Efficiency Of Labour Use Research Articles

Capture-based hatchery of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in Vietnam: an analysis of resource utilisation and challenges

IntroductionThis study aimed to evaluate the status, resource use, and challenges of the capture-based hatchery of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) (BTS).MethodsData was obtained through the investigation of 15 broodstock fishing boats and 60 capture-based BTS broodstock hatcheries. Resource use index (RUI) of the capture-based BTS hatchery, calculated from 1,000 female brooders to produce 15-day-old post-larvae (PL15) (production efficiency of PL15, or PE-PL15), was analysed.ResultsThe results indicated that the fishing boats captured an average of 5,900 brooders.boat-1.year-1, 20,856 kg of by catch.boat-1.year-1, and the PE-PL15 production of 937 million for 1,000 female brooders. In the hatchery stage, the use of larger body weight female brooders had benefits in terms of higher survival rate and better efficiency of labour use, Artemia cyst, and probiotic products, but it reduced the efficiency use of chemicals, pellets, and total tank volume of the hatchery.DiscussionThere is increasing use of domesticated brooder sources, but wild-caught brooders still play an important role in producing low-cost PL15 for traditional shrimp farming systems, accounting for most farmed BTS production. Therefore, the certification of good practices should be implemented to capture-based BTS hatcheries for the reasonable use of this brooder resource to sustain BTS farming in Vietnam.

РЫНОК МОЛОКА КАК ФАКТОР УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ

The agri-food market sector of the country’s socio-economic system is represented by different markets, among which the milk market occupies an important place, providing the country’s population with the most important product that determines the country’s food security, balanced development of the economy of agriculture and related industries, increasing the efficiency of labor use in the agricultural sector, smoothing out seasonality in the use of labor. The relevance of the topic of scientific research is determined by the fact that the state and vector of development of the milk market is in close interaction with the sustainable development of rural areas, since its functioning is manifested through the use of resources, as part of rural areas, to create a dairy product in response to meet constant demand, both at the moment and in the future. Taking into account the multidirectional nature of the category of sustainable development of rural areas and the multifunctionality of the milk market, it is advisable to monitor its state in a dynamic market environment and manage the elements of the market mechanism at all levels of the economy.

Labour-Use Efficiency of Rice Farmers in Nigeria’s North-Central Region

A cross-sectional data collected through structured questionnaire coupled with an interview schedule from 360 rice farmers selected via a multi-stage sampling technique was used to determine the labour efficiency of rice farmers in Nigeria’s North-Central region. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the 2020 cropping season data. The empirical evidences showed a farming population that is gender biased due to gender stereotype, thus affected women’s access to and control over productive resources. Besides, economic-productive people that explored pecuniary advantages to achieve economies of scale engaged in cultivation of thinly uneconomic holding. The poor economic status of the farm families made most of the farmers to rely on family labour for farm operations, thus keeping most of their children and young ones out of school. Furthermore, most of the farmers were fairly efficient in the use of labour with little technical support required to enable them to achieve optimum labour efficiency level (frontier point). However, the empirical evidences showed competition for labour demand between farm and off-farm activities, and, conservative and complacency attitudes due to longevity in the enterprise to be the factors that affected labour efficiency. Therefore, the study calls for gender mainstreaming in the agricultural budget to overcome women’s challenge on productive resources; incentivized the enterprise viz. credit provision; and, adoption of a bottom-to-top approach in research and practical demonstration approach in the transfer of innovative rice technologies.

СУЧАСНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ УПРАВЛІННЯ ПЕРСОНАЛОМ: СУТНІСТЬ ТА КЛАСИФІКАЦІЯ

The article is devoted to the problems of researching the essence of the currently relevant concept of personnel management technology, and its interrelationship with the concepts of personnel technology, innovative personnel management technology, as well as improving and updating the classification of modern types of personnel technologies. Thus, the article highlights the main principles on which effective personnel management technology should be built. The study of approaches to defining the essence of the concept of "personnel management technology" was carried out, and the features and distinguishing features of the opinions of domestic and foreign scientists regarding the features and understanding of this concept were determined. A proper definition of personnel technology as a modern type of socio-economic technology is proposed. The classification of modern personnel technologies has been improved, as a result of which the following classification groups have been identified: marketing personnel technologies, personnel technologies of labor organization and optimization, personnel technologies of labor adaptation of employees, personnel technologies of loan work, educational personnel technologies, personnel technologies, used in selection and hiring, personnel-technologies of increasing the efficiency of labor use, personnel-technologies of personnel labor control, informational personnel-technologies. It has been established that the potential of existing methods, methods and tools of personnel management is almost exhausted, therefore the search for ways to increase the efficiency of the use of human resources moves to the area of implementation of innovative personnel technologies. It was determined that, despite the diversity of scientific research in the field of personnel management, modern innovative personnel management technologies in domestic companies have implementation problems due to the frequent manifestation of the phenomenon of "resistance to change", the impossibility of accurately calculating the effectiveness of the implementation of innovative technologies in the field of HR, the need to introduce personnel adaptation tools to the specifics of innovations.

