Red Lady Research Articles

Кондиціювання бульб картоплі як елемент технології стабілізації їх якості

At harvesting, transporting, loading and unloading and sorting potato tubers obtained mechanical damages. As a result of injury, the vacuole shells break and the polyphenols that are in them are oxidized by the action of oxygen in the air. Substances that are formed in this way the cause of denaturation of proteins and darkening of potato tubers [1]. As a result, potato consignments can contain up to 40% of products with darkened pulp. Most of all, tubers are injured, which were stored at a lower temperature (less than 6 °C). One of the technological methods, which reduce the level of injury, is the conditioning (heating) of potatoes at elevated temperatures. It was found that increasing the temperature of tubers from 2 to 14 °C helps to reduce their level of injury from 18 to 4% [2]. The purpose of the research: development of optimal temperature regimes for conditioning potato tubers to stabilize their quality. Potato tubers of companies HZPC (Netherlands) and Solana (Germany) which apply to two groups of ripeness: medium-early and medium-ripe were investigated. Potato tubers of the investigated varieties were heated from 4 °C (storage temperature) to 6-24 ° C (temperature change interval – 2 ° C). After than in the potatoes determine density of tubers, the degree of darkening of pulp and the number of darkened tubers. As a result, it was found that in the group of medium- early varieties the optimal conditioning temperature for the Red Lady variety is 8 °C, and for Satina and Mozart – 14 °C, and in the group of medium- ripe: 14 °C for Arosa and 18 °C for Sifra. There is a close relationship between the temperature of conditioning, the degree of pulp darkening and the number of tubers with darkened pulp. Thus, the minimum amount defect in quality of potatoes due to darkening of pulp was obtained: Satina – 5% (temperature – 16 °C), Red Lady – 4% (temperature 8 and 12 °C), Mozart – 2% (temperature 16 °C), Arosa – 6% (temperature 16 °C) and Sifra 3% (temperature 20 °C). Keywords: potato tubers, injury, pulp density, conditioning temperature, pulp darkening, quality stabilization

Lady in red

Se plantea como un espacio libre en el que el artista expresa su visión de mundo y sociedad por medio de una fotografía o ilustración, que es la cara de la actual edición. El autor acompaña su obra con un texto en el que explicará los referentes e influencias que motivaron el producto.

Standardization of Protocol for Best Blending Ratio of Papaya cv. Red Lady and Guava cv. Allahabad Safeda Fruit Pulp for Preparation of Fruit Bar

Standardization of Protocol for Best Blending Ratio of Papaya cv. Red Lady and Guava cv. Allahabad Safeda Fruit Pulp for Preparation of Fruit Bar

Efficiency of morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters related to sex expression in papaya

The papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a polygamous plant, it has three types of sex forms, viz. male, female and hermaphrodite. The efforts were made to identify sex expression based on morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters. The matured plants were uniformly maintained for nutrition and intercultural operations in the nethouse and parameters were recorded accordingly. For the tabulation and data analysis, four genotypes were grouped in male (M), female (F) and hermaphrodite (H) making eight treatments, i.e., Pusa Nanha (F), Pusa Nanha (M), P-7-2 × SA M (F), P-7-2 × SA M (M), Red Lady (F), Red Lady (H), P-9-5 (F) and P-9-5 (H). Results showed that the maximum number of plants expressed their sex type in a range of 46–60° orientation of petiole, higher leaf chlorophyll ‘a’ content (2.573 mg/g f.wt.), in hermaphrodite sex plants in Red Lady and P-9-5 and lower levels in male plants. The phenolic content was significantly higher in the female plants followed by the hermaphrodite and male counterparts at seedling stage. The lowest total phenols content (29.25 and 39.50 mg/100 g f.wt.) was in hermaphrodite plants of Red Lady and P-9-5, respectively compared to female plants but higher than male plants among the dioecious genotypes at 10-leaf stage. The significant difference in total phenols content among hermaphrodite types was in Red Lady and P-9-5. Leaf gas exchange parameters were also indicative of sex expression at seedling stage. In female plants, the maximum stomatal conductance (0.523 mmol m−2s−1) was recorded in Red Lady followed by (0.353 mmol m−2s−1 in P-9-5 in comparison to hermaphrodite (0.435 mmol m−2s−1) plant in Red Lady followed by (0.280 mmol m−2s−1 in P-9-5. However, minimum stomatal conductance was recorded in male plants. The higher stomatal conductance indicated feminism in papaya followed by hermaphrodite plants.

