Lack Of Legitimacy Research Articles

RESOURCE COMMITMENT AND PARTNER SELECTION IN ASYMMETRIC CORPORATE-STARTUP COLLABORATIONS

Startups and established firms collaborate in order to leverage complementary resources and innovative capabilities to sustain a competitive advantage. By forming alliances, startups are able to mitigate challenges connected to their smallness and lack of legitimacy. However, the underlying criteria by which startups screen and select potential collaboration partners in such asymmetric collaborations remain poorly understood. This paper examines the dynamics of these asymmetric collaborations, exploring the motives, selection criteria, and the willingness of startups to partner from a resource-based perspective. We conduct a conjoint experiment to examine the relationship between diverse resource commitment types and startups’ willingness to partner. The findings of the study confirm a strong influence of financial, technological, managerial, and physical resources in a startup’s decision-making process regarding partner selection. Notably, the attractiveness of a partner was found to diminish when they possess a similar market portfolio, potentially fostering future competition. Consequently, startups must implement effective control and protection mechanisms to prevent opportunistic behaviours from collaboration partners operating in the same market. To contribute to the existing literature, we adopt a resource-based theoretical lens that emphasises the pivotal role of capabilities in a startup’s decision-making process and demonstrates their influential role in forging successful collaborations with established partners. Ultimately, our findings enhance the understanding of the partner selection criteria, offering valuable insights for new ventures seeking beneficial partnerships at the early stages of a collaboration.

Factors affecting the failure of the government in Afghanistan Taliban under the guidance of regional security group theory

This current research is to examine the times and influencing factors in the formation of a failed and bankrupt government in post-Taliban Afghanistan. A large part of political and social anomalies and disorders in this country are closely related to the weakness and incapacity of the government. Historical evidences have shown that the government in Afghanistan has been unable to continuously exercise experimental governance and to provide services and basic goods such as "security, justice and welfare", weak and weak. has been The governments established after September 11 were not exempted from this and the support policies of the international community were not able either, creating a gap in the fragility and weakness of the government in this country; In our opinion, addressing this issue is of fundamental importance and necessity. The main question is "what factors were effective in the failure and weakness of the government after Taliban regime in Afghanistan?"; The hypothesis of the article is: the high level of political violence, the low level of socio-political harmony, the main political conflict in the organizing ideology of the state, the lack of legitimacy and the weak idea of the state. It is the most significant factor that puts the post-Taliban governments at the end of the spectrum of failed and advanced governments. research method: the mentioned problem was analyzed in the framework of the security group theory with descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the article indicate the emergence of a state resembling bankruptcy has led to the growth of political and social anomalies and disorders in this country.

The culture of urban space occupation in Ljubljana or how do the citizens appropriate the city through bottom-up approaches

The culture of occupying urban space through temporary use or squatting is present in Ljubljana, the capital city of Slovenia, particularly since the 1990s. These occupations are a means for the residents to satisfy by themselves their demands and needs, ignored by the traditional institutions. They provide services for the residents of Ljubljana, and they add value to the city. However, they suffer from a lack of legitimacy because of their normative position. Their values and existence are typically subject to ongoing struggles. This article tends to emphasise that these alternative occupations of space, in their diversity, stand where the traditional institutions are missing.

Cross‐border acquisitions by sovereign wealth funds: A legitimacy‐based view

AbstractResearch SummaryDrawing on institutional economics and the legitimacy‐based view of political risk, we investigate the factors determining the realization of cross‐border investments by sovereign wealth funds (SWFs), whose investments often suffer from a lack of legitimacy in host countries. Using matching models on all the realized and potential investments, we find that investments are more likely to materialize when the SWF home country and the host country enjoy cordial political relations or are involved in a trade agreement. Contrary to the theoretical predictions, SWF politicization does not per se represent an impediment to the realization of investments. Rather, it has a negative effect on the likelihood of an investment's realization only in the presence of trade agreements.Managerial SummaryA recent trend in the global economy is the increasing cross‐border investment activity undertaken by sovereign wealth funds (SWFs), large investment vehicles where financial and political goals often co‐exist. On the grounds of possible financial or political destabilization, SWFs' cross‐border investments attract scrutiny and suspicion in host countries, hindering their realization. We analyze SWF‐ and country‐level factors that may determine the successful realization of SWFs' cross‐border acquisitions. We suggest that managers ex ante select target firms and host countries by considering their fund's governance and degree of independence from home‐country politics in interaction with bilateral (home‐host country) political and economic relations, so as to secure legitimacy for their investments and maximize the chances that cross‐border investment strategies may materialize.

