Lagoon Water Research Articles

How the Hydrometeorological Parameters of the Curonian Lagoon Changed during Two Periods of Standard Climate Normal (1961–1990 and 1991–2020)

Coastal lagoons are recognized as specific and complex water bodies vulnerable to climate change. The focus of this study was the Curonian Lagoon, the largest freshwater lagoon in the Baltic Sea and the whole of Europe. The changes in the hydrometeorological parameters of the lagoon over six decades were evaluated using two periods of climatological standard normal: the most recent 30-year period, i.e., 1991–2020, and the period of 1961–1990. Before statistical analysis, data were checked for homogeneity, and breakpoints were determined by Pettitt and Buishand tests. The Mann–Kendall test was used to determine trends in the data series. The analysis revealed substantial changes in the hydrometeorological parameters of the lagoon during two climate normal periods. An exceptionally high rise in air temperature was detected. A considerable increase was identified in the lagoon water temperature and water level data series. The duration of permanent ice cover on the lagoon declined, as did the ice thickness, whereas the ice breakup advanced. A downward trend in wind speed data was detected, while the change in precipitation had a positive direction. Air and water temperatures were highly correlated with the Arctic Oscillation (AO) index and the water level with the Scandinavia pattern (SCAND).

AudioMoth adventures: How does a low-cost recording device perform in extreme environments?

When it was originally released in 2018, the AudioMoth acoustic recording device delivered an attractive new platform for passive acoustic monitoring. With a price point under 100 US dollars, a size smaller than a deck of cards, and open-source software, the AudioMoth is an exciting option for getting started with bioacoustics monitoring. However, these same features often invite skepticism from those who have never used it. How good is the recording quality from its tiny MEMS microphone? How does it hold up to extreme outdoor conditions? The addition in 2022 of the HydroMoth for underwater recording, only invited more questions about its ability to perform in extreme environments underwater. This presentation will offer personal reports of the author's own experiences using the AudioMoth and HydroMoth. It will also include original field recordings captured in extreme environments like strong winds, heavy rains, and salt water lagoons. Special attention will be given to the two hurricanes that hit Florida in 2022, which were both captured by the author during a HydroMoth deployment. The audience will leave with a better idea of what to expect from the AudioMoth platform should they consider using it for their own projects.

New geochemical data for defining origin and distribution of mercury in groundwater of a coastal area in southern Tuscany (Italy)

A geochemical study was conducted in a coastal plain in the Orbetello Lagoon area in southern Tuscany (Italy), acquiring new data on groundwater, lagoon water, and stream sediment for insights into the origin, distribution, and behaviour of mercury in a Hg-enriched carbonate aquifer. The main hydrochemical features of the groundwater are ruled by the mixing of Ca–SO4 and Ca–Cl continental fresh waters of the carbonate aquifer and Na–Cl saline waters of the Tyrrhenian Sea and Lagoon of Orbetello. Groundwater had highly variable Hg concentrations (< 0.1–11 μg/L) that were not correlated with the percentage of saline water, depth in the aquifer, or distance from the lagoon. This excluded the possibility that saline water could be the direct source of Hg in groundwater and responsible for release of the element through interaction with the carbonate lithologies of the aquifer. The origin of Hg in groundwater could be ascribed to the Quaternary continental sediments overlying the carbonate aquifer because i) high Hg concentrations were found in the continental sediments of the coastal plain and in the contiguous lagoon sediments; ii) waters from the upper part of aquifer had the highest Hg concentrations; iii) Hg levels in groundwater increased with increasing thickness of the continental deposits. The high Hg content in the continental and lagoon sediments is geogenic due to regional and local Hg anomalies and to sedimentary and pedogenetic processes. It can be assumed that i) water circulating in these sediments dissolves the solid Hg-bearing constituents and mobilises this element mainly as chloride complexes; ii) Hg-enriched water moves from the upper part of the carbonate aquifer due to the cone of depression generated by intense pumping of groundwater by fish farms in the study area.