Physiological and biochemical alterations due to low temperature stress in papaya genotypes

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) being a typical tropical plant, is highly sensitive to low temperature stress. Thepresent experiment was conducted under completely controlled conditions of National Phytotron Facility, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi to investigate the effect of different low temperature regimes on antioxidant enzymes and otherphysiological and biochemical parameters in five papaya genotypes and one distant relative i.e., cold tolerant genus Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis. The outcomes suggested a genotype-specific substantial increase of antioxidant enzymes activities, viz., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) under the cold treatment regimes. The highest percent increase of SOD, APX, GPX and GR activities were found in the tolerant genotype V. cundinamarcensis, while the highest increase in CAT activity was observed in P-7-9 at the 20o/10oC (day/night) temperature regimeover the control. Low temperature regimes led to increase in membrane injury in papaya leaves possibly throughthe phase transition or oxidative damage of cell membrane due to ROS generation in the photosystem becauseof disruption in the photosynthetis process. The highest increase in the membrane injury index was noted ingenotype Red Lady (79.93%). The photosynthetic rate was severely reduced under the low temperature regimes. The total sugars and total soluble proteins content in papaya leaves were observed to increase under the lowtemperature regimes may be due to cold induced osmotic stress.

Non-host status of papaya cultivars to the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), in relation to the degree of fruit ripeness

AbstractPhytosanitary measures are a major barrier to trade in papaya. We assessed the infestation of tephritid fruit flies on different stages of maturity of papaya, to determine its non-host stage of maturity, for market access. Papaya fruits were collected from Kilifi and Embu counties, Kenya from March 2013 to December 2014, to assess the level of infestation by fruit flies according to the degree of fruit ripening. In all locations, no fruit fly infestation was recorded on papaya when fruits were at the 0, 25 and 50% yellow fruit ripening stage.Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel) was, however, observed attacking fruits when papaya fruits were at 75 and 100% all yellow (fully ripe fruit ripening stage) with infestations of 0.19−0.51B. dorsalis/kg fruit and 0.24−1.24B. dorsalis/kg fruit, respectively, in all locations. Field cage exposure ofB. dorsalisto fruits of five papaya cultivars—‘Papino’, ‘Neo Essence’, ‘Sunrise Solo’, ‘Tainung No. 1’ and ‘Tainung No. 2’ in Manica Province, Mozambique—showed thatB. dorsalisdid not infest fruits at 0, 25 and 50% yellow ripening stages at the densities of 50 and 100 flies per cage. However, at 75% yellow ripening stage, up to 13.1 pupae/kg of fruits was recorded at a density of 150 flies per cage in Tainung No. 1, and infestation ranged from 4.5 to 136 pupae/kg fruits at 100% yellow ripening stage across all the cultivars and infestation densities. Laboratory evaluation of volatiles emanating from freshly crushed papaya pulp of four cultivars: ‘Sunrise Solo’, ‘Red Lady’, ‘Papayi’ and ‘Apoyo’ on egg viability ofB. dorsalisshowed that at 0, 25 and 50% yellow, egg hatchability was inhibited, suggesting that semiochemical compounds present in green tissues of papaya prevent egg development, although this effect was variable across the four cultivars and ripening stages. Export papaya is harvested at less than 40% yellow ripening stage. Our results, therefore, suggest that quarantine treatment for fruits at this ripening stage is inconsequential, asB. dorsalisdoes not infest papaya fruits at this stage; thus, authorities should permit entry of these papaya cultivars of less than 40% yellow ripening stage to quarantine-sensitive markets.