The Illusion of Identity: At-Home Ancestry Testing, Forensics, and the Accuracy Problem

Race, as a social construct, plays a significantly large role in the scientific field of genetics. This review analyzes several studies to reach a more comprehensive understanding of race’s historical influence in genetics, the modern implications of this relationship, and the validity of race as a scientific category in genetics. While the scientific validity of race has largely been disproved, it continues to be used by scientists and geneticists, specifically in genetic disease research. Aside from the obstacles stemming from race’s lack of legitimacy in science, its social implications are also a liability for scientific advancements because of how race has historically marginalized people groups. Moreover, the monetization of recent discoveries in genetics, including at-home ancestry test kits and molecular photofitting in forensics, are a cause for concern due to their lack of scientific accuracy. The process of racial categorization of test subjects is not as accurate as companies advertise, and this lack of transparency can lead to false conclusions about personal identity based on misinformation of at-home ancestry test results which rely upon a limited data set. In addition, this possibility of error in the DNA testing process can lead to the criminalization of innocent suspects. Therefore, awareness about both the primary motives of these companies, as well as the social implications of interpreting genetic test results, is critical to understanding the broader effects of race in genetics in society.

"Health in All Policies" in Norwegian municipalities-Dilemmas and lack of legitimacy and capacity.

According to the Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach, public health work in Norway is regarded as a multi-actor collaboration based on planning and partnership for the purpose of enabling people to increase their control over their health and its determinants. HiAP builds largely on the governance and communicative turn in the public sector and thus exists in the shadow of a vertical government structure with sectors, silos and a chain of command. In practice, HiAP challenges the established way of thinking and acting in the silos and tries to create a more holistic understanding and handling of problems and needs. In order to successfully involve different sectors and government levels in this work, HiAP requires strong democratic legitimacy and institutional capacity. In this article, we discuss the empirical research data on the HiAP approach in Norway within the context of theory on collaborative planning processes and legitimising political capacity to act. Our research question is whether the HiAP approach in Norwegian municipalities have sufficient democratic legitimacy and institutional capacity to achieve the purpose of public health work. In general, we find that HIAP as practised in Norwegian municipalities does not function as a complete political legitimising and capacity building process. The practice contains several dilemmas, and there is a need to distinguish between different forms of legitimacy and capacity.

Illegitimate bodies? Turner syndrome and the silent interplay of age, gender, and generational positions.

This paper focuses on the strength of social norms that define the right development of the body in time. It also analyzes how the social positions of age, gender and generation intertwine in the definition of such a legitimate body. The starting point is anthropological research carried out in France between 2018 and 2020 among girls and women affected by Turner syndrome, a rare genetic condition causing small stature, ovarian insufficiency, a delay or absence of puberty, and infertility. We first explore how measuring the body has become central in the social construction of the concept of age-appropriateness. We then present four women' narratives, which express various forms of desynchronization: the gap between physical appearance, chronological age and age status; the cleft between the physical development induced by hormone therapy and being in a particular stage in life; the difference between chronological and reproductive age; and lastly, the trouble in a generational position related to infertility. For women suffering from this genetic condition, the gap between bodies, time and social statuses associated with age, gender and generation, may engender a feeling of "being out of place." The alignment of body and time is then one of the bastions of essentialization and naturalization. Finally, we stress the complex interplay of bodily and social markers of age and gender, and their role in social relations as both a resource and a constraint. Thus, while the syndrome may cause distress and sometimes a lack of legitimacy, it also leads to a critical re-examination of hegemonic models of womanhood and their intersection with age positions.

