Lack Of Legitimacy Research Articles

최씨 집권기 김약선·김경손의 정치노정

Kim Yak-sun was trusted by Choi-Yi and appointed as his successor. However due to excessive power expansion, such as marriage to the royal family, Choi-Yi was wary and finally killed. After Kim Yak-sun’ death, Choi-Yi moved Choi-Hang, a low birth and raised him as his successor. Kim Yak-sun’ son Kim-Mi had trouble, but Choi-Hang took power. Since taking power, Choi-Hang has been wary of Kim Kyung-son and sent him to exile. Kim Kyung-son was so famous at the time that Choi-Hang was jealous. Kim Kyung-son was not involved in Kim-Mi’s case, He tried to behave himself properly but Choi-Hang finally killed him. Choi-Hang also killed her blood relative, stepmother dae her son Oh Seung-jeok and Jeong-an after exile. This is due to the lack of inferiority and political insight caused by the low social limitations of Choi-Hang and lack of legitimacy. And it shows the limitations of Choi’s regime to build a power base around Choi’s a family slave.

Navigating network governance: the role of social enterprise in local employment services

ABSTRACT Neoliberalisation of welfare has stimulated growth of hybrid organizational forms – including social enterprises – that bridge welfare objectives and market models of service provision. However, the role of social enterprises in governance networks remains underexplored. Drawing on a comparative case analysis of four work integration social enterprises (WISEs) in Australia, this paper examines how WISE operate within local employment services systems and labour markets. We find WISEs both attract non-traditional resources and generate social value in new ways as an effect of their hybrid organizational arrangements. However, their effectiveness is constrained by lack of legitimacy within supralocal governance systems.

When cultures collide: What can we learn from frictions in the implementation of design thinking?

AbstractIncreasing interest in the use of design thinking (DT) in innovation has called into question its integration in organizational settings. We draw upon literature on management innovation and new practice implementation that highlights potential cultural conflicts between the values and assumptions underpinning the new practice and the culture of the organization that adopts it. We investigate thecultural fit between DT and the adopting firmthrough qualitative studies of 13 cases of DT implementation in large established firms complemented with data collected during eight workshops with DT practitioners and scholars. We abductively propose a cultural archetype of DT comprising eight dimensions:subjective and aesthetic ways of knowing,long‐term and nonlinear views about time,intrinsic motivation and sense of purpose,flexibility and change,relationships,empathy,and emotions at work,collaboration and inclusion,team autonomy and informality, andexternal orientation. We identify challenges and consequences associated with cultural misfits encountered in the implementation of DT:lack of legitimacy,lack of depth,disengagement,incrementalism,poor teamwork and alienation,collaboration lip service,micromanaged processes, andlack of external orientation. We thus (i) develop a characterization of DT by providing a detailed cultural archetype that we discuss relative to previous literature on DT and (ii) enrich the research on the recursive relationship between organizational culture and DT implementation, contributing to research on emotions in management and innovation culture. We also (iii) contribute to research on the challenges encountered by firms when adopting DT, extending the research on difficulties linked to cultural misfits when implementing new practices. Finally, we (iv) contribute to research on practice implementation and management innovation by highlighting the interplay between cultural fit, legitimacy, and the implementation climate.

“Maybe I imagined it, maybe it really was all just childish play”: Complexity and ambiguity in survivors' perceptions of harmful preadolescent sexual behavior

BackgroundHarmful preadolescent sexual behavior (HPSB) is an understudied phenomenon in the field of child sexual abuse (CSA). ObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to analyze and describe the experiences and perceptions of adult survivors of HPSB. Participants and setting16 survivors of HPSB were recruited as part of a purposeful sample. Their ages at the time of the study ranged from 21 to 50; they were Jewish-Israeli, secular, and Hebrew-speaking. MethodsSemi-structured interviews and qualitative thematic analysis were conducted based on a descriptive phenomenological-psychological approach. ResultsParticipants described elements of complexity in their perceptions of the “truthiness” of their memories and the mutuality of the HPSB experiences, as well as their primacy, seriousness, and life impact. They also described elements of support during disclosure, but mostly exposed the challenges and hardship involved, particularly the lack of legitimacy in exposing harmful sexual behavior perpetrated by other children. ConclusionsBoth the HPSB experiences themselves and the subsequent disclosure contributed to the development of detached, mistrustful identities among the participants.