Formation of economic properties of potato tubers depending on weather conditions

Today in the world there are many varieties of potatoes which differ as the duration of the growing season and other characteristics. Thus, in the State Register of plant varieties suitable for distribution in Ukraine in 2016 were registered 150 varieties of potatoes, which belong to five groups of ripeness. There is a close link between period of the growing season, weather conditions potato cultivation and accumulation of reserve substances, harvest, struc­ ture of harvest, marketability [1, 2]. Therefore, the aim of our research was to determine the influence of meteoro­ logical conditions, groups of ripeness on formation economic characteristics of potato tubers.
 In our studies used potato tubers which apply to two groups of ripeness: medium-early (Satina (standard), Red Lady and Mozart) and medium-ripe (Arosa (standard), Sifra). Potatoes were grown during 2012-2014 years in conditions of “Bioteh Ltd” (Kiev region Boryspil district Gorodyshche village), which is in a zone Forest Steppe of Ukraine.
 Weather conditions in vegetation periods 2013 and 2014 compared with 2012 were the better that promoted ob­ tain higher harvest of potato tubers. On the average during three years of studies high harvest observed in the group of medium-ripe (41.1 t/ha) as opposed to 33.5 t/ha in the medium-early group.
 The analysis of potato harvest showed that the most suitable for processing French Fries are varieties Satin which dominated tubers with coarse fraction (over 55 grams) – 50.4 % from total weight and partially – Arosa (30.7% in this fraction). Other varieties had the largest part in the fraction 45-55 grams (Red Lady – 57.2%; Mozart – 42.8%, Arosa – 41.5%; Sifra – 41.6%) and are therefore suitable for processing into Chips.
 Research marketability of harvest showed that the best result for this indicator in both groups of ripeness ob­ tained in control variants: 75.2-75.3% in the medium-early and 77.9 % in the medium-ripe.

Effect of plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of tissue cultured papaya (Carica papaya) cv. Red Lady

The present investigation was carried out to find out the response of plant growth regulators on the growth, yield and quality of tissue cultured papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv. Red Lady in Mizoram, north-east India. The study indicates that growth yield and quality of the papaya fruits were significantly influenced by plant growth regulators studied. Among treatments, the highest vegetative growth, yield attributing characters and yield were recorded with GA3 200 ppm. It also recorded maximum value with respect to different growth parameters, viz. plant height, girth and E-W and N-S spread. Treatment with 200 ppm GA3 also showed superiority in different yield-attributing characteristics, such as fruit set percentage, number of fruits/plant, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit circumference, fruit weight, and fruit volume. Quality parameters, such as TSS, acidity, total, reducing and non-reducing sugars of fruits, 400 ppm of ethrel, exhibited significantly maximum value.

Glucosides from the unripe fruit juice of Carica papaya Linn. (Caricaceae) cultivar ‘Red Lady’ with antioxidant activity

Natural antioxidants from Carica papaya (‘Red Lady’ cultivar) were investigated. Reversed phase chromatography of the fruit juice gave 12 fractions that were subjected to DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Purification of Cp7 afforded isopropyl 5-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-2-hydroxybenzoate (1) while the methanol fractions Cp8–10 afforded methyl β-D-glucopyranoside (2). This is the first report on the isolation of these compounds from C. papaya. Compound (1) showed significant DPPH radical scavenging capacity. Compound (2) was an isolate giving 77% DPPH and 81% hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, which are close or equal to the values for the standard ascorbic acid (98% DPPH and 81% hydroxyl radical scavenging activities).

Papaya production in India – history, present status and future prospects

India is the largest producer of papaya, contributing 42% of world production from 30% of the global area under papaya cultivation as per an FAO report for 2012. Papaya production in India during last fifty years can be divided into two phases: pre-World Trade Organization (WTO) until the early 1990s with predominantly dioecious cultivars when the country followed Nigeria, Mexico, Brazil and Indonesia and post-WTO after the mid-1990s when India became the world's largest papaya producer. Major changes in papaya cultivation occurred in the post-WTO period with the adoption of a gynodioecious cultivar 'Red Lady' which produced good quality, marketable fruits under moderate PRSV-P (Papaya ringspot virus-P) incidence. Cultivation improved with good agricultural practices, robust domestic demand and adequate seed supply. The area under papaya cultivation was 1.9% of the total area under fruit cultivation and its production was 6.6% of India's total fruit crops in 2012-2013. Papaya gave the highest per unit area yield (41 t ha-1) among fruit crops. The area under papaya cultivation in India and its production grew at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.2 and 7.1%, respectively, during last five decades. Yield of papaya increased five times from 7.7 t ha-1 in 1985 to 40.1 t ha-1 in 2013 at a CAGR of 6.8%. Presently, major papaya production comes from Southern and Western India. The most common channel of papaya marketing was “producer-agent-wholesaler-retailer-consumer.” Despite being the world's largest producer, India exported only meagre quantities of papaya. Future expansion of papaya cultivation is likely to succeed in the areas having congenial climate and less PRSV-P pressure. Considering the industry's growth rate of the last twenty years, its production is likely to reach 5.2 million t in 2020 and 6.8 million t in 2030. However, India's dependence on one cultivar is risky. Concerted efforts are required to provide more cultivar options to the farmers.

