Lactate Dehydrogenase Patterns Research Articles

Acclimation to warm temperatures modulates lactate and malate dehydrogenase isozymes in juvenile Horabagrus brachysoma (Günther)

Differential expression of isozymes enables fish to tolerate temperature fluctuations in their environment. The present study explores the modulation of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (sMDH) isozyme expression in the heart, muscle, brain, liver, gill, and kidney of juvenile Horabagrus brachysoma after 30 days of acclimation at 26, 31, 33, and 36°C. LDH and sMDH zymography were performed using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The zymography revealed five distinct bands of LDH isoenzymes (labelled from cathode to anode as LDH-A4, LDH-A3B1, LDH-A2B2, LDH-A1B3, and LDH-B4) and three distinct bands of sMDH isoenzymes (labelled from cathode to anode as sMDH-A2, sMDH-AB, and sMDH-B2), with considerable variation in their expression in the tissues. Acclimation to the test temperatures did not influence the expression patterns of LDH or sMDH isozymes. Densitometric analysis of individual isozyme bands revealed a reduction in the densities of bands containing the LDH-B and sMDH-B molecules, while the densities of bands containing the LDH-A and sMDH-A molecules increased in the gills and muscle, indicating the role of these organs in adaptive responses to thermal acclimation. However, the total densities of the LDH and sMDH isozymes increased with higher acclimation temperatures, indicating that adaptation to increased temperatures in H. brachysoma is primarily characterised by quantitative changes in isozyme expression.

Association of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozyme with prognosis of patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mCRCC).

709 Background: LDH isozyme is a tetramer of two subunits, H chain and M chain, and is present in all living tissue. Five types of molecular forms characterize the LDH pattern, and tumor tissues relatively consist LDH-4 and LDH-5, composed with a high ratio of the M chain, compared to normal tissues. This study analyzed the association between LDH isozyme and prognosis of mCRCC after nephrectomy. Methods: Clinical records of mCRCC patients those who were initially diagnosed M0 disease at Nippon Medical School between 2012 and 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. LDH isozyme values before operation and at time of metastasis were checked. Isozyme patterns were classified into 6 types, LDH 1-5 dominant and common type, according to the most composed molecular form. Results: Out of 38 patients, 33 patients (87%) were male, 5 patients (13%) were female. Median age was 65 years old (36-87). pT1 was seen in 3 cases, pT2 in 4, pT3 in 27, and pT4 in 4. Pathological grade 2 were 9 cases, G3 in 21, and G4 in 8. As for the IMDC risk, favourable was 2 cases (5%), intermediate in 26 (68%) and poor in 10 (26%). Median LDH was 163 IU/L (113-317), and isozyme dominant pattern were as follows: LDH-2 in 9 cases (24%), LDH-3 in 6 (16%), LDH-4 in 4, LDH-5 in 11. 8 cases were common type, and no cases showed LDH-1 dominant. Median time from surgery to recurrence was 10 months (1-104), median follow-up period after recurrence was 18 months (4-72). 16 deaths occurred. No significant correlation was seen between pre-operative LDH isozyme pattern and pathological grade or pT stage. Pre-operative LDH isozyme did not correlate with the time to recurrence (p=0.7420). The median OS for LDH-4 dominant at the time of metastasis was 10.9 months, significantly shorter than other isozyme types (P=0.0134). Conclusions: LDH-4 dominant isozyme pattern at the time of recurrence has a short OS, proposing as a prognostic predictor in mRCC.

Elevation of Lactate Dehydrogenase & its Isoenzyme Pattern in Pregnancy induced Hypertension: Etiopathogenesis and Consequences

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an intra cellular cytosolic enzyme, which play an important role in anaerobic Glycolysis. It is a tetramer having four subunits which may be all H type or all M type or it may be a mix of both these subunits. Preeclampsia is defined as a pregnancy-specific multi-systemic syndrome of widespread endothelial malfunction and vasospasm developing after 20 weeks of gestation. Analysis of Isoenzyme pattern of LDH is more important than Total LDH value, anaerobic form LDH is seen to be predominantly found in case of pre-eclampsia.