Saving Face of the ‘Saviour’: The Translations of the Thai Prime Minister’s 2015 Press Interview and the 2020 National Address

Thailand became a military dictatorship in May 2014, after the army deposed the democratically elected government. After being chastised for his lack of legitimacy and appeasing his opposition, Prime Minister Gen Prayut Chan-o-cha began to give official interviews to the international press in his second year in office and intermittently delivered the mandatory live broadcast address to the public. This paper focuses on English translations of Prayut’s 2015 interview with Al-Jazeera and his 2020 televised address. The former is characterised by an impromptu speech that demonstrates his informal speaking style, whereas the latter is a well-scripted address. Using the appraisal framework (Martin & Rose, 2007; Munday, 2012) to analyse both translations, the paper proposes negotiator as an additional resource for examining the speaker’s attitude and the translator’s evaluative choices in the English written version. This investigation demonstrates the translator’s active mediation in both subtitles for media presentation and official translation for national address: maintaining applause for the ruling government while negatively evaluating its critics; modifying the force of attitude; removing any improper features in the premier’s manner of speaking. Despite differences in time and commission, the study argues that both translations support and sustain the Thai government’s aspiration of gaining international attention in order to improve their post-coup image or save the face of the nation’s ‘saviour’, who staged the coup to help the Thai people from the political dispute. Furthermore, the findings on negotiator can be used to inform quality translation training and practice, particularly the translator’s decision-making regarding spoken features in political speeches.

Disrupted water governance in the shadows: Revealing the role of hidden actors in the Upper Cauca River Basin in Colombia

Colombia's policy in the Upper Cauca River Basin is diminished by a lack of legitimacy in local areas respecting the control of territory and water. Such illegitimate interference provides a hiding place and fertile ground for the illegal activities of “hidden” actors. This paper aims to scrutinize the potential power of such hidden actors to influence water governance. We engage with critical discussions of water governance to reveal the role of these actors in controlling territory and water in the Upper Cauca River Basin. Extensive fieldwork was carried out, including workshops, interviews, and informal talks. Despite the Colombian government not recognizing hidden actors and their part in influencing water-related policies, the information gathered revealed their active agency in the basin. The paper shows how these actors play a determining role in territorial development and water resource management, disrupting the functioning of the State's water governance. Hidden actors, to promote their own, mostly illegal and illegitimate businesses, seize upon the current lack of clarity in the national normative standards, the deficiencies created by an inconsiderate implementation of national water policy, and the State's lack of legitimacy at the local level. This paper concludes that the awareness of hidden actors and their invisible power over water governance provide a better sense of the reality on the ground for policymakers in Colombia.

Investment Court System: A Cure for the ‘Broken’ ISDS

This paper discusses the EU Commission’s proposal to establish a ground-breaking, two-tier Investment Court System in the Section 3 of the Commission’ draft TTIP to address concerns about systemic deficiencies looming behind the current ISDS (mainly lack of legitimacy, consistency and transparency) by bringing the private model of investment dispute settlement back to the public domain, as well as providing for an appellate mechanism to harmonise inconsistency in rulings and correct erroneous decisions. This undoubtedly contributes to develop a more coherent investment arbitration body of law, restoring predictability and faith in investment treaty regime, and therefore boosts foreign investments and economic growth.

The role of the International Community as a pivotal and reliable actor in democratic transition in Albania!