Iranian nurses\u2019 attitudes towards the necessity and barriers to developing nurse prescribing roles

BackgroundPrescribing medication by nurses as an approach to rational drug prescription has been proposed in many countries. Nursing prescribing is an effective measure in the management of critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU). This study investigated the attitude of ICU nurses towards the necessity and the barriers to developing nursing prescribing.Materials and methodsIn this cross-sectional study, 136 ICU nurses were included by stratified random sampling. The data collection tool was the researcher-made questionnaire. Cronbach’s alpha method was used to evaluate the reliability of the instrument. The validity of the instrument was also verified by the content validity method. To collect the data, the researcher referred to the nurses’ workplace and provided them with a questionnaire and collected it after completion.The collected data were analyzed by IBM SPSS 16 using descriptive and inferential statistics.ResultsIt was revealed that 58.8 % of nurses were familiar with the term ‘nursing prescribing’; a majority (92.1 %) of whom considered it vital to develop this role in the ICU. Moreover, 86 % (n = 98) of the nurses assumed that it is possible to implement this role in ICU. The most potential barriers to its implementation were lack of legitimacy, disapproval of physicians, and the reluctance of nursing managers.ConclusionsMost nurses maintained a positive attitude towards nursing prescribing; hence, its legitimacy seems vital in ICUs. For the development of the ‘nurse prescribing’ role, the Nursing System Organization may be helpful.

Shaping Aquaculture Management—An Interest Tug O’ War

(1) Background: Although Norwegian aquaculture has experienced tremendous development, environmental challenges limit opportunities for growth. To promote environmentally sustainable industry growth, a new spatial management regime was introduced: the Traffic Light System (TLS). However, with a focus on environmental sustainability and economic growth, the new regime largely ignores important factors for industry development: legitimacy and acceptance. (2) Methods: This study used qualitative methods such as interviews and document analysis. (3) Results: The results showed how aquaculture stakeholders perceive and weigh the dimensions of sustainability. Low social sustainability, owing to low content legitimacy and acceptance, places stakeholders in an interest tug o’ war. (4) Conclusions: Legitimacy and acceptance are prerequisites for industry growth, which may ultimately affect the objective of sustainable growth. In particular, a lack of legitimacy and acceptance may affect procedural legitimacy and thus the long-standing institutional setup in Norway.

A legitimacy perspective on sharing economy consumption in the accommodation sector

ABSTRACT This research adopts a consumer focus in examining the impact of perceived legitimacy of sharing economy platforms on attitude and behavioural intention in the accommodation sector. By investigating tourist adoption of sharing economy platforms from a legitimacy perspective, this research differs from past studies which focused on characteristics of new services to predict adoption. Results show that (1) tourists evaluate legitimacy through comparisons with traditional offers in the accommodation sector rather than with other sharing economy offers, (2) lack of legitimacy has a negative effect on guest behavioural intentions and (3) this effect is moderated by relativism. Even though sharing economy platforms’ commercial success may imply that they are enjoying a high level of legitimacy in the eyes of tourists, our results suggest that tourists act as societal actors and that the legitimacy issues raised by the sharing economy are relevant to them and inform their decisions.

Adaptive project management for the civil society sector: towards an academic research agenda

In order to react adequately to the complex, fast-changing and politicised environments in which development projects operate, donors have started adopting more adaptive project management approaches. Projects dealing with civil society actors in particular are said to benefit from adaptive management. As adaptive management largely depends on locally led and politically smart programming, it is presented as one avenue for addressing long-standing problems of civil society organisations, such as donor dependency, lack of legitimacy and accountability issues. However, the evidence base concerning the effects of adaptive management is scarce and rather anecdotal and an overarching definition of adaptive management has not been established. In order to work towards an academic research agenda for adaptive management, the article systematically reviews twenty-one case studies to generate insights into what donors and implementers consider as adaptive practices, their perceived effects, obstacles and derived recommendations. The article thus contributes to identifying which actors are driving the adaptive agenda, which practices are considered as adaptive, what we can learn from first pilot interventions and which research gaps can be derived from this analysis.