Multi-band echo-planar spectroscopic imaging of hyperpolarized 13 C probes in a compact preclinical PET/MR scanner.

Hyperpolarized (HP) 13 C MRI has enabled real-time imaging of specific enzyme-catalyzed metabolic reactions, but advanced pulse sequences are necessary to capture the dynamic, localized metabolic information. Herein we describe the design, implementation, and testing of a rapid and efficient HP 13 C pulse sequence strategy on a cryogen-free simultaneous positron emission tomography/MR molecular imaging platform with compact footprint. We developed an echo planar spectroscopic imaging pulse sequence incorporating multi-band spectral-spatial radiofrequency (SSRF) pulses for spatially coregistered excitation of 13 C metabolites with differential individual flip angles. Excitation profiles were measured in phantoms, and the SSRF-echo planar spectroscopic imaging sequence was tested in rats in vivo and compared to conventional echo planar spectroscopic imaging. The new sequence was applied for 2D dynamic metabolic imaging of HP [1-13 C]pyruvate and its molecular analog [1-13 C] -ketobutyrate at a spatial resolution of 5 mm × 5 mm × 20 mm and temporal resolution of 4 s. We also obtained simultaneous 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography data for comparison with HP [1-13 C]pyruvate data acquired during the same scan session. Measured SSRF excitation profiles corresponded well to Bloch simulations. Multi-band SSRF excitation facilitated efficient sampling of the multi-spectral kinetics of [1-13 C]pyruvate and [1-13 C] - . Whereas high pyruvate to lactate conversion was observed in liver, corresponding reduction of -ketobutyrate to [1-13 C] -hydroxybutyrate ( HB) was largely restricted to the kidneys and heart, consistent with the known expression pattern of lactate dehydrogenase B. Advanced 13 C SSRF imaging approaches are feasible on our compact positron emission tomography/MR platform, maximizing the potential of HP 13 C technology and facilitating direct comparison with positron emission tomography.

Clinical Courses of HeartMate II Left Ventricular Assist Device Thrombosis.

We observed different temporal patterns of HeartMate II left ventricular assist device (LVAD) thrombosis regarding clinical manifestations and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) trends. We propose nomenclature for classification of LVAD thrombosis and compare patient characteristics and outcomes in each pattern of LVAD thrombosis. We reviewed electronic medical records of 362 consecutive HeartMate II devices implanted at Cleveland Clinic from October 2008 to July 2014. We categorized clinical courses of confirmed device thrombosis based on clinical manifestations and LDH patterns. Patients' characteristics, clinical variables, and outcomes were collected for comparison. From a total of 19 confirmed device thromboses, we categorized the patterns of thrombosis into three distinctive types; abrupt thrombosis (Type 1), subacute thrombosis (Type 2), and asymptomatic hemolysis (Type 3). Abrupt thrombosis (Type 1) tended to be the most morbid clinical course with acute-onset thrombosis at 56.5 (interquartile range: 44-71) days, all New York Heart Association functional class III or IV at presentation. Death and need for surgical intervention were not different in each pattern. Asymptomatic hemolysis had unique comorbidities of preexisting cardiac thrombi and preoperative bacteremia. Confirmed LVAD thrombosis has different patterns of clinical presentation and each pattern of thrombosis has unique characteristics and clinical manifestations.