Labor productivity in livestock enterprises of Ukraine

Labor productivity is one of the leading indicators of the efficiency of the functioning of enterprises and an indicator of technological development. The level of labor productivity is characterized by the volume of products produced in terms of value or in kind per employee or unit of time spent. In addition, when evaluating the efficiency of labor use, the inverse of labor productivity is used as the indicator of the labor intensity of products, which shows the time spent on the production of a unit of volume or value of products. The article analyzes labor productivity in agricultural enterprises, particularly the livestock industry of Ukraine, for 2010-2020 per 1 employee, in constant prices of 2016. Labor productivity in livestock enterprises by region of Ukraine is studied. The ratio of labor productivity per 1 worker in animal husbandry to the average salary in agriculture per year was determined. The estimated specific weight of labor remuneration with deductions from the cost of produced products in livestock enterprises, as well as the average labor intensity of livestock production by regions of Ukraine in 2020, was calculated. According to the results of the study, it was established that the productivity of labor in the enterprises of the livestock industry during the studied period is growing steadily and, according to the results of 2020, reached UAH 873,000. Based on one employee per year at constant prices of 2016, which is 20,000 hryvnias. More than in crop production. The highest level of labor productivity among livestock enterprises is observed in the Vinnytsia region - at the level of UAH 3.1 million per 1 employee per year. The average indicator of labor intensity in livestock breeding in Ukraine was 2.2 hours per 1 thousand hryvnias cost of products. In enterprises of the Lviv region, this indicator is 10 % lower than the average in Ukraine. The growth of labor productivity in animal husbandry and agriculture primarily leads to a disproportionate change in wages, the specific weight of which in the value of manufactured products grows relatively slower than the level of labor productivity. To increase the level of efficiency in the use of labor in animal husbandry, it is necessary to introduce innovative intensive, resource-saving technologies, increase the volume of production and sale of products, make maximum use of production facilities, mechanize and automate the process of animal breeding, and improve the quality of management.

PROFIT FORMATION PROCESS AT THE ENTERPRISE AND EVALUATION OF ITS MANAGEMENT

The article reveals the economic essence of profit, which is the result of the enterprise activity and the indicator that determines its efficiency, generalizes the interpretation of the authors and their approaches to the definition of "profit", identifies its common features in the works of scientists. It is proved that the need to understand the peculiarities of profit formation at the enterprise and its evaluation is due to the adoption of competent management decisions to maximize it. The mechanism of profit formation at the enterprise and its peculiarities are considered, the main factors of influence on the formation of enterprise profit are highlighted. The main sources of profit formation are systematized and the main goal of profit management at the enterprise is substantiated. It is determined that the main activity of the enterprise is the operating activity, so the assessment of the management of the process of profitability formation of the enterprise should be aimed at managing the process of profit formation from operating activities. It is noted that profit management at the enterprise is the process of developing and making effective management decisions in order to maximize the welfare of the owners of the enterprise in the current and future periods. The main groups of indicators for assessing the management of profit formation are allocated and the formulas for their calculation are indicated, which include: efficiency of use of fixed production assets, efficiency of labor use, efficiency of use of material resources, efficiency of use of working capital. It is proved that the assessment of management of the process of profitability formation of an economic entity also involves the assessment of profitability indicators.

Labour-use efficiency of rice farmers in Nigeria’s north-central region

A cross sectional data collected through a structured questionnaire coupled with an interview schedule from 360 rice farmers selected via multi-stage sampling technique was used to determine the labour efficiency of rice farmers in Nigeria’s North-Central region. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the 2020 cropping season data. The empirical evidences showed a farming population that is gender bias due to stereotypes, that affected women access to and control over productive resources. Besides, economic-productive people that explored pecuniary advantages in order to achieve economies of scale engaged in cultivation of thinly uneconomic holdings. The poor economic status of the farm families made most of the farmers to rely on family labour for farm operations, thus keeping most of their children and young ones out of school. Furthermore, most of the farmers were fairly efficient in the use of labour with little technical support required to enable them achieve optimum labour efficiency level (frontier point). However, the empirical evidences showed competition for labour demand between farm and off-farm activities and conservative and complacency attitudes due to longevity in the enterprise to be the factors that affected labour efficiency. Therefore, the study calls for gender mainstreaming in agricultural budget to overcome women’s challenge on productive resources; incentivized the enterprise viz., credit provision; adoption of bottom-to-top approach in research and practical demonstration approach in transfer of innovative rice technologies.