The paper analyses the role of various actors in the democratization process in Albania, with specific emphasis on one key participant. It is structured into three distinctive sections: the first identifies the domestic actors in the beginning of transition, such as the political class, civil society, knowledge elite, media etc, highlighting the political class as the most powerful and influential of them. However, the paper argues that instead of being a reliable and responsible factor in the process of democratization and integration, the Albanian political elite has shown a chronic lack of responsibility, willingness, professionalism and commitment to tackle the country’s major problems. Its primary objective has been its own self-interest and self-preservation. On the other hand, since Albania opened up to the world, another actor has been crucial for the country, the international community. The subsequent section focuses on this external actor, which has played a significant role throughout the three-decade transition period. It asserts that inability of local actors to deal with domestic challenges and cooperate with one another have ‘promoted’ this actor, which has been trying to fulfill the role of facilitator and mediator that the state institutions have proved unable to perform. The lack of legitimacy and the unreliability of political parties and other domestic actors have increasingly amplified the importance of this actor. Therefore, the paper argues that legitimacy in Albania lies with the international community and its verdict tends to be considered as final. This is also reflected in public opinion surveys, indicating that Albanian citizens trust much more international than national institutions. The third section analyses the impact and influence exerted by the two most significant external actors: the European Union, whose significance escalated notably post-2000 owing to Albania’s aspirational EU membership, steering reforms and providing financial assistance; and the United States, which, through its diplomats and ambassadors, has been very proactive in Albanian politics, helping the country to overcome persistent problems as corruption and organized crime, and more recently the judiciary reform. The paper concludes that Albanian road towards democratization could have had a different trajectory without the involvement and guidance of the international community pushing for and directing reforms. While acknowledging the significance of assistance from external driving forces, the primary onus for the progress of a country should rest upon its domestic actors. Keywords: International community, domestic actors, political class, transition, democratization, European integration, the European Union, the United States.

DISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVE OF THE THEORETICAL AND LEGAL PROFILE OF THE LEGITIMACY OF LAW

The subject of the study is the definition of the disciplinary perspective of the theoretical-legal profile of the legitimacy of law. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study are methods of induction and deduction, dialectical-materialistic method, the method of analysis and synthesis, the historical method, which allowed to objectively understand the content and essence of the issues under study. The aim of the article is to investigate the theoretical concept of legitimacy of law in the context of its correlation with the concept of legitimacy in the modern state of law. The results of the study showed that the disciplinary perspective of the theoretical-legal profile of the legitimacy of law is defined. Namely: proposed a modern theoretical and philosophical genesis of the legal understanding of the legitimacy of law and legality; investigated the relationship of legality, legitimacy of law and legal consciousness in the theory of state and law; identified conceptual directions in the study of the phenomenon of legitimacy of law. Conclusion. Legitimacy is both a constructive and a destructive concept. In its strict form, this concept characterizes a certain moment of attitude toward the law and the problems of its effective functioning. However, in philosophy or legal theory, for example, legitimation should thus mean communicating a legitimate-legal character to the law. It appears that this concept, which has a purely legal etymology – legitimate, excludes from the law its value essence, shifting the center of gravity to the practical assimilation of the law in the public and individual consciousness. This gives rise to a rather peculiar construction. Law can be anything, the main thing is that it corresponds to a formal procedure. The right thus legitimized enters a new stage – assimilation and acceptance in the public and individual consciousness. If it is not accepted voluntarily, it does not cease to be a right, but suffers from a lack of legitimacy. In essence, legitimacy captures two essential points: the first is the orientation toward dialogue with society and with each of its members individually, that is, the final sanction in the minds of the people or its majority; but, on the other hand, it is not the law itself that possesses some internal attribute of supreme legitimacy, but only its collective psychological perception and justification. In other words, the central issue in this approach is, on the one hand, the role of individual consciousness and, on the other hand, it creates a very wide scope for technological, in the sociological and political sense, influence on collective consciousness.

The Relationship between Institutional Pressure, Green Entrepreneurial Orientation, and Entrepreneurial Performance—The Moderating Effect of Network Centrality

Most research on institutional pressure focuses on mature enterprises. However, compared with mature enterprises, new ventures are more sensitive to institutional pressure due to their lack of legitimacy. Based on the theoretical path of “environment–strategy–performance”, this study investigated the influence of institutional pressure on entrepreneurial performance as well as the mediating role of green entrepreneurial orientation and the moderating role of network centrality. An empirical analysis based on 288 survey samples from China showed the following: coercive pressure has not only a direct positive impact but also an indirect positive impact on entrepreneurial performance through green entrepreneurial orientation; normative pressure and mimetic pressure positively affect entrepreneurial performance through green entrepreneurial orientation; green entrepreneurial orientation has a positive impact on entrepreneurial performance; network centrality positively regulates the relationships between coercive pressure, mimetic pressure, normative pressure and green entrepreneurial orientation. The paper concluded by highlighting the importance of the conclusions for new ventures to improve their performance as well as for policy makers to optimize the institutional environment for entrepreneurship.