Impact of climate and irrigation practices on hydrological aspects of Bundala wetlands in Sri Lanka

AbstractBundala wetlands are the first to be declared a Ramsar wetland reserve in Sri Lanka. Two wetlands of this complex have transformed from seasonally inundated saline areas into permanent freshwater ecosystems, resulting in spatial and temporal changes that presumably have favoured plant invasions. We hypothesized that climate/rainfall changes and irrigation practices would be the most potential drivers of this change, and the objective of this research is to empirically determine the influence of rainfall and irrigation practices in the catchment on inundation pattern and plant nutrient availability that could potentially change ecology of these wetlands. Monthly rainfall data for the Bundala area (1988–2017) from Sri Lanka's meteorological department were analysed by parametric and nonparametric statistical methods, and a statistically significant change in rainfall was not discernible, confirming climate change is unlikely to be a driver to increase the lagoon water level. Irrigation data analysis revealed that these wetlands receive nearly 1.28 × 107 m3 of irrigation drainage annually from an irrigation scheme in the immediate catchment, which has resulted in decreased salinity, while inundation and plant nutrient content increased, changing the wetlands' ecology and socioeconomic status of the dependent rural communities.

Presence of peculiar organisms in the water of Lagoons: Potentially valuables Bio indicators for cultural eutrophication level assessment

Coastal lagoons are transitional ecosystems located on the border between land and sea characterized by strong environmental fluctuations which affect the physiological and ecological adaptations of the living species. The environmental quality of the lagoon ecosystem depends on the balance between chemical-physical components (water salinity, temperature, water-dissolved oxygen, high productivity, reduced hydrodynamics) and biological processes that define the complexity of the trophic chain. All these factors are strongly influenced by human activities that cause the phenomenon of eutrophication. The coastal lagoon ecosystem is an heterogeneous environment easily affected by changes of different kinds (both natural and artificial) which cause the reduction in size of wetlands areas, increment of coastal erosion and more frequent flooding. Human activities are also important stressors which can lead to significant biological changes. In this context the study of the structure and space-time dynamics of biological communities is an important way to assess the ecosystem’s quality, to evaluate its healthiness level and to suggest possible strategies for environmental remediation. The individuation of specific Bioindicators becomes fundamental for a precise assessment of the “health status” of the animal, vegetal and microorganism populations and the quality of their habitat. The continuous monitoring of Bioindicators over time allows to define plan and realize interventions focused on adapting as soon as possible ecosystem to environmental changes improving resilience to the climate changes.

Selenium Concentration Levels in Two Polluted Lagoons, Eastern Red Sea Coastal Waters

The importance of selenium in the marine environment is highlighted by its bilateral behavior as a nutrient and toxic element. The cathodic stripping voltammetry validated method was used to determine the selenium concentration. The concentration of total dissolved selenium (TDSe) in Al-Arbaeen and Sharm Obhur lagoons along the eastern Red Sea coastal waters was determined. The total selenium concentration in seven fish species’ muscles was determined. TDSe in the surface water of Al-Arbaeen and Sharm Obhur lagoons showed a maximum concentration of 18.56 and 8.38 nM, respectively. TDSe in the surface water of Al-Arbaeen revealed high concentrations near the wastewater discharging pipes in the lagoon. The linear regression between the TDSe and salinity reflected that the discharged water is the source of selenium with a significant negative correlation of (R2 = 0.80, p &lt; 0.05). In contrast, TDSe in the surface water of Sharm Obhur showed a significant positive correlation (R2 = 0.78, p &lt; 0.05). In the lagoon head, hypoxic and anoxic conditions were dominant. This condition reflected the low TDSe concentration and may affect the selenium chemical forms’ abundance in the lagoon. Two fish species Herklotsichthys punctatus and Herklotsichthys revealed high concentrations of 3.99 and 2.40 µg/g, respectively, which exceeded the permissible levels of the WHO, FAO, and ASTDR.