Labour-use Efficiency of Assam Gramin Vikash Bank: Branch- and District-level Analysis

The present study estimated labour-use efficiency of 48 branches of Assam Gramin Vikash Bank at its branch level, covering three districts of Barak Valley, which falls under Silchar region of the bank for the time period from 2010–2011 to 2017–2018. The study applied data envelopment analysis for estimating labour-use efficiency. In the second stage, the study applied censored Tobit regression for determining the impact of several contextual variables on efficiency. The study reveals that the mean labour-use efficiency score of the selected branches is 76% when averaged for the in-sample branches over the observation period. Results of the Tobit regression identified cluster 2 and total business of the branches as the significant factors for determining efficiency and the number of employees as a significant variable influencing inefficiency. JEL Classifications: G2, G20, G21, J3

Priority Areas For The Development Of A Flexible Labor Market In Uzbekistan

The article discusses the main tasks of a flexible labor market and employment of the population in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The analysis of the dynamics of the structure of labor resources, the level of participation of the population of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the labor resources by sex, the dynamics of the level of employment and unemployed in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The main conclusion of the authors is that solving the problems of increasing the flexibility of the labor market and stimulating the reduction of illegal employment, growth of employment and efficiency of labor use, including by increasing the territorial mobility of labor resources.

Improving the Economic Mechanism for Increasing Labor Productivity in Agriculture

The article is devoted to the problems of increasing labor productivity in agriculture in Kazakhstan. It explores the growth trends in labor productivity in the agricultural sector and presents a comparative analysis of individual factors that directly affect labor productivity indicators. The article considers the reasons for the lag of Kazakhstan in terms of labor productivity from developed countries, provides a detailed analysis of the level and dynamics of labor productivity in agriculture in Kazakhstan. The authors of the article calculated indicators of the dynamics of labor productivity and indices of the physical volume of gross agricultural output. Comparative indices of labor productivity in the economy, production of goods and agriculture are presented, an algorithm for analysing the efficiency of labor use of workers in the industry and assessing the reserves of growth in labor productivity were given. The aim of the work is to study the prevailing level of labor productivity and determine ways to increase it and the production efficiency of the agricultural sector. The differentiation of the use of the concepts of labor productivity and the productivity of the economic system was substantiated. The productivity of the economic system in accordance has a broader interpretation and includes the whole set of economic processes, such as labor productivity, marketing, managerial productivity and the creation of new products with high consumer qualities. The goals and objectives of labor productivity at the enterprise level was carried out, areas of responsibility at different managerial levels were decomposed.

The concept of socio-economic regulation of labor activity of employees of a coal-mining enterprise

Relevance of the work. Nowadays, Russian enterprises and their employees are subjects of the labour, product, services market, and capital market. An analysis of the theory, methodology and practice of labour standards for workers in coalmining enterprises has shown that rate fixing, as one of the important institutions that regulate the quality, quantity and efficiency of labour use, restrains an employee’s subjectivity in the labour market. Lack of subjectivity is disadvantageous either to employees, or to management (to the owners of the enterprise, or the state), since it does not allow increasing labour efficiency, which is a source of workers’ dissatisfaction with the quality of working life and incomes, labour conflicts, insufficient to ensure the competitiveness of enterprises with increased productivity and labour safety, insufficient growth tax revenues to the state budget. These circumstances indicate the need to develop the theory and methodology of labour standards for workers of coal-mining enterprises aimed at increasing the market subjectivity of each employee of the enterprise by means of socio-economic standardization of his labour activity allowing the employee to satisfy his socioeconomic needs, and the enterprise to carry out socio-economic development as one of the conditions for effective functioning in a market environment. Purpose of the work – theoretical and methodological substantiation of the socio-economic standardization of labour activity of coal-mining workers as a real socio-economic phenomenon and a means to increase their market subjectivity, and for an enterprise to successfully realize the goals of socio-economic development in the conditions of high dynamics of the functioning environment. Methodology and methods of research. The methodology of socio-economic regulation of labour activity of workers is based on the theoretical and methodological provisions of the scientific organization of labour, the results of modern research on the development of labour standards in the context of the formation of a socially oriented market economy and an institutional approach that allows us studying the problems of functioning and changing the role of labour standards as one of the social and economic institutions that form the market subjectivity of the employee and the level of social -economic development of the enterprise. Results of the research. The key concepts of the methodology of socio-economic standardization are identified, the main provisions of the concept of socio-economic standardization of labour activity of coal-mining workers are developed. Conclusions. The increase in the market subjectivity of workers is ensured by the formation and adoption by the enterprise management of the socio-economic standardization of the labour activity of workers at all levels of management, which is based on the determination, establishment and maintenance of a measure of conformity of the social and economic benefits received by the employee, the results of his labour activity and the conditions for obtaining these results.

