Lack Of Correlation Research Articles

Does the diversity of vegetation and diatoms correlate with soil and water factors in a tropical cloud forest's complex land use/land cover scenario?

Soil and water characteristics in micro basins with different land uses/land cover (LULC) can influence riparian vegetation diversity, stream water quality, and benthic diatom diversity. We analyzed 18 streams in the upper part of the La Antigua River basin, México, surrounded by cloud forests, livestock pastures, and coffee plantations. Concentrations of P, C, and N were elevated in the humus of forested streams compared to other land uses. In contrast, cations, ammonium, and total suspended solids (TSS) of water streams were higher in pastures and coffee plantations. These results indicate that LULC affects stream chemistry differently across land uses. Vegetation richness was highest (86-133 spp.) in forest streams and lowest in pastures (46-102), whereas pasture streams had the greatest richness of diatoms (9-24), likely due to higher light and temperatures. Some soil and water characteristics correlated with both true diversity and taxonomic diversity; soil carbon exchange capacity (CEC) correlated with vegetation diversity (r = 0.60), while water temperature correlated negatively (r = - 0.68). Diatom diversity was related to soil aluminum (r = - 0.59), magnesium (r = 0.57), water phosphorus (r = 0.88), and chlorophyll (r = 0.75). These findings suggest that land use affects riparian vegetation, while physical and chemical changes influence diatom diversity in stream water and soil. The lack of correlation between vegetation and diatom diversity indicates that one cannot predict the other. This research is an essential first step in understanding how land use changes impact vegetation and diatom diversity in mountain landscapes, providing valuable insights for environmental monitoring and conservation efforts in tropical cloud forests.

Image memorability influences memory for where the item was seen but not when.

Observers can determine whether they have previously seen hundreds of images with more than 80% accuracy. This "massive memory" for WHAT we have seen is accompanied by smaller but still massive memories for WHERE and WHEN the item was seen (spatial & temporal massive memory). Recent studies have shown that certain images are more easily remembered than others (higher "memorability"). Does memorability influence spatial massive memory and temporal massive memory? In two experiments, viewers saw 150 images presented twice in random order. These 300 images were sequentially presented at random locations in a 7 × 7 grid. If an image was categorized as old, observers clicked on the spot in the grid where they thought they had previously seen it. They also noted when they had seen it: Experiment 1-clicking on a timeline; Experiment 2-estimating the trial number when the item first appeared. Replicating prior work, data show that high-memorability images are remembered better than low-memorability images. Interestingly, in both experiments, spatial memory precision was correlated with image memorability, while temporal memory precision did not vary as a function of memorability. Apparently, properties that make images memorable help us remember WHERE but not WHEN those images were presented. The lack of correlation between memorability and temporal memory is, of course, a negative result and should be treated with caution.

Post-elicitation Wait Time in the Japanese University English as a Foreign Language Classroom

This study investigates the average wait time (WT) – how long a teacher waits following an elicitation – and its relationship with student response length (RL) within Japanese university English as a foreign language classes. It also discusses the perspectives of members of this community towards questioning and WT. Previous studies correlate longer WTs with longer responses but none have been conducted in Japan, and very little in second language (L2) classrooms. Data were collected from observing classes and interviewing teachers and students at a medium-ranked private university. The average WT was around 1.5 seconds and no correlation between WT and RL was found. Various factors which may limit the direct effect of WT on RL were identified, including L2 target language limitations and preferred teaching techniques. Although teachers saw potential for longer responses, they did not believe that WT would increase participation or encourage student–student discourse. Students generally agreed, although they expressed a desire for more open-ended questions requiring longer answers. Like prior studies, the average WT was higher than in first language research. While the lack of correlation between WT and RL differed from prior research, the complexity of WT as a classroom variable is further highlighted.

Physiological Anti-Müllerian Hormone Concentrations in Male and Female Dogs and Cats before and around Puberty.