Krajowa Rada Narodowa i Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego w państwie prawa. Stanowiska doktryny

<p>The establishment of the communist regime in Poland in 1944 is a current subject of reflection in the doctrine and practice of legislation and judiciary. There has been no uniform position on these events, which means that the then sanctioned political and normative order continues to produce controversial assessments and, above all, certain legal effects. This results from the fact that the new people’s power, empowered by force, and not by legal or social basis, has given itself the competence to establish a normative order. The lack of legitimacy for the rightful rule and legislative activity, in principle – from the point of view of the idea of the rule of law – undermines the political and legal status of the people’s authorities. This is all the more so because the system of unified power and sources of law created at that time was evidence of building a totalitarian state modelled on the Soviet Union. The events and legal behaviours of that time led to numerous, often radical changes in many areas of private and public life. They caused certain social and material effects, difficult to reverse today, which Polish society still faces. Therefore, modern standards of the rule of law require that public authorities undertake comprehensive and effective activity. They require that the principles of just and fair compensation for material damage and compensation for moral losses resulting from the rule of this system be implemented. This seems all the more important because some regulations of the people’s power, especially those concerning changes in the ownership structure, are still in force and form the basis of court and Constitutional Tribunal decisions.</p>

From silence to recognition: Swedish social services and the handling of honor-based violence

ABSTRACT Societal norms and values along with laws and regulations strongly influence social work, as do megatrends as globalisation and migration. International agreements on human rights with special focus on violence against women have drawn attention to domestic violence, including honor-based violence (HBV). The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors that affect social workers’ ability to work within the area of HBV and their experiences of their current work situation. Based on a qualitative approach using in-depth interviews with Swedish social workers, the study shows that HBV is not a new phenomenon in social work, but that unfamiliarity and a lack of legitimacy have made it difficult for social workers to deal with the issue. Inspired by recognition theory, a picture emerges of a profession with low mandates and low recognition that lacks resources regarding education, guidelines and a common view on how HBV should be identified and handled, both within the social workers’ own organisation and in other authorities. The dynamics of HBV and approaches to the issue require a present state and legislative support. Social workers also need support from researchers in the field to develop effective interventions in their practical social work with HBV.

The failed construction of fake news as a security threat in Malaysia

ABSTRACT This article examines developments in Malaysia regarding ‘fake news', analyzing how state actors sought to securitise the issue - or construct it as a national security threat - to justify broad crackdowns. As a research focus, it asks: how has the previous administration under PM Najib Razak sought to crackdown on fake news? Why were the securitisation efforts resisted, leading to the repeal of the Anti-Fake News 2018 bill? Drawing on primary survey data and through a case study, this study finds that the securitising actors' lack of legitimacy, low resonance of discourses employed, and the presence of a credible opposing narrative are important factors leading to securitisation failure. Interestingly, results show that although the threat of fake news had acquired a broad consensus, efforts to frame it as a threat lapsed because the actor's legitimacy was in doubt. Empirically, this study sheds light on policymaking processes in Malaysia, a ‘flawed semi-democracy’.

Incomprensión o legitimación del concepto de Autoridad. ¿Qué se busca en Ecuador?

Este artículo se enmarca en cuestiones de filosofía política-educativa y tiene como objetivo fundamental analizar el fenómeno de la “crisis de autoridad” en la educación ecuatoriana; en el sentido que la autoridad tanto en su discernimiento como aplicación parece haber sido mal asociada al poder o deslegitimada. Los tropiezos dentro del sistema escolar podrían estar relacionados estrechamente con la “crisis de autoridad”. La investigación es de carácter documental, teórica, desde la perspectiva filosófica a través de la hermenéutica como método y técnica de interpretación y la dialéctica. Este artículo destaca el pensamiento B. Robbes, para quien la autoridad ocupa un lugar esencial en el proceso educativo, especificando que la “autoridad autoritaria” es un abuso de poder mientras que la “autoridad evacuada” es el déficit en el ejercicio de la autoridad, por consiguiente, ambos tipos de actitudes entrañan riesgos para el niño y/o el adolescente. Además, se ha considerado el pensamiento de Hannah Arendt, así como otros autores con el objetivo de ampliar el significado de autoridad para una convivencia en el entorno escolar saludable, que requiere de la misma para hacer efectiva la labor educativa. La “crisis de autoridad” en testimonios de profesores en Ecuador y otros países los enfrentan con la pérdida de autoridad, ya sea porque los estudiantes “no los respetan” o porque los propios profesores no la ejercen en el aula (falta de legitimidad).

Change in or of global governance?

AbstractMichael Zürn'sTheory of Global Governanceis an original, bold, and compelling argument regarding the causes of change in global governance. A core argument is that legitimation problems trigger changes in global governance. This contribution addresses two core features of the argument. Although I am persuaded that legitimacy matters, there are times when: legitimacy appears to be given too much credit to the relative neglect of other factors; other times when the lack of legitimacy has little discernible impact on the working of global governance; and unanswered questions about how the legitimacy of global governance relates to the legitimacy of the international order of which it is a part. The second feature is what counts as change in global governance. Zürn reduces change to either deepening or decline, overlooking the possible how of global governance. In contrast to Zürn's map of global governance that is dominated by hierarchies in the form of international organizations, an alternative map locates multiple modes of governance: hierarchies, markets, and networks. The kinds of legitimation problems that Zürn identifies, I argue, can help explain some of the movement from hierarchical to other modes of global governance.