Lactate dehydrogenase in fish spermatozoa and its role in sperm cell bioenergetics

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in spermatozoa of three fish species was studied to determine its role in sperm cell bioenergetics in normal and polluted conditions. The adenylate energy charge (AEC) has been used as the measure of energy storage for adenine nucleotide pool of living cells and tributyltin (TBT) as a model toxicant. It was demonstrated that carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 spermatozoa exhibit higher LDH activity than catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) and herring Clupea harengus Linnaeus, 1758 spermatozoa. Native electrophoretic pattern of LDH from spermatozoa compared to somatic tissues extract shows nine LDH isoenzymes in carp spermatozoa, two LDH isoenzymes in herring and one LDH isoenzyme in catfish spermatozoa. It was confirmed that lactate plus pyruvate, which are the substrates for LDH seems to maintain AEC value. It indicates ATP synthesis in tricarboxylic acid cycle prevails upon the ATP utilization in catfish spermatozoa. It was noticed that LDH-B4 is more strongly inhibited by TBT in herring than the nine LDH isoenzymes in carp spermatozoa which confirms that herring spermatozoa may be more sensitive for pollution by decreasing their energetic state. LDH role in maintaining physiological bioenergetic state of spermatozoa is also discussed.

The value of tumor markers in men with metastatic prostate cancer undergoing [177Lu]Lu‐PSMA therapy

Currently, prostate-specific membrane antigen-radioligand therapy (PSMA-RLT) is considered a last-line treatment option in advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer. Despite these patients' poor prognosis, accurate estimation of their overall survival (OS) is essential to determine whether benefits exist from the treatment and whether the loss of valuable time and unnecessary side effects can be avoided. The aim of the present study is to evaluate whether various biochemical markers can predict OS in men undergoing PSMA-RLT and whether the changes assessed after PSMA-RLT correlate with the OS. The tested tumor markers in this retrospective analysis were alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), chromogranin A, and pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (pro-GRP). For the evaluation, we performed blood tests before each PSMA-RLT cycle and during follow-up visits (which were 2-3 months apart). All patients were followed up until their deaths. To test the correlations between the tumor markers and survival, we conducted the logrank tests and the multivariate Cox proportional-hazards regression model. The significance level was set at P < .05. The study included 137 patients who received a total of 487 PSMA-RLT cycles between January 2015 and November 2017. Of the tested biochemical tumor markers, baseline ALP (120 U/L cut-off), LDH (248 U/L cut-off), and PSA (first quartile cut-off) correlated significantly with survival post-PSMA-RLT (P < .001 for ALP and LDH, and P = .007 for PSA). Stable and/or decreased values in most of the initially abnormal parameters were associated with significantly better OS; these parameters were ALP (P = .009), LDH (P = .005), PSA (P < .001), and pro-GRP (P = .013). The BAP and ALP responses also correlated significantly with survival in patients with bone metastases (P = .002 and P < .001, respectively). Furthermore, there was a strong correlation of the kinetic patterns of PSA, ALP, BAP, and LDH with the survival, showing that patients with steadily increasing markers had the shortest OS. Along with the established tumor marker PSA, ALP, LDH, BAP, and pro-GRP were correlated with the OS post-PSMA-RLT in the univariate and multivariate analyses.

Dynamic prediction of left ventricular assist device pump thrombosis based on lactate dehydrogenase trends

AimsThe risk of HeartMate II (HMII) left ventricular assist device (LVAD) thrombosis has been reported, and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a biomarker of haemolysis, increases secondary to LVAD thrombosis. This study evaluated longitudinal measurements of LDH post‐LVAD implantation, hypothesizing that LDH trends could timely predict future LVAD thrombosis.Methods and resultsFrom October 2004 to October 2014, 350 HMIIs were implanted in 323 patients at Cleveland Clinic. Of these, patients on 339 HMIIs had at least one post‐implant LDH value (7996 total measurements). A two‐step joint model combining longitudinal biomarker data and pump thrombosis events was generated to assess the effect of changing LDH on thrombosis risk. Device‐specific LDH trends were first smoothed using multivariate boosted trees, and then used as a time‐varying covariate function in a multiphase hazard model to analyse time to thrombosis. Pre‐implant variables associated with time‐varying LDH values post‐implant using boostmtree were also investigated. Standardized variable importance for each variable was estimated as the difference between model‐based prediction error of LDH when the variable was randomly permuted and prediction error without permuting the values. The larger this difference, the more important a variable is for predicting the trajectory of post‐implant LDH. Thirty‐five HMIIs (10%) had either confirmed (18) or suspected (17) thrombosis, with 15 (43%) occurring within 3 months of implant. LDH was associated with thrombosis occurring both early and late after implant (P < 0.0001 for both hazard phases). The model demonstrated increased probability of HMII thrombosis as LDH trended upward, with steep changes in LDH trajectory paralleling trajectories in probability of pump thrombosis. The most important baseline variables predictive of the longitudinal pattern of LDH were higher bilirubin, higher pre‐implant LDH, and older age. The effect of some pre‐implant variables such as sodium on the post‐implant LDH longitudinal pattern differed across time.ConclusionsLongitudinal trends in surveillance LDH for patients on HMII support are useful for dynamic prediction of pump thrombosis, both early after implant and late. Incorporating upward and downward trends in LDH that dynamically update a model of LVAD thrombosis risk provides a useful tool for clinical management and decisions.