Heterosis Analysis for Fruityields in Papaya(Carica PapayaL.) Varieties

The experiment was conductedat HRCof SV P U A& T, Meerutusing 10 inbred lines of papaya verities in a line x tester mating design. They are namely Pusa Delicious, Pusa Giant, Pusa Nanha, Pant Papaya 1 and Papaya P S 1, which were taken as female and each was crossed with five males namely Red Lady, Pusa Delicious, Surya, Pusa Majesty and Pink Fleshed Sweet and their 25 crosses was carried out with three replications, Thereby making a total plant population of 525 in a crop season. The extent of the inbred lines on the basis of heritability estimates and the extent of heterosis. There were fifteen characters taken during the experimental period. The analysis of high heritability was observed at flowering stage for plant height (98.9), fruit length (98.0), fruit weight (97.9), fruits per plant (94.2), fruit girth (94.0), fruit yield/plant (91.2), petiole length (90.6), plant height (89.1), central cavity (84.9), TSS (79.8), flower initiation (79.0), plant girth (77.2), flowering (75.5) while, low heritability were observed for number of leaves at flowering (73.2) and pulp thickness (71.9). The maximum significant and positive value in plant height at flowering stage was observed for cross Pusa Giant x Red Lady (113.58). For improvement in yield, emphasis may be given to the characters like central cavity, plant girth, fruit girth, plant height, pulp thickness, fruit weightand fruit length. So, among the crosses Pusa Giant x Pink Fleshed Sweet, Papaya P S 1 x Surya and Pant Papaya 1 x Red Lady were found promising for commercial cultivation.

Evaluation of Different Papaya Cultivars for Yield, Quality and Papaya Ring Spot Disease under Pune Conditions

Papaya (Carica papaya L) is cultivated primarily in tropical and sub tropical regions. For several decades the global production of papaya has been threatened by papaya ring spot disease (PRSV). In this context, to access the suitability of different papaya cultivars to Pune conditions nine papaya cultivars were evaluated for growth, yield, quality and PRSV incidence. Three trials of this experiment were conducted at NARP, Ganeshkhind, Pune during the year 2009–10, 2010–11 and 2011–12. The pooled data revealed significant differences for all characters except fruit breadth. The cv Red Lady showed early flowering (70.4 DAP) which was at par with cv CO 2 (73.5 DAP), Pusa Nanha (73.7 DAP) and Pusa Dwarf (73.6 DAP). The cv Pusa Nanha recorded significantly lowest height at first flower (53.3cm). The maximum numbers of fruit/plant were recorded in cv Pusa Nanha (33.4). The cv Pusa Giant recorded maximum fruit weight (2.1kg) which was at par with cv Red Lady (2.0kg). The cv Pusa Giant recorded significantly maximum fruit yield/plant (66.1kg) The cv Red Leady revealed significantly superior fruit length (25.6cm) which was due to its elongated fruit shape. Regarding quality parameters viz. pulp thickness and TSS were maximum (3.1cm and 11.71 oBrix, respectively) in cv Red Lady. However, cv Pusa Majesty recorded maximum pulp yield (82.2%). Regarding PRSV incidence at 12 months after planting, it was observed that, cv Pusa Giant recorded minimum infection (65.4%), which was at par with cv CO 6 (66.0%) and CO 2 (66.9%). From present investigation cv Pusa Giant was found as a good yielder and also tolerant to ring spot disease among these nine papaya cultivars.