Excessive presence of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Drini River and their impact on the Kune-Vain lagoon ecosystem: how anthropization can affect biodiversity

In the western part of Albania there are various examples of lagoons and wetlands ecosystems; the object of this manuscript is addressing the environmental conditions of The Kune-Vain Lagoon, located in proximity of the city of Lezhë and south of the Drini River and its delta and providing suggestions about its preservation: it has been calculated that about 10 million m3 of polluted water are released, in many ways, every year into the Drini River. Because of its biodiversity this land has both national and international protection status. However, the flux of contaminants and pollutants derived from anthropic activities is strongly affecting this transitional body of water which is located at the interface of the river and the Adriatic Sea. Due to human activities, mobile aqueous species of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) have become an actual environmental issue because high levels of such chemical elements are linked to the eutrophication of the lagoon’s waters, causing the proliferation of invasive species (mostly microorganisms, plants and crustaceans). As mentioned above a very high quantity of N and P from anthropogenic sources can infiltrate the ecosystem in many ways, like from mining activity, liquid and solid wastes from the urban aera of Lezhë, from farms and livestock, from fires and more. But the main cause of this problem is associated with the use that people make with soils and lands: the increment of fallow uncultivated areas from abandoned agricultural sites contribute indeed to the surface runoff, erosion and subsequent transport of N and P chemical species to the actually cultivated territory in which cultivation and managements practices for forage and cereals are present; this leads to ulterior release of soil particles that are rich in N and P chemicals compounds into the aqueous phase of the land. A very big portion of those aforementioned particles have been and still are depositing in the main area of the Kune-Vain Lagoon. The Lagoon is part of the coastal area, thus it is very important for economy, industry and tourism and it also act as a ‘buffer zone’ between the sea and the agricultural areas because of its biological function as natural filter for nutrients overload through its characteristic vegetation. Nevertheless, the Kune-Vain lagoon waters show a clear tendency toward degradation and something must be done to prevent heavy ecological issues. It would be useful to constantly monitor the chemical composition and the state of the waters. Also, the employment of meanings of phytoremediation would represent a practical, cheap and environmental-friendly way to help the process of recovery toward better environmental conditions of the Kune-Vain Lagoon.

Remoção de metais da água da Lagoa Yarinacocha com carvão ativado da casca da vagem de cacau

ABSTRACT The problem addressed is the contamination of the Yarinacocha Lagoon water by heavy metals and poor use of agricultural residues. It was manufactured activated carbon from cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) pod husks and determined its adsorbent effect in removing polluting metals from the waters of the Yarinacocha Lagoon. The response surface methodology was applied with factorial designs 33 and 32, with three replicates to optimize obtaining the adsorbent and measure its effectiveness in metal removal. The modeling of the pyrolysis process resulted in 17.27 g of activated carbon from 295.72 g of dry pod husks, optimal with the following optimal parameters: 150 °C as activation temperature, 450 °C as carbonization temperature, and 2.5 hours as modification time. This resulted in effective removal of pollutant metals (aluminum: 91.43%, copper: 75%, iron: 58.33% and zinc: 58.33%), from waters samples demonstrating that it is possible to manufacture activated carbon from cocoa pod husks, with an adsorbent potential to remove metals from the waters of the Yarinacocha Lagoon.

Cinetochilides minimus sp. nov., a Tiny Benthic Ciliate (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Brackish Water in Korea

During a field survey of Korean marine and brackish water ciliate diversity, we collected a tiny benthic ciliate (13–18 µm long in vivo) from the opening of a brackish water lagoon (10‰). At low magnification, it resembles members of the genus Aspidisca because of the oval body shape and the benthic life style, but is not thigmotactic. Based on the observations of living cells, silver-impregnated specimens (i.e., using protargol, silver carbonate, and wet silver nitrate), SEM images, and the 18S rRNA gene sequences, we confirmed that it is a new member of the genus Cinetochilides. The new species, C. minimus sp. nov., can be easily distinguished from other congeners mainly by the fragmented somatic kinety 1. In spite of the small size, the new species has more than 200 basal bodies, including those in the oral apparatus. The arrangement of the ciliary pattern is rather confusing because of the polymerized kinetids, the sparse basal bodies, the non-ciliated area on the dorsal side, and the presence of parasomal sacs next to the kinetosomes. In the present study, we provide a detailed morphological description and infer the phylogenetic position of Cinetochilides minimus sp. nov. based on 18S rRNA gene sequences.