In recent years several studies established the diagnostic value of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in companion animals. However, less is known about physiological AMH concentrations in young individuals highlighting the necessity to apply the diagnostic findings to this group. The aim of this study was to determine the AMH values of healthy male and female dogs between the age of 8 and 48 weeks, tomcats under 8 weeks and up to 48 weeks of age and queens between 2 to 12 weeks of age. In total, 96 blood samples were collected. Anti-Müllerian hormone was measured in all samples and testosterone was measured in the oldest age group of the males in both species. The hormones were analyzed using a human based chemiluminescence immune assay. Overall, AMH concentrations were higher in males than in females (p < 0.001). According to the AMH concentration there was no difference in males, but queens had significant higher AMH concentrations than bitches (p < 0.001). AMH remained high in males up to week 24 and decreased significantly thereafter (tomcats: p = 0.015; male dogs: p = 0.013), which correlated with an increase in testosterone levels for male dogs only. In bitches, AMH remained below the detection limit until the week 16 and slightly increased subsequently. In queens, AMH was detectable from the beginning with a significant increase in the older age group (p = 0.003). Half of the cats in the older age group even approached the chemiluminescence immune assay's upper limit. The results show that female cats secrete AMH much earlier than female dogs in which AMH secretion begins just shortly before the start of the puberty. In the male animals, the decrease in AMH concentration around puberty was similar in dogs and cats, but a correlation with the increase of testosterone was only observed in dogs. Further research is required to determine the origin of the high AMH concentrations in female kittens and the lack of correlation between testosterone and AMH concentrations in male kittens.

Vitamin Supplementation in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: A Systematic Review

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide, contributing to a significant public health burden. While pharmaceutical interventions like statins are effective, the increasing interest in non-pharmaceutical approaches has sparked debates on the role of vitamin supplementation in CVD prevention. Despite some studies suggesting benefits from vitamins with antioxidant properties, evidence remains inconclusive. This review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of various vitamins in reducing CVD risk using a network meta-analysis. Methods: A systematic review and network meta-analysis were conducted on clinical trials investigating vitamin supplementation for CVD prevention. Data were sourced from MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and other databases. Studies were selected based on specific criteria, including randomized controlled trials with at least six months of follow-up and reported CVD outcomes. The primary outcomes included CVD mortality and risk of heart disease, while secondary outcomes focused on stroke and myocardial infarction. A random-effects model was employed to calculate risk ratios (RR), and meta-regression analyses explored the relationship between vitamin use and lipid levels. Discussion: The analysis revealed that vitamins B, D, and E were particularly effective in reducing CVD risk. However, there was no significant added benefit from combining multiple vitamins over using individual vitamins. While niacin showed potential benefits in reducing stroke and coronary artery disease in statin-intolerant populations, its overall impact on CVD mortality was not significant. Conclusion: This review provides valuable insights into the role of vitamins in CVD prevention, demonstrating that individual vitamins like B, D, and E are effective in reducing risk, while multivitamin combinations offer no additional advantage. The lack of correlation between HDL-C changes and CVD outcomes suggests that future research should focus on other mechanisms beyond lipid management.

Watershed inputs of suspended sediment drive patterns of total phosphorus in Chequamegon Bay, Lake Superior

Lake Superior is considered the least anthropogenically stressed and has the lowest offshore phosphorus (P) concentrations of the five Laurentian Great Lakes. However, nearshore habitats in Lake Superior are showing evidence of nutrient related stress. We examined drivers of total P dynamics in Chequamegon Bay, a shallow embayment in southwestern Lake Superior located in a region of the Laurentian Great Lakes that is primarily forested with low human development. Over a nine-year period (2014–2022) we measured total and soluble reactive phosphorus (TP and SRP, respectively), total suspended solids (TSS), and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) at 12 locations distributed across Chequamegon Bay. Path analysis revealed that TP in this region of Lake Superior is largely sediment bound and driven by watershed inputs of suspended sediment. SRP and Chl-a make up only a small portion of TP. TP and TSS were highly correlated, with a stronger correlation at the most nearshore locations and following extreme precipitation events in 2016 and 2018. TP and Chl-a had a weak positive correlation at low TP concentrations, and lack of correlation at high TP concentrations. This suggests that despite high TP inputs from runoff events, Chl-a response was minimal, likely due to low light availability and limited bioavailability of sediment-bound P. Understanding conditions where episodic inputs of TP could contribute to the reactive P pool and how hydrodynamics affect biogeochemical processes and algal response to nutrient inputs are critical to understanding how an expected increase in extreme events will influence nearshore water quality in large lakes.