Counterclaims and legitimacy in investment treaty arbitration

Abstract Investor-State dispute resolution (ISDS) is currently facing a crisis of legitimacy, notably because of its perceived asymmetry as well as the difficulties it is faced with when trying to reconcile investor rights with human rights. This article wishes to explore the possibility for respondent States to present counterclaims to investment arbitral tribunals as a way of dealing with these criticisms. Even though some rare awards have entertained them favourably, the majority of arbitral tribunals have declined to hear counterclaims. The author, therefore, examines the obstacles existing in investment case law to the admissibility of counterclaims, both from a procedural as well as from a substantive point of view. The analysis then focuses on the beneficial and adverse consequences that would stem from the hypothetical adoption of a set of rules more favorable to the filing of counterclaims by respondent States in investment arbitration. The essay concludes that such an adoption would be warranted and reinstitute a measure of procedural fairness in a framework that has been suffering from a perception of imbalance and a lack of legitimacy.

Narrating the Field of Communication Through Some Female Voices: Women’s Experiences and Stories in Academia

AbstractThe field of communication has been constructed through primarily masculinized stories, such as the myth of the “founding fathers,” a situation that has tended to exclude the views and figures of female researchers. This article tries to remedy this by recovering the voices of women via eight in-depth interviews among prominent researchers (second-generation, 1960s–1970s) from Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Italy, the UK, and the US. The results illustrate the inequality, sexual harassment, lack of legitimacy, and stereotypes faced by these women, and their strong emotional leadership. Their stories of success show how academia is a field of struggle where hegemony, domination, and resistance coexist. However, female experiences in academia are diverse and complex. That is why the article concludes with the need to continue tracking the stories of so many different women as knowing subjects, as well as the challenges of intersectionality in the epistemological construction of the field.

Problematising philosophical assumptions in EE's Invisible College

PurposeThis paper seeks to energise discussion around philosophical assumptions in entrepreneurship education (EE). Far from being abstract considerations, this paper underscores that philosophical assumptions – which are embodied in research products and inherited from others – have practical implications.Design/methodology/approachThe study’s approach is to purposefully unsettle taken-for-granted assumptions implicit within 44 influential articles which have been said to reveal EE's Invisible College. The authors utilise three heuristic tools offered by problematisation – identifying paradigmatic assumptions, (re)conceptualising subject matter and making a reversal – to explore the implications of the meta-theoretical underpinnings of this body of work. The goal of this paper is not to find a definitive answer to the question “what is EE's underlying philosophy?” but rather ask, “what can we learn about philosophical assumptions by reconsidering this particular set of influential articles at a deep level?”FindingsWith some notable expectations, EE's Invisible College is a place where ideas about an external social reality accessible to the dispassionate researcher are implicitly accepted, where assumptions about the possibility of objective knowledge and the superiority of scientific methodology dominate and where functionalist research products reproduce the social status quo. Thus, whilst the EE research studied might appear diverse at a surface level (topics, research design, inter-disciplinary perspective), diversity is less apparent when considering the deeper, philosophical assumptions which underpin this body of work.Originality/valueRevealing assumptions which are embodied within research products may prompt critical thinking about the practical implications of research philosophies in the field of EE. In considering the implications of philosophical assumptions, a connection is made between problems that are observed at surface level – from lack of legitimacy, criticality and taken for grantedness of the field – to the deeper hidden system of ideas which lies beneath. Having highlighted potential problems of these deeper assumptions, the paper concludes by posing questions in relation to the type of research that is pursued and legitimised in the field of EE, the socialisation of researchers and the implications for criticality in the field. Such issues illustrate that, far from philosophical assumptions being an abstract or unimportant concern, they are highly practical and have the power to constrain or empower action and the social impact of research.