A concise study on essential parameters for the sustainability of Lagoon waters in terms of scientific literature

Agriculture encompasses both plant growing (agronomy, horticulture, and forestry) and animal husbandry. Aquaculture is the aquatic embodiment of agriculture. Lagoons are the main sources of aquaculture in various countries around the world which especially yield shrimp, finfish, macrophytes, and mollusk. Agricultural effluents are highly affecting the lagoon water quality parameters in Sri Lanka since most of the agricultural farmlands in the country are on coastal landmasses. It leads to the increased risks of lagoon water contamination. Therefore, it is essential to identify the water quality parameters affected by anthropogenic agricultural activities and establish their threshold limits for ensuring the sustainability of lagoons. This study has identified the influential lagoon water quality parameters associated with agricultural effluents using bibliographic references, tested the existing values of the most influential parameters in five Sri Lankan lagoons, and briefly discussed their fate and transport. The lagoon water quality was classified into biological, physical, and chemical parameters and studied for their importance in enhancing the water quality. The overall experimental findings on temperature, turbidity, pH, salinity, DO, BOD, COD, phosphates, nitrates, ammonia content, and faecal coliforms in water specimens suggest that the selected Sri Lankan lagoons are heavily polluted because of the accumulation over the decades from the agricultural lands which worsens even more with this salinity from the seawater when the tide comes in. This paper concludes that there is a growing need for mechanisms that can be used to monitor and apply control measures to effectively manage lagoon water quality not only for the integrity of the lagoon itself but also for the dependent ecosystems both in and out of the lagoon.

Assessment of the Vulnerability of the Southwestern Coast of Benin to the Risk of Coastal Erosion and Flooding

The coastal zone of Benin is inherited from the last marine oscillations of the Quaternary. A rich and very fragile environment, it presented until the 1960s, a shoreline in dynamic equilibrium over the entire 125 km of coastal line. Since the 1960s, with the construction of important development infrastructures (ports, dams, groins), the Beninese coast is now subject to risks of coastal erosion and seasonal flooding due to the overflow of lagoon water bodies. The present study, based on socio-economic surveys in the communes of Ouidah, Comè and Grand Popo, exposes the extent of coastal risks and socio-economic and environmental damage in the southwestern coastal zone of Benin. The results show that in terms of land, 2.9 ha and 5.7 ha of land have been permanently lost to coastal erosion in the communes of Ouidah and Grand Popo respectively. Similarly, 212 ha of crops of all types were affected by the flooding, including 35 ha destroyed, i.e. 6.67 ha, 11.3 ha in Comè, 4.67 ha Ouidah and 14 ha Grand Popo. Also, 6435 buildings were affected, and 4235 huts were damaged. In addition, working tools, food stocks and other items are counted among the losses recorded by coastal hazards with their corollaries of diseases. The cost of losses and damages in the 08 districts amount to 418,000,000f cfa of which 266,000,000f cfa of damage and 152,000,000f cfa of loss.