Isotropic High‐Frequency Radiation in Near‐Fault Seismic Data

AbstractWe compare Fourier Amplitude Spectra of Fault Normal (FN) and Fault Parallel (FP) seismograms at near‐fault sites for seven strike‐slip earthquakes with moment magnitudes Mw ≥ 6. For all events we find large FN/FP ratios at low frequencies consistent with near‐fault S‐wave radiation patterns for strike‐slip earthquakes. However, the difference diminishes with increasing frequency and FN/FP is about 1 above a transition frequency. The results may reflect small tensile/isotropic components in the earthquake rupture zones that homogenize the high‐frequency radiation in different directions at near‐fault sites. The FN/FP ratios at low frequencies and transition frequencies above which FN ∼ FP vary among the analyzed earthquakes and have no clear correlation with the magnitudes. The lack of correlation may signify a characteristic scale (e.g., process zone size, duration of source time function) controlling the isotropic radiation, and/or wave propagation and other effects that mask the source effects.

Predictability in Achieving Target Intervertebral Lordosis Using Personalized Interbody Implants.

Lumbar lordosis distribution has become a pivotal factor in re-establishing the foundational alignment of the lumbar spine. This can directly influence overall sagittal alignment, leading to improved long-term outcomes for patients. Despite the wide availability of hyperlordotic stock cages intended to achieve optimal postoperative alignment, there is a lack of correlation between the lordotic shape of a cage and the resultant intervertebral alignment. Recently, personalized spine surgery has witnessed significant advancements, including 3D-printed personalized interbody implants, which are customized to the surgeon's treatment and alignment goals. This study evaluates the reliability of 3D-printed patient-specific interbody implants to achieve the planned postoperative intervertebral alignment. This is a retrospective study of 217 patients with spinal deformity or degenerative conditions. Patients were included if they received 3D-printed personalized interbody implants. The desired intervertebral lordosis (IVL) angle was prescribed into the device design for each personalized interbody (IVL goal). Standing postoperative radiographs were measured, and the IVL offset was calculated as IVL achieved minus IVL goal. In this patient population, 365 personalized interbodies were implanted, including 145 anterior lumbar interbody fusions (ALIFs), 99 lateral lumbar interbody fusions (LLIFs), and 121 transforaminal lumbar interbody fusions. Among the 365 treated levels, IVL offset was 1.1° ± 4.4° (mean ± SD). IVL was achieved within 5° of the plan in 299 levels (81.9%). IVL offset depended on the approach of the lumbar interbody fusion and was achieved within 5° for 85.9% of LLIF, 82.6% of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusions and 78.6% of ALIFs. Ten levels (2.7%) missed the planned IVL by >10°. ALIF and LLIF levels in which the plan was missed by more than 5° tended to be overcorrected. This study supports the use of 3D-printed personalized interbody implants to achieve planned sagittal intervertebral alignment. Personalized interbody implants can consistently achieve IVL goals and potentially impact foundational lumbar alignment.

BCAM (basal cell adhesion molecule) protein expression in different tumor populations

Basal Cell Adhesion Molecule (BCAM), a receptor for laminin subunit α5, plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of various malignancies. Notably, evidence of hypermethylation at multiple immune checkpoints in patients with low BCAM expression suggests these individuals may respond favorably to immunotherapy using ICIs (immune checkpoint inhibitors). This finding lays the foundation for the hypothesis that BCAM may serve as an important biomarker in cancer patients. To investigate this potential, we evaluated BCAM expression patterns in 3114 patients from both discovery and validation cohorts, spanning seven cancer types, using quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF). We also explored the correlation between BCAM and PD-L1 expressions within these cohorts, aiming to establish its potential predictive value for immunotherapy response. Our findings indicate that BCAM was highly expressed in ovarian (79.2%) and lung (78.5%) tumors, with lower yet significant expression in breast (37.7%), head and neck (31.3%), and bladder-urothelial tumors (27.6%). Notably, high BCAM expression was associated with better OS in NSCLC. More importantly, BCAM expression did not correlate with PD-L1 protein expression in any of these tumors, highlighting its independent predictive potential. The widespread expression of BCAM across multiple tumor types, coupled with its lack of correlation with PD-L1 expression, highlights its potential as a predictive novel biomarker across various cancer types.