Nutritional composition in fruits of gynodioecious papaya genotypes

The experiment was carried out during 2014–15 to find out the nutritive value of female and hermaphrodite fruits of gynodioecious genotypes of papaya fruits to know their nutrient status. The fruits of five gynodioecious genotypes, namely, P-7-2, P-9-5, P-7-9, P-7-15 and commercial hybrid Red Lady, were evaluated for moisture content, protein, fibre, lycopene, β-carotene, phenols, flavonoids, and various antioxidant activities The total moisture per cent was found minimum (85.62) in P-7-9 followed by P-7-15 and P-9-5 (86.69). The maximum protein (8.71% on DW basis) was in P-9-5 and P-7-9. The lower moisture per cent, fibre, β-carotene, total phenols (31.79 mg GAE/100 g), flavonoids (31.75 mg QE/100 g) and free radical scavenging activity DPPH (0.27 μmol TE/g) were found significantly higher in hermaphrodite fruits of all gynodioecious genotypes. However, protein, lycopene and total carotene were observed higher in female fruits. Fruits of P-9-5 was found with highest amount of nutritive values, particularly total phenols, flavonoids and free radical scavenging activity DPPH followed by P-7-9, and P-7-15.

Lady in Red

Recent evidence supports the idea that women use red clothing as a courtship tactic, and results from one study further suggested that women were more likely to wear red on days of high fertility in their menstrual cycles. Subsequent studies provided mixed support for the cycle-phase effect, although all such studies relied on counting methods of cycle-phase estimation and used between-subjects designs. By comparison, in the study reported here, we employed frequent hormone sampling to more accurately assess ovulatory timing and used a within-subjects design. We found that women were more likely to wear red during the fertile window than on other cycle days. Furthermore, within-subjects fluctuations in the ratio of estradiol to progesterone statistically mediated the within-subjects shifts in red-clothing choices. Our results appear to represent the first direct demonstration of specific hormone measurements predicting observable changes in women’s courtship-related behaviors. We also demonstrate the advantages of hormonal determination of ovulatory timing for tests of cycle-phase shifts in psychology or behavior.

Effects of foliar application of boron on leaf boron content and yield of papaya cv. Red Lady

Effects of foliar application of boron on leaf boron content and yield of papaya cv. Red Lady

Microremains from El Mirón Cave human dental calculus suggest a mixed plant–animal subsistence economy during the Magdalenian in Northern Iberia

Despite more than a century of detailed investigation of the Magdalenian period in Northern Iberia, our understanding of the diets during this period is limited. Methodologies for the reconstruction of Late Glacial subsistence strategies have overwhelmingly targeted animal exploitation, thus revealing only a portion of the dietary spectrum. Retrieving food debris from calculus offers a means to provide missing information on other components of diet. We undertook analysis of human dental calculus samples from Magdalenian individuals (including the “Red Lady”) at El Mirón Cave (Cantabria, Spain), as well as several control samples, to better understand the less visible dietary components. Dental calculus yielded a diverse assemblage of microremains from plant, fungal, animal and mineral sources that may provide data on diet and environment. The types of microremains show that the individuals at El Mirón consumed a variety of plants, including seeds and underground storage organs, as well as other foods, including possibly bolete mushrooms. These findings suggest that plant and plant-like foods were parts of her diet, supplementing staples derived from animal foods. As faunal evidence suggests that the Magdalenian Cantabrian diet included a large proportion of animal foods, we argue here for a mixed subsistence pattern.

“The Red Lady of El Mirón”. Lower Magdalenian life and death in Oldest Dryas Cantabrian Spain: an overview

This synthesis article summarizes the multidisciplinary evidence and interpretations of the first substantial human burial of Magdalenian age to be discovered on the Iberian Peninsula. A robust, relatively tall, apparently healthy, probably female adult was buried at the rear of the living area in El Mirón Cave in the Cantabrian Cordillera of Spain about 18,700 calendar years ago. She had lived in the cold, open environment of Oldest Dryas, with a subsistence based on hunting mainly ibex and red deer, fishing salmon and some gathering of plants, including some starchy seeds and mushrooms. The technology of her group included the manufacture and use of stone tools and weapon elements made on both excellent-quality non-local flint and local non-flints, as well as antler projectile tips and bone needles. Her burial may have been marked by rock engravings suggestive of a female personage, by red ochre staining of a large block adjacent to her skeleton, and by engravings on the adjacent cave wall, and the burial layer itself was intensely stained with red ochre rich in specular hematite specially obtained from an apparently non-local source. The ochre may constitute the only demonstrable “grave offering”. The grave was partially disturbed by a carnivore of wolf size after the corpse had decomposed. Then, it is hypothesized that the skeleton was covered over again and (re-) stained by humans after they (or the carnivore) had removed the cranium and most of the large long bones.