Monitoring some chemical properties and human health risk assessments of Cd and Pb of Bardawil lagoon water, north of Sinai, Egypt

Monitoring some chemical properties and human health risk assessments of Cd and Pb of Bardawil lagoon water, north of Sinai, Egypt

Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Qualities of Porto-Novo Lagoon Water

This research aims at analyzing the physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics of lagoon’s waters in Porto-Novo. To reach this goal, a methodology is used based on documentary research, followed by data collection sampling and analysis of water samples, and surveys with the target populations. The water quality is assessed on the basis of physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis of collected water samples. The findings of the surveys on the physicochemical assessment of the water's suitability reveal that the temperature varies between 30.21 and 30.92°C, exceeding the norms (25°C), the conductivity varies between 109 µS/cm and 145 µS/cm, and the salinity varies between 0.05 and 0.07 psu. pH values are beyond the norm (5.86; 6.15; 6.27 and 6.28). The dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand vary respectively between 0.33 mg/L and 1.93 mg/L; 54 mg/L and 73 mg/L; 6 mg/L and 12 mg/L; 12 mg/L and 20 mg/L; 5 mg/L and 8 mg/L. The pollution caused by metals such as cadmium and plumb range respectively from 0.0195 to 0.219 mg/L and 0.03 to 0.065 mg/L, exceeding the guide values of the national standard (0.5 mg/L and 0.05 mg/L). Microbiologically, all the water samples contain very high quantities of faecal enterococci and Escherichia coli. These results show that human activities seriously pollute surface water resources and contribute to their decay

Evaluating pesticide mixture risks in French Mediterranean coastal lagoons waters

To assess the risk of pesticide mixtures in lagoon waters, this study adopted a multi-step approach using integrative passive samplers (POCIS) and concentration addition (CA) toxicological models. Two French Mediterranean lagoons (Thau and Or) were monitored for a range of 68 pesticides continuously over a period of a year (2015–16). The findings revealed mixtures of dissolved pesticides with varying composition and levels over the year. The Or site contained more pesticides than Thau site (37 vs 28 different substances), at higher concentrations (0.1–58.6 ng.L−1 at Or vs <0.1–9.9 at Thau) and with overall higher detection frequencies. All samples showed a potential chronic toxicity risk, depending on the composition and concentrations of co-occurring pesticides. In 74 % of the samples, this pesticide risk was driven by a few single substances (ametryn, atrazine, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, chlorotoluron, irgarol, diuron and metolachlor) and certain transformation products (e.g. DPMU and metolachlor OA/ESA). Individually, these were a threat for the three taxa studied (phytoplankton, crustaceans and fish). Yet even a drastic reduction of these drivers alone (up to 5 % of their current concentration) would not eliminate the toxicity risks in 56 % of the Or Lagoon samples, due to pesticide mixtures. The two CA-based approaches used to assess the combined effect of these mixtures, determined chronic potential negative impacts for both lagoons, while no acute risk was highlighted. This risk was seasonal, indicating the importance of monitoring in key periods (summer, winter and spring) to get a more realistic picture of the pesticide threat in lagoon waters. These findings suggest that it is crucial to review the current EU Water Framework Directive's risk-assessment method, as it may incorrectly determine pesticide risk in lagoons.

Norovirus and rotavirus in surface, malacoculture, and human consumption water in Santa Catarina State, Brazil.

This study evaluated the results recorded at the Central Public Health Laboratory of Santa Catarina state (Brazil) concerning the investigation of Rotavirus (RVA) and Norovirus (NoVs) - genogroups GI and GII. Samples were taken from seawater, river water, estuary water, lagoon water, and treated water samples, from 2018 to 2021. The aim was to correlate them with each other and evaluate their association with the type of water, presence of shellfish farming, population density, and sewage treatment. The most prevalent enteric virus was RVA, followed by NoV GI and NoV GII. There was a strong correlation between the presence/absence of RVA and the presence/absence of at least one NoV genogroup, mainly in samples collected in rivers. No correlation was observed between the presence of any virus and the presence of shellfish farming. When evaluating the binomial sewage treatment vs. population density, the correlation coefficients between population density and the presence of the virus in a sample were higher than the coefficients between the percentage of treated sewage and the presence of the virus. Sources of human-origin pollution impair the quality of treated and surface waters, and therefore the results of this work can help develop viral-monitoring programs in these places.