Motivations for compliance in Peruvian manta ray fisheries

Fishermen’s compliance with fisheries legislation is influenced by a combination of economic, calculated, normative, and social motivations. Compliance can be enhanced by fishers’ inclusiveness within management directives. Since the 2015 fishing ban on the giant oceanic manta ray (Mobula birostris) in Peru, there has been no significant decline in the catch of this protected species. Structured questionnaires were administered to small-scale fishers in two fishing communities in northern Peru, exploring their perspectives and attitudes towards compliance motivations as indicators influencing their non-compliant behaviour. Compliance was mostly hindered due to economic hardship, lack of legitimacy towards authorities driven by corruption and low social influence to comply. The diverging motivations to comply in both communities suggest the engagement of fishermen in fisheries management through local policy changes could lead to increased compliance. This study contributes to understanding fishers’ non-compliant behaviour in fisheries of lower commercial value.

European unification as lived memory: Shared and diverse representations in textbooks of six countries

Concerned about a lack of legitimacy, European Union (EU) institutions have increasingly engaged in memory politics to enhance European identity. Yet, memory of the EU is still closely connected to the collective identity formation of nation‐states, especially in the field of education, the focus of this study. Inspired by this dilemma, the present paper examines the representations of European unification in textbooks of six countries: Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Finland, Hungary, and Estonia. By focusing on countries on the margins of Europe, the present study explores shared and diverse narratives of the European unification process and asks whether or not a shared historical charter of European unification exists. All together 86 history textbooks used in upper secondary school were analysed by adopting a three‐step multi‐method approach. The results suggest that the representation of European unification is more diverse than it is homogenous. It can be narrated as a political value community or as a community based on utilitarian interests, or it can be represented from a unified European or from a more national perspective. Exploring representations of European unification is crucial to understanding how they can be used as legitimizing charters to navigate through the European challenges of the 21st century.

GLOBALIZATION AND SINGULARITY: transformation of the foundations of modern society

The article is devoted to the transformations of society in the era of globalization. The global world is seen as a consequence of the successful implementation of the world-historical the Project of Modernity. Its completion results in the loss of its intellectual authority and historical effective- ness. The principal quality of contemporary society became its globality. The paradoxical phenomenon of the world, that had ceased to be a reality, became an integrative shape of the global transformations. Visibility took the privileged place here. The degradation of reality is analyzed in its main forms: dematerialization of reality; decline and destruction of human sensory experience; destruction of the alive contacts with living beings and the capacity to empathize with somebody; the loss of the space of the human existence space features of a stable, predictable, structured se- mantic order. The consequence of that is the destruction of the foundations of the communities and society as a whole, which is fixed by the notion of their «vagueness». The correlation to this social metamorphosis is a new anthropological format — the singularity, which provides for the theoretical abolition of identity as a way for defining a man. It means the loss of an individual’s predictability and its determination as a social character. The network is the way through which the singularities interact, and swarms are the natural form of their association. Swarm is a historically new, unstructured, but subordinated to common impulses union, which consists of points of activity of different intensity. The analysis of society is incomplete without taking into account its discursive-communicative nature. In the global world there is a decline in the discourses. The signs of that process are the lack of legitimacy in classical instances of the meaning (truth, good, beauty, etc.), the degeneration of thinking into mixing, changing criteria of significance (dominance of curiosity and impression), social degradation of the media. The main feature of these changes is the latest phenomenon of information power (the power of depersonalized information space and information technology — those modes of circulation and use of information that became a determining factor in human life in the globalized world).

Internet Governance: System Imbalances and Ways to Resolve Them

The spread of digital technologies has led to the global digitalization of all types of public activities. The digital economy emerging during this process has become a leading factor in world economic growth and one of the criteria of national development. The digital economy is based on the Internet, which ensures the functioning of new business models, forms of social interaction and public diplomacy. The Internet governance system differs from other modern international systems of public and political relations in that the leading role in it is played by non-governmental organizations, in particular, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and the Internet Society (ISOC). The activities of states are significantly limited by the basic properties of the system, which complicates the implementation of the state’s digital sovereignty. The aim of this article is to determine ways to resolve this discrepancy.Analyzing the current state of Internet governance, the authors outline the key characteristics that lead to potential conflict. These include decentralization, an insufficient evaluative level of accountability and lack of legitimacy. The authors analyze ICANN and ISOC toolkits and identify the key instruments that actually make organizations central to the Internet governance system. In conclusion, the authors provide recommendations for action by the international community to mitigate the identified imbalances.