The Magdalenian human burial of El Mirón Cave (Ramales de la Victoria, Cantabria, Spain): introduction, background, discovery and context

During the course of long-term excavations of El Mirón Cave in Cantabrian Spain, remains of an adult human woman were found in deposits dating to the Lower Magdalenian (18.9–18.7 cal. kya). Interred with abundant red ochre (including specular hematite crystals) in culturally rich sediments characterized by abundant lithic and osseous artifact assemblages, faunal remains dominated by red deer and ibex, with some marine shells from an Oldest Dryas shore ca. 25 km distant, the “Red Lady of El Mirón” was buried between the rear cave vestibule wall and a large block, both of which (but especially the latter-also stained with red ochre in proximity to the corpse) bear engravings, possibly symbolically related to the burial. The papers of this special issue of Journal of Archaeological Science present the stratigraphic and archeological contexts, environmental background, dating, taphonomy, spatial distribution, human osteology, dietary information of the skeleton, and the rock art, ochre, artifacts and faunas associated with this burial, the first major human interment of Magdalenian age to be discovered on the Iberian Peninsula.

Effect of potasssium fertilizer on growth, quality, yield and profitability of papaya (Carica papayaL.) cv. Red Lady

Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of potassium fertilizer on quality and production of papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv. Red lady-786 at four adjoining fields of farmers during two successive years from June, 2011 to July, 2013 in Sirohi (Rajasthan). The investigation comprised of seven treatments viz., 20 kg FYM + 300 g N + 300 g P, 20 kg compost + 300 g N + 300 g P, 10 kg vermicompost + 300 g N + 300 g P, 20 kg FYM + 300 g N + 300 g P + 300 g K, 20 kg compost + 300 g N + 300 g P + 300 g K, 10 kg vermicompost + 300 g N + 300 g P + 300 g K and absolute control. The incorporation of potassium fertilizer along with organic manures in papaya plants resulted in significant difference in yield and quality parameters compared to organic manures alone and absolute control but non-significant difference was observed on vegetative parameters. The application of 10 kg vermicompost + 300 g N + 300 g P + 300 g K plant−1year−1 resulted in maximum plant height (269.90 cm), stem girth (48.50 cm), number of leaves (48.30), leaf area (9.54 meter2), fruit weight (2.19 kg fruit−1) and yield plants−1 (92.28 kg) but statistically at par with FYM and compost along with 300 g N + 300 g P + 300g K plant−1year−1. Similarly, maximum per cent fruit set (46.45), yield ha−1 (2303 qt ha−1) and best quality parameters such as high TSS (13.5°Brix), and longer keeping quality (7.62 days) were recorded with the potassium when added with organic manures. The highest net return (9.50 lakh ha−1) and benefit: cost ratio (4.68) was also found with 10 kg vermicompost + 300 g N + 300 g P + 300 g K plant−1year−1, which indicate the overall suitability of potassium fertilizer in papaya crops. The incorporation of potassium fertilizer increased the resistance of plant also with delayed appearance of leaf curl virus and less number of infected papaya plants.

Management of PRSV-P in papaya through time of planting and border cropping

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of aphid population on incidence of Papaya ringspot virus type papaya (PRSV-P) by planting papaya during different months of the year (2010–12) at Experimental Farm of ICAR-IARI Regional Station, Pune. The population monitoring of aphid vectors of PRSV-P indicated peak population of aphids in January and low population from March onwards till September. Papaya (Red Lady) planted from February to April showed significantly less incidence of PRSV-P compared to those planted from September to January. Virus incidence recorded at flowering time was high (100%) in September to January plantation, while it was about 50–80% when planted in February to April. PRSV-P incidence on papaya planted in different months showed positive correlation with aphid population. PRSV-P tolerant papaya line, Pune Sel.-3, planted in March with maize as border crop showed reduced virus incidence of 5 to 31 per cent among different years.