four sites. Soil samples were collected from agricultural land and road side of Hudiara village, Lahore, Pakistan. However, water samples were collected from BRB canal which is situated in village Barki and from tube well of village Hudiara located in Lahore district Punjab, Pakistan. For biochemical identification of isolates different types of biochemical tests such as MR, VP, SIM (motility), H2S, catalase, Indole and nitrate reduction were performed. Results: Some antibiotics and their combinations with different other antibiotics were checked and it was noticed the overall effects of antibiotics on bacterial biofilms have positive effects except disprin and Levofloxacin. While, Ciprofloxacin was found as an effective antibiotic. Combination of ciprofloxacin and disprin was used in order to remove the biofilm and it worked well to remove the biofilm. Conclusions: Different antimicrobial medications, all-natural compounds, and combinations of various antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin-disprin, clarithromycin-moxifloxacin, and certain all-natural ingredients like honey, ginger, and lemon juice, were utilized to remove bacterial biofilms. Thus, it can be said that most of the combinations produced better biofilm removal outcomes than the individual elements did.

Estimation and Validation of Adapted Household Food Insecurity Access Scale in Lahore – Pakistan

Purpose: Food insecurity is not only the problem of all developing countries but developed countries are also facing this issue especially after COVID-19. Food security is the combination of food availability, accessibility and utilization. However, the food accessibility is associated with household income and wealth. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) developed by USAID is a tool for measuring prevalence of food insecurity. HFIAS treats food insecurity as a condition that can be identified and measured by experiences and behavioral responses that appear to be common for low income households. Current study is meant for the estimation and validation of HFIAS in the context of Pakistan, and to look for the relationship between food insecurity and socio-economic characteristics of the community.
 Methodology: A dedicated survey was conducted in Peri-urban areas of Lahore district from January to February, 2021. Responses from 316 households were recorded on a structured questionnaire which was adapted from HFIAS due to cultural context and socio economic conditions. 
 Findings: Results showed that 30.2% of the households were food secure whereas 22.3% were mildly food insecure, 40.2% were moderately food insecure and 7.3% were severely food insecure. HFIAS was found to have good internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.684).
 Policy Implication: HFIAS is a valid and reliable tool to measure the food accessibility at the household level in Pakistan.

A STUDY OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS’ COLLEGIAL PRACTICES AND PROFESSIONAL COMMITMENT

The goal of this study was to discover the link between secondary school teachers' collegial practises and their professional dedication. This study used a corelational research design. Both a questionnaire on collegial behaviours and a second on professional commitment were utilised to gather data for this study. For this study, researchers gathered a sample of 240 Lahore District secondary school teachers (120 men and 120 women). The selection of the sample was accomplished by the use of a multistage sampling procedure. The social science statistics programme was used to tabulate and analyse the data that was acquired using instruments (SPSS). An inferential test and a t-test with an independent sample were utilised, together with the Pearson correlation coefficient, in order to answer the study question. In this study, secondary school teachers' collegial behaviours and their professional dedication were found to be significantly different. Furthermore, secondary school teachers' collegial practises were found to have a substantial association with their professional commitment. Teachers should be encouraged to cultivate collegiality among them so that they can more successfully and efficiently carry out their responsibilities in schools, as was previously stated.