Understanding Potential Social Engagement of Transfer Students with Native Students in Top-ranking Universities in Hong Kong: The Relevance of a Sense of Legitimacy

ABSTRACT Social engagement of transfer students is of importance to their completion of university studies and thus to understanding whether community colleges could serve as an equalizer in higher education. One overlooked aspect is the social engagement of transfer students with native students, which is arguably contingent on a sense of legitimacy of studying at university for transfer and native students: Do they see themselves as deserving a place at university? This paper argues that their sense of legitimacy could be revealed in how transfer and native students narrate on their experiences of getting into university, including how they attribute educational/social inequality and how they evaluate/position their selves in an educational hierarchy. This paper analyzes the narratives of 34 respondents – 16 transfer students and 18 native students – on their transferal and entrance experiences, respectively, to a top-ranking university in Hong Kong for an exploration. Specifically, this paper examines their attributions of their personal educational achievement and others’ social success, their self-evaluations (or self-positioning) within the existing education system, and their plots structuring the narratives so as to see how far transfer and native students see it legitimate for them to study at university. While most native students feel entitled to a place at university, a lack of legitimacy is found for some transfer students; this may make it difficult for transfer students to get engaged with native students. This paper ends with policy and practical implications for educators and administrators of community colleges and universities.

Gender quotas in corporate decision-making bodies – regulatory promotion of equality of results in the EU

ABSTRACT EU and its member states utilise the paradigm of equality of results in the area of gender equality. In addition to preferences in standardised jobs, states have also been using quotas in corporate and political bodies. Those seem to be best testing grounds, as the arguments supporting their use of quotas are non-controversial. The nature of their work also allows for a laxer application of formal equality, originally tailored to highly competitive activities that necessarily hinge on merit. Regarding quotas in decision-making bodies generally, the argument from democracy stresses the lack of legitimacy for decisions reached by unbalanced representation of genders. This attenuates the normative strength of adopted policies and regulations and renders their acceptance and enforcement difficult. A supporting argument is one from diversity, positing a greater quality of decisions reached and better business performance due to greater responsiveness to the need of the voting/consumer base. The democracy and diversity arguments both are not grounded in distributive justice. However, their utilitarian logic appeals to a market democracy and makes them forerunners in terms of quota justifications. Arguments that, in turn, are based on distributive justice echo anti-subordination theory and stress the quotas’ impact on rebalancing of power. A critical mass of women in decision-making bodies should enhance female social capital. This should symbolically spill over into a newfound self-respect for the whole community, and lift women up through ancillary instruments such as female professional networking, mentoring and sponsorship. One of the main reasons for this that the bluntness of the quota system severs the informal social phenomenon of networking. The ‘gatekeeper’ phenomenon is based on the homophily principle that has traditionally hindered women from ‘rising through the ranks’. In this way, quotas also protect from unconscious bias, which influences social solidarity and disrupts reproduction of set centres of power.

The Liability of Poorness: Why the Playing Field is Not Level for Poverty Entrepreneurs

Entrepreneurship is increasingly emphasized as a pathway out of poverty. However, the complex, multi‐faceted nature of the poverty experience has important implications for the ability to launch and sustain viable businesses. All entrepreneurs must overcome the liabilities of newness and smallness, as reflected in a lack of legitimacy with stakeholders, inadequate resources and capabilities, an unclear identity, misunderstood roles and unclear role definitions, few established routines and procedures, and little bargaining power. However, poverty entrepreneurs face an additional barrier, which we term the liability of poorness. Four underlying dimensions of the liability of poorness are identified: literacy shortcomings, a scarcity mindset, significant non‐business distractions, and the lack of financial slack or a safety net. The manner in which each of these interacting elements exacerbate the entrepreneur's ability to address the liabilities of newness and smallness is explored. It is argued that, as the liability of poorness becomes greater, the vulnerability and fragility of the poverty entrepreneur's venture are apt to increase. Under such circumstances, significant external shocks and unexpected occurrences, such as the economic shutdown resulting from the COVID‐19 pandemic, typically have a more devastating impact on the ventures of the poor. Policies are needed to level the playing field.