Lack Of Legitimacy Research Articles

Subdividing National Territories: The Drive to Live in a Political Community Whose Boundaries Are Congruent with the Cultural Community

Two ideals have dominated world politics for two hundred years. In one, conveniently called liberal, there are no real differences among peoples, and that they speak different languages and have different religions should not be allowed to affect their collaboration in a national state; the United States with its multiethnic, multinational composition has been the concrete expression of this. The opposite ideal, here called nationalist or reactionary, was that language and religion do matter and that people ought to be able to live in a political community whose boundaries reflect that; Iran is an extreme case of this. If the liberal ideal goes back to the eighteenth‐century Enlightenment, nationalism was given its impetus in nineteenth‐century Romanticism. Nationalism has dissolved successively the British, Dutch, and French empires, and then gone on toward breaking down the constituents into which these separated. Despite attempted suppression of breakaway movements by better armed forces of existing states, the number of states in the world has more than doubled since the end of World War II. Only recognized governments can become members of official international bodies. Despite a lack of legitimacy, no right to speak in the councils of the United Nations, and no legal access to arms, the forces of separation seem on the rise, those of union of multicultural nations, on the decline. It is too early to predict ultimate victory for one ideal or the other.

South Africa: the case of a failed state partition

Abstract State partition has been a common occurrence in the 20th century and there are few examples of deliberate government-controlled partition plans which have failed. In South Africa the White minority sought to retain political power in the face of majority African demands for equality, by means of state partition. The South African government attempted to create new states for linguistically defined groups within the African population, without resolving the problems involved in creating new nations or drawing state boundaries. The lack of legitimacy and the degree of coercion applied in the policy's enforcement ensured failure and the re-establishment of the unitary state.

Social Problems in Estonian Mass Media 1975-1991

The lack of legitimacy of the Soviet rule in Estonia was manifested among other things by a deep disagreement between rulers and the ruled over the central problems of society. As the political situation changed from 1985 on, also the problems were defined in new ways, and partially by new actors. From 1988 on, censorship and state monopoly of the mass media were gradually abolished. A content analysis was made on so-called problem articles in the leading Estoman daily Rahva Haal. The years 1975 to 1991 were divided into four periods, characterized by different political situations. The periods were compared with each other; 394 statements of a social problem were coded according to the problem, to the presented reasons and suggested solutions, and to the source of the statement. The so-called Singing Revolution penod 1988 to 1990 differs dramatically from both the earlier and the later periods Many new problems were addressed then, among them the problems of environment, political institutions, and nationality The causes and solutions were often sought from the political and structural level, which was something totally new. The most usual source of statements became the specialists. From 1990 to 1991, the focus is on the problems of economy and political institutions

Accounting for viewing styles. Viewers' negotiation with TV as a cultural offering

Summary: This article, based on observations from interviews, focuses on viewer/television relationships in the making, rather than on existing ones or on televiewers as such. These relationships represent the different forms of negotiation with television as a cultural offering. Taking as his departure point television's lack of legitimacy, expressed by most viewers in the form of a denial, the author defines four styles of relationship. These are represented as combinations of the poles of two opposite axes - those of social negotiation and of emotional investment. He concludes with a

Pour une rhétorique de l'effet : La Fontaine et Le pouvoir des fables

Through an analysis of this fable in terms of the relation betmen the Power of effects and the effects of power, the study discusses literary seduction, whose power derives from a performative mode of functioning, and a lack of legitimacy or of claim to knowledge. This enables literature to question discourses that rely on force or claim competence.

Democratic Currents in Authoritarian Seas: The Military in Greece and the Philippines

This research explores the impact of electoral exercises in countries with weak democratic traditions. Examination centers on the 1973 plebiscite conducted by the colonels in Greece and the 1986 "snap" presidential election held by President Marcos. Performance failures in the economic, social, and political arenas generated sufficient pressures on both regimes to use the polls in a desperate effort to reinvigorate sagging popularity. But rather than rescue the incumbents, the election campaigns exposed the lack of legitimacy, established credible oppositions, and revealed social ferment. As a result, elements in the respective armed forces mobilized to topple these regimes and help bring about democratization.

Evaluasie van verhoudingsorganisasies in die wes-Kaap aan die hand van die kontakhipotese

Abstract Evaluation of relations organizations in the western Cape according to the contact hypothesis. A priority area in research at present is the field of intergroup relations. Numerous relations organizations active on the local community level have developed over recent years. Forty relations organizations in the western Cape are evaluated according to the contact hypothesis. In so far as informal contact may be regarded as an important criterion for success of relations programmes, it was found that organizations that had been established by state initiative were performing less successfully than organizations that had been developed by private initiative. State organizations experienced a lack of legitimacy in the communities where they were active partly because of their association with official policy and partly because of the nature of these communities.

UN NUEVO PANORAMA PARA COLOMBIA: APRECIACIÓN ESTRATÉGICA DEL POST-ACUERDO ENTRE EL GOBIERNO Y LAS FARC-EP.

A dos años de la firma del acuerdo de La Habana entre el Estado colombiano y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionaria de Colombia - Ejército del Pueblo (FARC-EP), la implementación del pacto ha mostrado enormes dificultades en su desarrollo. Ahora, ante el cambio de administración, el nuevo presidente, Iván Duque, debe enfrentar dichos problemas y al mismo tiempo desarrollar su agenda de gobierno, sin que exista mayor certeza sobre el futuro de un proceso que continúa sufriendo de una significativa carencia de legitimidad. El presente documento analiza esta coyuntura negativa, y aprovecha el concepto de los conflictos intratables para proponer nuevas rutas de solución, que permitan destrabar el post-acuerdo colombiano.

L’Échec relative de l’Autonomie Gouvernementale des Nations Autochtones: Un Problème Institutionnel

This article looks at failed attempts at granting aboriginal communities sovereignty, from an institutional perspective. The author suggests that such failures are due to a combination of factors: the legal status of the First Nations; the federal fiscal and political system; and, the aboriginal communities’ own lack of legitimacy and independence.