Development and validation of an AI-Driven model for the La Rance tidal barrage: A generalisable case study

In this work, an AI-Driven (autonomous) model representation of the La Rance tidal barrage was developed using novel parametrisation and Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) techniques. Our model results were validated with experimental measurements, yielding the first Tidal Range Structure (TRS) model validated against a constructed tidal barrage and made available to academics. In order to proper model La Rance, parametrisation methodologies were developed for simulating (i) turbines (in pumping and power generation modes), (ii) transition ramp functions (for opening and closing hydraulic structures) and (iii) equivalent lagoon wetted area. Furthermore, an updated DRL method was implemented for optimising the operation of the hydraulic structures that compose La Rance. The achieved objective of this work was to verify the capabilities of an AI-Driven TRS model to appropriately predict (i) turbine power and (ii) lagoon water level variations. In addition, the observed operational strategy and yearly energy output of our AI-Driven model appeared to be comparable with those reported for the La Rance tidal barrage. The outcomes of this work (developed methodologies and DRL implementations) are generalisable and can be applied to other TRS projects. Furthermore, this work provided insights which allow for more realistic simulation of TRS operation, enabled through our AI-Driven model.

Effect of different environmental conditions on quality of DNA extracted from human teeth for gender determination

Use of morphological characteristics in human identification maybe difficult in conditions where human remains are grossly fragmented, decomposed and/or mutilated, or when only a tooth is available. The study aims to ascertain and compare the quantity of DNA from teeth exposed to different environmental conditions using organic and silica column DNA extraction methods and determine their gender using amelogenin gene primer. Human teeth were used and divided into four major groups based on different exposure types (buried in soil, storage in Lagoon water, normal environmental condition by placing them on the floor at the botanical garden, and exposure to temperature of 210oC for 15mins). The powdered dentin-cementum complex was used for DNA extraction, quantification and purity assessments. Amplification was done using amelogenin gene primers. Mean DNA concentration and purity were 187.59±26.25ng/μl and 0.97±0.07 respectively for silica column method, and, 138.98±35.71ng/μl and 0.91±0.11 respectively for organic extraction. With organic extraction, the least and highest mean DNA concentration are from teeth immersed in Lagoon water (74.86±61.19ng/μl) and teeth exposed to temperature of 210oC for 15mins (385.14±106.39ng/μl). In the Silica column method, teeth heated at 210oC for 15mins showed the lowest mean DNA concentration (165.57±33.82ng/μl) while teeth exposed to "normal environmental conditions", gave the highest DNA concentration (218.46±45.03ng/μl). Positive and negative male identification were 30.8% and 69.2% respectively, while female identification was 100% positive irrespective of the environmental exposure. The dentine-cementum is a valuable DNA source for forensic investigations. Male identification using amelogenin gene, should still be investigated in the Nigerian context.

Microcosm Study on the Potential of Aquatic Macrophytes for Phytoremediation of Phosphorus-Induced Eutrophication