Morphological and morphometric analysis of the Sacral Hiatus using lumbosacral spine CT scans: clinical relevance in Caudal Epidural Analgesia.

To conduct a morphological and morphometric analysis of the sacral hiatus (SH) using lumbosacral spine CT scans and to evaluate its clinical relevance in caudal epidural analgesia (CEA). This retrospective study analyzed 77 lumbosacral spine CT scans from a diverse patient population. The shape of the SH was classified into common types: inverted U, inverted V, irregular, and bilobed. Morphometric measurements included the length, width, and depth at the apex of the SH. The apex level of the SH was also determined in relation to the sacral vertebrae, and statistical analysis was performed to identify any correlation between the apex level and the morphometric dimensions. The most frequent SH shape was inverted U (68.83%), followed by inverted V (20.77%), irregular (9%), and a single instance of a bilobed shape (1.29%). The apex of the SH was most commonly located at the level of the S4 vertebra (75.32%), followed by the S3 vertebra (20.77%), S5 in two (2.59) and S2 in one (1.29%). No significant correlation was found between the level of the apex and the length, width, or depth of the SH. These findings indicate a high degree of anatomical variability in the SH, independent of the apex level. The anatomical variability of the SH, as observed in this study, underscores the need for individualized assessment during CEA. The lack of correlation between the apex level and the morphometric dimensions of the SH highlights the importance of imaging modalities such as ultrasound or fluoroscopy to ensure precise localization and effective analgesia administration. These insights can improve clinical outcomes by enhancing the accuracy and safety of caudal epidural procedures.

Reducing Radiation Dermatitis for PBS Proton Therapy Breast Cancer Patients Using SpotDelete

PurposeThe purpose of this work was to reduce the severity of radiation dermatitis for breast cancer patients receiving pencil beam scanning proton therapy. The hypothesis was that eliminating proton spots (SpotDelete) in the 0.5 cm skin rind would reduce the potentially higher relative biological effectiveness (RBE) known to occur at the Bragg Peak. Patients and MethodsOur center has been using an in-house developed Python script in RayStation since 2021 to remove spots from the skin rind of breast patients. In this work, we retrospectively reviewed the on-treatment visit data from a cohort of breast patients treated with hypofractionation (16 fractions) before this technique (MinDepth) and after (SpotDelete) to acquire the physician-reported radiation dermatitis scores. We evaluated the delivered treatment plans, calculating the linear energy transfer (LET) and applying 3 variable RBE models, Carabe-Fernandez, Wedenberg, and McNamara. An α/β of 10 was assumed for the skin. ResultsIn the MinDepth cohort (n = 28), grade 1, 2, and 3 dermatitis accounted for 57%, 36%, and 7% of the cases, respectively. For SpotDelete (n = 27), the incidence rate of grade 1 and 2 acute radiation dermatitis was 67% and 37%, respectively. There were 0 instances of grade 3 dermatitis observed in the SpotDelete cohort. The onset of radiation dermatitis in the SpotDelete cohort was delayed compared to MinDepth, occurring 1 week later in the course of treatment. There was no significant difference in LET or in any of the variable RBE models when analyzing the 0.5 cm skin rind between the cohorts. ConclusionDespite the lack of correlation in LET or RBE, SpotDelete has been shown to reduce the severity and onset of radiation dermatitis. Possibly, more research into the α/β for skin and RBE models based on skin cell lines could provide insight into the efficacy of the SpotDelete technique.

NG_MDERANK: A software vulnerability feature knowledge extraction method based on N‐gram similarity

AbstractAs software grows in size and complexity, software vulnerabilities are increasing, leading to a range of serious insecurity issues. Open‐source software vulnerability reports and documentation can provide researchers with great convenience for analysis and detection. However, the quality of different data sources varies, the data are duplicated and lack of correlation, which often requires a lot of manual management and analysis. In order to solve the problems of scattered and heterogeneous data and lack of correlation in traditional vulnerability repositories, this paper proposes a software vulnerability feature knowledge extraction method that combines the N‐gram model and mask similarity. The method generates mask text data based on the extraction of N‐gram candidate keywords and extracts vulnerability feature knowledge by calculating the similarity of mask text. This method analyzes the samples efficiently and stably in the environment of large sample size and complex samples and can obtain high‐value semi‐structured data. Then, the final node, relationship, and attribute information are obtained by secondary knowledge cleaning and extraction of the extracted semi‐structured data results. And based on the extraction results, the corresponding software vulnerability domain knowledge graph is constructed to deeply explore the semantic information features and entity relationships of vulnerabilities, which can help to efficiently study software security problems and solve vulnerability problems. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method is verified by comparing it with several traditional keyword extraction algorithms on Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) and Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) vulnerability data.