Alteration of paraoxonase, arylesterase and lactonase activities in people around fluoride endemic area of Tamil Nadu, India

BackgroundToxicity due to excess fluoride concentration in drinking water is of great concern in people who rely only on the ground water as their water source in many region of the world. MethodsWe collected samples and examined the toxicity of fluoride in a population residing at Salem, Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri districts of Tamil Nadu, India and measured HDL bound enzyme (PON1), erythrocyte membrane bound enzymes (acetylcholinesterase, AChE) and adenosine 5′ triphosphatase (ATPases), plasma enzyme (butyrylcholinesterase, BChE) and rate limiting enzyme in heme biosynthesis (delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, δ-ALAD) activities. ResultsIn fluorosis patients, formation of lipid peroxidation product was more in erythrocytes than in plasma. The observation further revealed that there was 50% reduction in the activity of HDL bound anti atherogenic enzyme-paraoxonase (PON1). The activities of membrane bound and signaling enzymes (acetylcholinesterase - AChE and adenosine 5′ triphosphatase - ATPase) of erythrocyte were also diminished. These results suggested that there was defectiveness in the signaling and energy metabolism in fluorosis patients. Altered isoenzyme pattern of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in fluorosis samples was observed. Furthermore, the result suggested that both the heart (LDH 1) and liver (LDH 5) were most affected by fluoride toxicity. The study also provided reference values for tests which are used to predict the severity of fluoride toxicity. ConclusionThe toxic effect of fluoride was due to the collective effects on vital protective system rather than single factor.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Based Metabolomics of Human Filtered Serum: A Great White Hope in Appraisal of Chronic Stable Angina and Myocardial Infarction.

Biochemical detection of chronic stable angina (CSA) and myocardial infarction (MI) are challenging. To address the shortcomings of the conventional biochemical approach for detection of MI, we applied serum lacking proteins and lipoprotein-based metabolomics in an approach using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy for screening of coronary artery disease (CAD) and especially MI. Our aim was to discover differential biomarkers among subjects with normal coronary (NC), CSA, and MI. The study comprised serum samples from nondiabetic angiographically proven CAD [CSA (n = 88), MI (n = 90)] and NC (n = 55). 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to acquire metabolomics data. Clinical variables such as troponin I (TI), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), creatine kinase (CK, CK-MB, CK-MM), serum creatinine, and lipid profiles were also measured in all subjects. Metabolomic data and clinical measures were appraised separately using a chemometric approach and ROC analysis. The screening outcomes revealed that the pattern of methylguanidine, lactate, creatinine, threonine, aspartate, and trimethylamine (TMA), and TI, LD, CK, and serum creatinine were changed in CAD compared to NC. Statistical analysis demonstrated high precision (93.6% by NMR and 67.4% by clinical measures) to distinguish CAD from NC. Further analysis indicated that methylguanidine, arginine, and threonine, and TI, LD, and serum creatinine were significantly changed in CSA compared to MI. Statistical analysis demonstrated high accuracy (88.2% by NMR and 92.1% by clinical measures) to discriminate CSA from MI. In contrast to other laboratory methods, 1H NMR-based metabolomics of filtered sera appears to be a robust, rapid, and minimally invasive approach to probe CSA and MI.