Phosphorous (P) is one of the primary nutrients to cause the eutrophication of water bodies. This process leads to algal blooms and anoxic conditions which have consequences in the form of mortality of aquatic animals, and impaired water quality. Aquatic macrophytes could be the promising candidates that can filter P from water contaminated with high levels of nutrients. In the present microcosm research, two types of floating macrophytes, i.e., salvinia floater (Salvinia natans) and water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) were deployed to compare their P-removal rates and efficiency under different incubation times (72, 168, and 264 h intervals). Plants were exposed to different treatments, i.e., (1) P-fed plants, (2) P-starved plants, (3) control treatments, and (4) synthetic wastewater treatment. Both plant species showed substantial P-removal efficiency from P-eutrophicated solutions and removed P-amounts were significantly correlated (R2 ≅ 1 at p ≤ 0.05) with P-accumulated in plant biomass. Plants in the P-starved state showed significantly higher P-removal rates and removal efficiency compared to plants without P-starvation. When Salvinia natans was exposed to 10 mg L−1 of P for 264 h of incubation, 21 g of fresh biomass was recorded during the P-starved phase, more than P. stratiotes (14 g) under similar conditions. The P. stratiotes removed 86.04% of P from 5 mg L−1 P solution, 53.76% from 10 mg L−1 P solution and 66.84% from SWW in the P-starved phase whereas, removal efficiency without the P-starvation phase was 33.03% from 5 mg L−1 P solution, 39.66% from 10 mg L−1 P solution, and 31.64% from SWW after 264 h interval. Compared to S. natans, P. stratiotes removed 86.0% P from a 5 mg L−1 P solution, whereas S. natans removed 56.6% when exposed to the same P solution (5 mg L−1 P solution). Bioconcentration factor (BCF) values were higher in Salvinia natans 10.5 (0.5 mg L−1 P solutions) and 1.5 (5 mg L−1 P solutions) compared to 9.9 and 1.3 of Pistia stratiotes under P-starved conditions. The present work highlighted that these aquatic plants can be a potential green sustainable solution for purifying water with excessive nutrients (N and P), especially waters of wetlands, lagoons, and ponds.

The Determination of Trophic Level of Küçükçekmece Lagoon Lake (İstanbul, Türkiye) by Using Some Environmental Variables with Indicator Benthic Macroinvertebrates Findings

In this study, to determine the trophic level of Küçükçekmece Lagoon Lake, water and sediment samplings were performed at five selected stations seasonally during a year between 2014-2015. The water samples were analyzed to determine some environmental variables (water temperature, pH, conductivity, DO (dissolved oxygen), TDS (total dissolved solids), and salinity. NO3-N, NO2-N, SO4-2, PO4-3, SiO2, chlorophyll-a, TP (total phosphorus), and Secchi disc light permeability) and benthic macroinvertebrates were examined to determine indicator organisms in the sampled sediment material. Bray-Curtis Similarity Index was used to the observed environmental results to determine the similarities of the sampling stations. According to this, station 1 (St. 1) located in the center of the lake, and St. 5 located near the sea were found to be different from other sampling stations while the stations located near the creeks were found to have much more similar to each other. In addition, to determine the trophy level of the lake, Carlson Trophic State Index (CTSI) was used to the obtained some physicochemical results (Secchi disc permeability, total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a) and it was found that the lake showed a eutrophic character during all seasons. According to the result of sediment sampling, an average of 350 individuals per m2 (44.3 % belonging Polychaeta group; 29.5 % belonging Chironomidae group; 19.7 % belonging Oligochaeta group; 6.5 % belonging Bivalvia group) in a total of 6 benthic macroinvertebrate taxa (Bivalvia, Polychaeta, Tubificoides benedii (Oligochaeta), Tubificoides sp. (immature Oligochaeta), Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri (Oligochaeta), and Chironomus salinarius (Chironomidae) were determined. Thus, it is observed that the presence of some indicator species supported eutrophic conditions qualitatively. As a result of this study, it was determined that Küçükçekmece Lagoon lake going on to expose the increasing pollution load.

Taxonomic study of the genus Cyprideis JONES, 1857 from the Pebas formation (Miocene), Iquitos (Peru), with description of three new species

The taxonomic analysis of the ostracods from the Pebas Formation, Iquitos, Peru, allowed the identification of eight genera and twenty-two species of which Cyprideis Jones, 1857 is the most abundant and diverse with three new species described: Cyprideis indianaensis sp. nov., Cyprideis soledadensis sp. nov., and Cyprideis santaelenae sp. nov. The species C. anterospinosa Purper and Ornellas1991, Cyprideis marginuspinosa Purper and Ornellas1991, Cyprideis retrobispinosa Purper and Pinto1983, and Cyprideis krsticae Purper and Pinto1985 are registered for the first time in the Pebas Formation. Based on the taxonomic composition of the ostracods an oligohaline lake or a slightly confined brackish water lagoon predominated during the middle to late Miocene in the studied area.