Characterization of novel double-reporter strains of Mycobacterium abscessus for drug discovery: a study in mScarlet.

Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) is currently considered an "incurable nightmare." Its intrinsic resistance, high toxicity, long duration, and low cure rates of available therapies often lead to the clinical decision not to treat. Moreover, one of the significant drawbacks of anti-Mab drug development is the lack of correlation between in vitro susceptibility and clinical efficacy. Most drug screening assays are performed on Mab growing in liquid cultures. But being an intracellular pathogen, inducing granulomas and biofilm formation, the broth culture is far from ideal as in vitro drug-testing setup. This study presents new double-reporter Mab strains that allow direct real-time bacterial detection and quantification in a non-invasive way. These strains can be applied to an extensive range of experimental settings, far surpassing the utility of single-reporter bacteria. They can be used in all steps of the pre-clinical anti-Mab drug development pipeline, constituting a highly valuable tool to increase its success.

Genomic Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a "One Health" Perspective.

The "One Health" approach provides a comprehensive framework for understanding antimicrobial resistance. This perspective is of particular importance in the study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as it is not only a pathogen that affects humans but also persists in environmental reservoirs. To assess evolutionary selection for niche-specific traits, a genomic comparison of 749 P. aeruginosa strains from three environments (clinical, aquatic, and soil) was performed. The results showed that the environment does indeed exert selective pressure on specific traits. The high percentage of persistent genome, the lack of correlation between phylogeny and origin of the isolate, and the high intrinsic resistance indicate that the species has a high potential for pathogenicity and resistance, regardless of the reservoir. The flexible genome showed an enrichment of metal resistance genes, which could act as a co-selection of antibiotic resistance genes. In the plasmids, resistance genes were found in multigenic clusters, with the presence of a mobile integron being prominent. This integron was identified in several pathogenic strains belonging to distantly related taxa with a worldwide distribution, showing the risk of rapid evolution of resistance. These results provide a more complete understanding of the evolution of P. aeruginosa, which could help develop new prevention strategies.

Survey of CT radiation doses and iodinated contrast medium administration: an international multicentric study.

To assess the relationship between intravenous iodinated contrast media (ICM) administration usage and radiation doses for contrast-enhanced (CE) CT of head, chest, and abdomen-pelvis (AP) in international, multicenter settings. Our international (n = 16 countries), multicenter (n = 43 sites), and cross-sectional (ConRad) study had two parts. Part 1: Redcap survey with questions on information related to CT and ICM manufacturer/brand and respective protocols. Part 2: Information on 3,258 patients (18-96 years; M:F 1654:1604) who underwent CECT for a routine head (n = 456), chest (n = 528), AP (n = 599), head CT angiography (n = 539), pulmonary embolism (n = 599), and liver CT examinations (n = 537) at 43 sites across five continents. The following information was recorded: hospital name, patient age, gender, body mass index [BMI], clinical indications, scan parameters (number of scan phases, kV), IV-contrast information (concentration, volume, flow rate, and delay), and dose indices (CTDIvol and DLP). Most routine chest (58.4%) and AP (68.7%) CECT exams were performed with 2-4 scan phases with fixed scan delay (chest 71.4%; AP 79.8%, liver CECT 50.7%) following ICM administration. Most sites did not change kV across different patients and scan phases; most CECT protocols were performed at 120-140 kV (83%, 1979/2685). There were no significant differences between radiation doses for non-contrast (CTDIvol 24 [16-30] mGy; DLP 633 [414-702] mGy·cm) and post-contrast phases (22 [19-27] mGy; 648 [392-694] mGy·cm) (p = 0.142). Sites that used bolus tracking for chest and AP CECT had lower CTDIvol than sites with fixed scan delays (p < 0.001). There was no correlation between BMI and CTDIvol (r2 ≤ - 0.1 to 0.1, p = 0.931). Our study demonstrates up to ten-fold variability in ICM injection protocols and radiation doses across different CT protocols. The study emphasizes the need for optimizing CT scanning and contrast protocols to reduce unnecessary contrast and radiation exposure to patients. The wide variability and lack of standardization of ICM media and radiation doses in CT protocols suggest the need for education and optimization of contrast usage and scan factors for optimizing image quality in CECT. There is a lack of patient-centric CT protocol optimization taking into consideration mainly patients' size. There is a lack of correlation between ICM volume and CT radiation dose across CT protocol. A ten-fold variation in iodine-load for the same CT protocol in sites suggests a lack of standardization.