Evaluation of Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase and Soluble Interleukin-2 Receptor in Malignant Lymphoma

Background: In lymphoma patients, it is believed that serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) reflects the tumor mass and that soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) is indicative of activated T-cell reaction. Although it is important to characterize the pattern of LDH and sIL-2R in each subtype of lymphoma, limited information is available on this topic. We investigated LDH and sIL-2R in patients with representative subtypes of lymphoma.Patients and Methods: In the Yokohama City University Hematology Group Lymphoma Database, 3,484 untreated patients were registered between 1996 and 2014. We extracted the data of 3,005 patients with the 8 following subtypes: follicular lymphoma (FL), mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALT), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), Burkitt lymphoma (BL), Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), and extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma (ENKL). In this retrospective study, we included 2,889 patients in whom both LDH and sIL-2R were recorded. We used the Kruskal-Wallis test to compare LDH and to compare sIL-2R in all 8 subtypes. Each subtype was compared using the Dwass, Steel, Critchlow-Fligner test (multiple comparison test).Results: The 2,889 patients consisted of 1,630 men and 1,259 women, with a median age of 65 years (range, 15-95 years). The median LDH was 1.0 x upper normal limit (N) (range, 0.1 N–53.9 N). The median sIL-2R was 1,150 U/ml (range, 53-142,000 U/ml). The distribution of lymphoma subtypes was as follows: 584 FL (20%), 219 MALT (8%), 82 MCL (3%), 1,579 DLBCL (54%), 39 BL (1%), 162 HL (6%), 162 PTCL (6%), and 62 ENKL (2%). Overall, LDH as well as sIL-2R showed significant difference in the 8 subtypes (P < .0001 for both). The median values of LDH and sIL-2R in each subtype were as follows: 0.9 N and 1,114 U/ml in FL, 0.8 N and 467 U/ml in MALT, 1.15 N and 4,460 U/ml in MCL, 1.1 N and 1,230 U/ml in DLBCL, 2.4 N and 1,700 in BL, 1.0 N and 1,460 U/ml in HL, 1.2 N and 3,193 U/ml in PTCL, and 1.0 N and 679 U/ml in ENKL, respectively. In LDH analysis, BL showed higher value than any other subtypes and MALT showed lower value than any other subtypes. In sIL-2R analysis, MCL showed a higher value than any other B-cell lymphomas, except for BL, and MALT showed lower value than any other subtypes. In the comparison of the most frequent subtypes of FL and DLBCL, LDH was significantly higher in DLBCL (P < .0001); however, sIL-2R was not significantly different (P = 0.31). The correlation between LDH and sIL-2R in each subtype was depicted in the Figure. The diameter of the circle indicated the number of patients.Conclusion: Our findings suggested that the tumor mass was greatest in BL and that T-cell reaction was greater in MCL. Furthermore, both tumor mass and T-cell reaction were lowest in MALT. [Display omitted] DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Correlation of Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzyme Profile With Outcome in Patients With Advanced Colorectal Cancer Treated With Chemotherapy and Bevacizumab or Cediranib: Retrospective Analysis of the HORIZON I Study

IntroductionBevacizumab improves outcome for patients with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) when added to chemotherapy. The HORIZON I trial resulted in similar outcome with bevacizumab or cediranib, a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor, as treatment of advanced CRC. The spectrum of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme expression was examined in serum samples of HORIZON I participants to identify biomarkers predictive of efficacy of VEGF pathway inhibitors. Materials and MethodsTotal LDH levels, as well as LDH isoenzyme levels in frozen baseline serum samples, were retrospectively evaluated. Total LDH serum levels measured during the study, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were available from the HORIZON I study data. ResultsTotal LDH levels measured in the frozen serum samples correlated with those measured in fresh samples. The expected reciprocal correlation was found between hypoxic and oxic LDH isoenzymes. High total LDH correlated with shorter PFS, and high hypoxia-related LDH isoenzymes correlated with shorter PFS and OS. The difference in outcome of the cediranib-treated patients vs. those treated with bevacizumab was not substantially different in the various LDH isoform expression subgroups. In patients with a hypoxic LDH pattern of expression, there was a nonsignificant trend of better outcome in cediranib-treated patients. ConclusionEvaluation of total LDH and its isoforms in frozen serum samples is feasible. High total LDH and high hypoxic LDH isoenzymes were associated with poor prognosis. Further studies are needed to evaluate the predictive value of LDH isoenzyme expression pattern for VEGF-pathway inhibition efficacy.

Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns in auricular pseudocyst fluid

We investigated lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns in the cyst fluid of auricular pseudocysts and autogenous blood, to assist the diagnosis of auricular pseudocyst. Twenty patients with auricular pseudocysts participated in this study conducted in Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital between February 2007 and June 2010. Patterns of lactate dehydrogenase in cyst fluid and autogenous blood were analysed. Levels of lactate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 were lower in auricular pseudocysts than in autogenous blood, whereas levels of lactate dehydrogenase 4 and 5 were higher; this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns in auricular pseudocyst fluid indicated higher percentage distributions of lactate dehydrogenase 4 and 5 and lower percentage distributions of lactate dehydrogenase 1 and 2. An effective laboratory method of evaluating the different lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme components was developed; this method may improve the accuracy of auricular pseudocyst diagnosis.

Synergism between paraoxonase Arg 192 and the angiotensin converting enzyme D allele is associated with severity of coronary artery disease

Toxicity due to excess fluoride concentration in drinking water is of great concern in people who rely only on the ground water as their water source in many region of the world.We collected samples and examined the toxicity of fluoride in a population residing at Salem, Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri districts of Tamil Nadu, India and measured HDL bound enzyme (PON1), erythrocyte membrane bound enzymes (acetylcholinesterase, AChE) and adenosine 5′ triphosphatase (ATPases), plasma enzyme (butyrylcholinesterase, BChE) and rate limiting enzyme in heme biosynthesis (delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, δ-ALAD) activities.In fluorosis patients, formation of lipid peroxidation product was more in erythrocytes than in plasma. The observation further revealed that there was 50% reduction in the activity of HDL bound anti atherogenic enzyme-paraoxonase (PON1). The activities of membrane bound and signaling enzymes (acetylcholinesterase - AChE and adenosine 5′ triphosphatase - ATPase) of erythrocyte were also diminished. These results suggested that there was defectiveness in the signaling and energy metabolism in fluorosis patients. Altered isoenzyme pattern of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in fluorosis samples was observed. Furthermore, the result suggested that both the heart (LDH 1) and liver (LDH 5) were most affected by fluoride toxicity. The study also provided reference values for tests which are used to predict the severity of fluoride toxicity.The toxic effect of fluoride was due to the collective effects on vital protective system rather than single factor.

The isoenzyme pattern of LDH does not play a physiological role; except perhaps during fast transitions in energy metabolism

A paper describing increased brain lactate concentration with age recently caught our attension [1]. The proposed explanation for the increased brain lactate with age was a shift in the brain lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme pattern, which also occurred with age. While the observations are highly interesting, we found the explanation unlikely under steady state conditions, since LDH is regarded a near-equilibrium reaction and since the equilibrium constant of all the LDH isoenzymes, of course, are the same [2]. We therefore decided to evaluate the question further, including a brief historical review, since a quick examination of common textbooks of biochemistry on the LDH isoenzyme question suggests that it is in fact common place to confer significant physiological importance to the different kinetic properties of the isoforms of LDH [3-9]

The primary role of iron-mediated lipid peroxidation in the differential cytotoxicity caused by two varieties of talc nanoparticles on A549 cells and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect exerted by ascorbic acid