The Future of Nature Conservation in Amazonia: Evidence From Transboundary Protected Areas

Biological diversity has been recognized as a global asset that is key to the well-being and survival of present and future generations. In response to massive destruction of the world’s ecosystems, the international community has agreed on several initiatives, most importantly, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992, which is the basis of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020, and the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets. A central instrument of these initiative are protected areas. The nine Amazonian countries alone, have designated 390 million hectares of protected forest areas, some of which are under very heavy pressure. As explicitly stated in Aichi Targets 11, 17, and 18, the effective governance and management of these protected areas requires the active participation of indigenous and other local resource user groups and respect for their traditional knowledge and customary practices. This manuscript analyzes to what extent and in which way these targets have been achieved by analyzing three transboundary protected areas in Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia constituted of five national parks. The analysis shows that important progress has been made in terms of the local participation and the generation and sharing of economic benefits, mostly due to the engagement of non-governmental organization (NGOs) funded from overseas development assistance (ODA) sources. However, many of the established mechanisms show major shortcomings, such as power imbalances, lack of legitimacy of decision-makers, unclear responsibilities, unresolved logistical challenges, and the lack of financial support. In addition, the functionality of local governance structures is severely threatened by the vagaries of national policies that often put biodiversity conservation and economic development at loggerheads. In order to ensure the functionality of protected areas in the Amazon region, binding and sufficient commitments by national governments are needed for genuine and effective local governance.

The Fragility–Grievances–Conflict Triangle in the MENA Region: Conclusions of the Special Issue

Several problems related to violence, grievances and states’ lack of legitimacy and capacity to manage economic, social and political issues are clustered together as a lump of misery in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) [...]

When Should International Courts Intervene? How Populism, Democratic Decay and Crisis of Liberal Internationalism Complicate Things

Abstract Shai Dothan’s book International Judicial Review aims to refute criticism which stresses international courts’ (ICs) lack of legitimacy, epistemic inferiority, suffocation of public deliberation, susceptibility to capture and production of bad outcomes. This essay argues, however, that there is an important line of criticism of ICs stemming from a profounder disagreement with the post-Cold War international legal system – the critique related to ethno-national and/or authoritarian populism – which poses novel challenges to justifying ICs. Engaging with Dothan’s arguments through the prism of the populist backlash, this essay contributes to recent scholarship on populism and international law by explaining how populism challenges the justification of IC interventions. Populists treat majority will and national/regional identity as the exclusive sources of the common good, and this casts doubts on arguments favouring multilateralism, such as the Condorcet Jury Theorem used by Dothan. It also allows populists to re-frame IC interventions as threats to people’s well-being and disseminate ‘counter-myths’ delegitimizing ICs, which may impair ICs’ ability to produce good outcomes. Altogether, populism has the capacity to increase the costs of international judicial intervention for ICs and reduce the costs of non-compliance and exit for the populists, which confronts IC scholars and judges with new challenges.

Post Withdrawal Situation of us Troops from Afghanistan: Role of Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

The study of international relations has been re-examined in light of a global perspective on politics since the conclusion of World War 2 and the September 11 terrorist attacks. Examining Afghanistan's connection with the SCO is a relatively new subject of study. Between 2001 and 2011,China intervened strategically and economically in Afghanistan in the Bonn talks between Afghanistan, China, and the SCO. Afghanistan was awarded observer status by the SCO in 2012 in order to facilitate the integration of the broader area into the SCO and diminish US-NATO influence in the nation where Russia's key geostrategic interests lay. For China, Afghanistan's natural riches are particularly valuable. Despite the United States' exit from Afghanistan, the Taliban maintains total control of the country, and international governments refuse to recognize them.The country's position is deteriorating due to the government's lack of legitimacy. Both Moscow and Beijing want to put an end to the situation.