Correlation Between Near-Infrared Autofluorescence Properties and Sestamibi Uptakes of Parathyroid Glands in Primary Hyperparathyroidism.

Near-infrared autofluorescence (NIRAF) characteristics of parathyroid glands in primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) vary, with unclarity regarding the underlying mechanism. Similarly, 99mTc-sestamibi uptake in diseased parathyroid glands is variable. There is a suggestion that oxyphilic cell content may influence both imaging modalities. This study aims to analyze the relationship between NIRAF imaging characteristics, 99mTc-sestamibi uptake, and cellular composition in pHPT. Retrospective analysis of an Institutional Review Board-monitored prospective database. Single tertiary referral center. NIRAF characteristics of parathyroid glands of patients with pHPT between 2019 and 2024 were compared with 99mTc-sestamibi scan findings from a prospective database. Using third-party software, brightness intensity and heterogeneity index (HI) of the glands were calculated. A subgroup of parathyroid glands obtained from consecutive patients with pHPT in 2020 to 2021 underwent histological analysis. A total of 428 patients with 638 diseased parathyroid glands were analyzed. Forty-seven percent of the glands showed an uptake on 99mTc-sestamibi scans. The brightness intensity of the NIRAF signals from parathyroid glands that were seen versus not seen on sestamibi was 2.1 versus 2.3 (P = .002) and HI 0.18 versus 0.17 (P = .35), respectively. On multivariate analysis, low autofluorescence intensity, high gland volume, and single adenoma were associated with detectability on 99mTc-sestamibi scan (P < .0001). Intraglandular adipose tissue content was lower in diseased glands that were detected on 99mTc-sestamibi scans (0% vs 5%, P < .0001). Our findings indicate an inverse relationship between autofluorescence intensity and detectability on 99mTc-sestamibi scans and a lack of correlation between different cell types and autofluorescence properties.

Differential Analysis of Venous Sinus Diameters: Unveiling Vascular Alterations in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.

Alterations in the cerebral venous system have been increasingly recognized as a significant component of the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to explore the relationship between venous sinus diameter and MS to understand potential vascular alterations in MS patients compared with controls. We sought to determine whether these alterations were correlated with disease characteristics such as duration, lesion type, and disability score. This study included 79 MS patients diagnosed according to the 2017 McDonald criteria and 67 healthy individuals. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans via a 1.5 Tesla system provided measurements of the superior sagittal sinus, right and left transverse sinus, sinus rectus, and venous structures. Statistical analysis was conducted via SPSS, employing independent sample t tests, ANOVA, chi-square tests, and Pearson correlation analysis, with the significance level set at p < 0.05. This study revealed significant differences in venous sinus diameter between MS patients and controls, with MS patients exhibiting larger diameters. Specifically, patients with brainstem and spinal lesions had larger diameters in certain sinus regions. No significant correlations were found between venous sinus diameter and demographic factors, expanded disability status scale scores, or lesion counts. However, a significant increase in perivenular lesions was noted in patients with longer disease durations. The findings indicate notable vascular alterations in MS patients, particularly in venous sinus diameters, suggesting a potential vascular component in MS pathology. The lack of correlation with conventional clinical and MRI metrics highlights the complexity of MS pathology. These insights underscore the need for further research, particularly longitudinal studies, to elucidate the role of venous changes in MS progression and their potential as therapeutic targets.