Talc particles, the basic ingredient in different kinds of talc-based cosmetic and pharmaceutical products, pose a health risk to pulmonary and ovarian systems due to domestic and occupational exposures. Two types of talc nanoparticles depending on the source of geographical origin – indigenous- and commercial talc nanoparticles were assessed for their potential in vitro toxicity on A549 cells; along with indigenous conventionally used microtalc particles. Cell viability, determined through live/dead staining and 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, decreased as a function of concentration, origin and size of particles. Both varieties of talc nanoparticles differentially induced lipid peroxidation (LPO), which was correlated with the pattern of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and glutathione (GSH) depletion. Relatively higher cytotoxicity of indigenous nanotalc could be attributed to its higher content of iron as compared to commercial nanotalc. The known scavenger of ROS, l-ascorbic acid significantly inhibited LPO induction due to talc particles. Data suggest that nanotalc toxicity on A549 cells was mediated through oxidative stress, wherein role of iron-mediated LPO was much pronounced in differential cytotoxicity.

Interaction of IBA and NAA with enzymes in root induction of Crocus sativus (L)

Effect of auxin type on some antioxidative enzymes during in vitro root induction of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) was investigated to reveal the variation of activities and isoenzyme banding patterns during root induction of saffron (C. sativus L.). Indole-3- butyric acid (IBA) and naphtalene acetic acid (NAA) at different concentrations were added to the solidified MS or B5 medium. Corm explants of saffron were placed on root inducing media and enzyme levels in explants prior or after adventitious root formation were measured and compared. Percentage of root formation on B5 medium containing 2.46 iM IBA was highest; however the maximum number of root per explant and per cm2 observed on MS medium with 19.6 iM IBA. Significant changes occurred in the activities of these enzymes. Some polymorphisms occurred in patterns of lactate dehydrogenase and esterase during root induction in different treatments.

An Electrophoretic Study of LDH-Isozyme Distribution in Developing Embryonic and Adult Tissues of the Toad Bufo arabicus

Lactate (LDH) dehydrogenases were studied by electrophoresis to investigate the possibility of isozymic differences in different stages and organs of B. arabicus embryos, tadpoles and adults. The expression pattern of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes was analysed using nondenaturing discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Five LDH isozymes were observed in five different adult tissues. The most cathodal isozyme LDH-5 (A4) showed the strongest activity. All embryonic stages tested displayed the anodic isozymes first. Four LDH isozymes were present in the stages 1-16 (fertilized egg-tail bud stage). The first appearance of the fifth isozyme was detected in stage 17 when the muscular response started. This isozyme showed gradual increase in intensity from stage 17 to stage 43.

Comparison of Activities of Enzymes Related to Energy Metabolism in Peripheral Leukocytes and Livers between Holstein Dairy Cows and ICR Mice

Activities of enzymes related to energy metabolism and isoenzyme patterns of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined in peripheral leukocytes and livers of Holstein dairy cows and Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice. In dairy cow liver, activities of enzymes in glycolysis, malate-aspartate shuttle and lipogenesis were lower, but activities of glucose-6-phosphatase in gluconeogenesis were higher than those in mouse liver. Glucokinase activities were below detection limit in leukocytes and liver of the cows. Dairy cow leukocytes and liver showed the isoenzyme patterns with dominance of LDH-1, -2 and-3, whereas mouse leukocytes and liver showed that LDH-5 was dominant. The LDH isoenzyme patterns were very similar between leukocytes and liver in each animal species. Some enzymes in leukocytes may reflect those enzymes activities in liver and be a useful indicator for energy metabolism in animals.

Raised Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase associated with gangrenous small bowel volvulus: A case report

Usually CPK, CK-MB and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes are measured in blood during the period of myocardial infarction. The changes in LDH assay indicates duration of the infarction.The level of lactate dehydrogenase is 500 times greater in tissue than those found in serum. A small mass of damaged tissue causes leakage of enzyme and increases its level in serum.Any cause of tissue break down/hemolysis which is sufficiently severe can produce LDH pattern similar to that in myocardial infarction.We report this case of small bowel volvulus showing significant increase in LDH.It may be due to tissue necrosis which increases the level of LDH in serum.