Lack of Correlation between Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk Factors and Its Severity Degree

Lack of Correlation between Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk Factors and Its Severity Degree

Experimentally investigated “CoronaDerm-PS”-driven SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular immunity and safety

Novel coronavirus disease 2019, caused by the SARS-CoV-2, initiate humoral and cellular immune responses against diverse virus antigens. The assessment of SARS-CoV-2-specific is mainly carried out in routine practice by determining specific immunoglobulins. However, high variability in S-protein structure in new genovariants of SARS-CoV-2 virus and the lack of correlation between specific antibodies and CD8+ T-lymphocytes underlie false negative responses, and mass assessment of cellular immunity is complicated due to the complexity of applying ELISPOT and cytofluorometry techniques. To solve this issue, a diagnostic method was developed for assessing SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular immune response, which is based on a skin test followed by evaluating a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction involving antigen-specific memory T-lymphocytes. A diagnostic preparation CoronaDerm-PS is based on Cord_PS, which is a hybrid recombinant protein consisting of parts of the SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins S, M, N, E. The specific activity of this chimeric antigen was analyzed in cultured T-lymphocyte activation test by assessing interferon-γ production using cytofluorometry. To investigate the chimeric antigen specific activity, a preclinical safety study with CoronaDerm-PS preparation in experimental animals was conducted. A dose-dependent developing skin reaction was observed in 90–100% of guinea pigs vaccinated by EpiVacCorona, CoviVac, Gam-COVID-Vac, which confirms a potential for assessing post-vaccination cellular immunity using CoronaDerm-PS preparation. Upon this, the presence of functionally active T-cell-antigenic epitopes in the recombinant polypeptide allows to evaluate SARS-CoV-2-specific response illustrated by detected response after Gam-COVID-Vac (S-protein) and EpiVacCorona (N-protein) vaccination. Thus, a skin test based on CoronaDerm-PS preparation may be a promising diagnostic tool for rapid mass screening requiring no specialized laboratory equipment for assessing populational SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity. Such a test is distinguished by advantages such as ease of analysis, high specificity and sensitivity. The final decision-making on using this test in a real-world practice may achieved after conducting further clinical safety and effectiveness trials.

Potential of Fasting C-peptide to Glucose Ratio and Triglyceride Glucose Index as Markers for β-Cell Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes on Insulin Therapy.

Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is combined from initial insulin resistance (IR) and subsequent β-cell dysfunction. Insulin therapy can replace β-cell function in advanced stages. However excessive insulin therapy increases IR and may expose the patients to risk of cardiovascular disease. We aim to assess β-cell function and IR in patients with type 2 diabetes on insulin therapy by fasting C-peptide to glucose ratio (FCPGR), and triglyceride glucose (TyG) index respectively to support treatment plans. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Galiawa Diabetes and Endocrinology Teaching Center in Erbil City, Iraq,from June 2023 to January 2024. A convenient sample of 100 patients with T2DM on insulin-based therapy were included after obtaining informed written consent and excluding conditions such as acute illness,uncertain type of diabetes, etc. Each patient was evaluated for anthropometric parameters and current treatment details. Biochemical tests were then carried out to calculate metabolic syndrome (MetS) index score, FCPGR, and TyG index. Finally, patients were divided into four subgroups according to their FCPGR and TyG index and the data were analyzed statistically. The data showed those patients with sufficient β-cell function were 60(60%), and patients withhigh TyG index were 95 (95%). There was a significant negative correlation betweenFCPGR and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (p-value=0.001), while there was a positive correlation between TyG index and HbA1C (p-value=0.001). None of these markers were correlated with BMI (p-value=0.297, and 0.976), duration of T2DM (p-value=0.258, and 0.458), and dose of insulin therapy (p-value=0.901, and 0.477). Patients with sufficient β-cell function and high TyG index had the lowest HbA1C. The study provides valuable insights into the utility of FCPGR and TyG index as biomarkers for β-cell function and insulin resistance in T2DM patients on insulin therapy. The significant correlation with HbA1C underscores their potential in clinical practice. However, the lack of correlation with BMI, disease duration, and insulin dose suggests that further investigation is needed to fully understand these biomarkers' implications across diverse patient profiles.