Current problems of labor use of convicts sentenced to imprisonment

The main issues of legal regulation of labor in the history of the develop-ment of penal institutions (correctional colonies), its place in the system of basic means of correction and re-socialization are considered by the authors. The problems that arise when the convicts are involved in socially useful work in the modern conditions of functioning of the enterprises of correctional colonies, are determined. Attention is drawn to the need to study foreign experience of involving convicts in labor, as there is a significant economic benefit and educational and corrective effect. The ways of improving the efficiency of labor use of convicts in Ukraine on the basis of voluntariness, development and expansion of the limits of convicts professional orientation, creating of productive workshops, are indicated..

Impact of Wheat Cultivation under Conservation Practices on Resourceuse Efficiency in Karnal and Kurukshetra Districts of Haryana

A study was conducted to examine the resource-use efficiency of wheat cultivation under conservation and conventional methods in Haryana. A sample of 120 wheat producers was surveyed in four villages in the study area during 2012-13.The allocative efficiency of labour and irrigation in wheat cultivation using zero seed drill indicated over-use of these resources. The allocative efficiency of wheat cultivation under conventional tillage system showed that labour-use efficiency was 0.83 and fertilizer-use efficiency was 0.53. The allocative efficiency of wheat cultivation with rotavator showed that fertilizer-use and irrigation-use efficiency were over-used. The estimated mean technical efficiency of wheat farms under zero-tillage was 96% in their use of inputs. The technical efficiency of cultivation by rotavator was found to be 95%, indicating that average return of wheat could be increased by 5% by adopting the technology more scientifically. The economic efficiency measure was 62%, 52% and 34% in zero, rotavator and conventional tillage, respectively, indicating that there was scope to increase the returns by 38%, 48% and 64%, respectively, with optimum resource allocation. The study revealed that the farmers were inefficient in using their resources.

Mentoring as the basis for social business

In this article the concept of mentoring as a basis for social business is considered. Besides, the ways of increase of efficiency of labor use through the institute of mentoring of young workers are considered by elderly people. Features of employment, work and dismissal of aging employees are also considered. Possibilities of application of mentoring, attraction of experience of pensioners taking into account the high level of their qualification are reflected. Tasks which the institute of mentoring will help to solve are formulated. The article examines the possibility of using mentoring and engaging retired employees with their experience, a high level of their education and professional qualification in the training of young inexperienced workers. Mentoring is presented as an element of social entrepreneurship.

Whole-farm economic, risk and resource-use trade-offs associated with integrating forages into crop–livestock systems in western China

Substantial initiatives are occurring in developing countries to integrate forage crops into crop–livestock systems to improve farmer livelihoods and reduce soil erosion. In particular, government authorities in western China focus on improving farmer livestock profits through greater forage crop production. We examined the whole-farm profit, downside risk, labour-use efficiency and feed balance effects of forage crop intensification on two simulated crop–livestock farm types in western China. Our methodology combined crop and livestock simulation modelling with whole-farm stochastic budgeting to capture both price and climate variability. We modelled the whole-farm effects of (1) introducing either forage vetch (Vicia sativa), forage oats (Avena sativa), or grain soybean (Glycine max) into current wheat (Triticum aestivum)-maize (Zea mays) systems and (2) replacing maize in current wheat-maize systems with either forage wheat, forage maize, or forage soybean. System intensification through incorporating a forage crop into current grain-cropping systems can increase average simulated profits without increasing downside risk on the simulated farms. As opposed to adding a forage crop into current grain-cropping systems, replacing a grain crop with a forage crop in current grain-cropping systems had a negative effect on profits, downside risk, and labour-use efficiency. Trade-offs existed between labour-use efficiency and profit as forage intensification increased labour demands. These effects were context specific, with greater positive profit effects of forage intensification for the higher-rainfall farm type. Overall, forage intensification in these systems benefited the households, but adoption will depend on household preferences and local agro-ecological and market factors. We demonstrated the importance of exploring proposed intensification options across different locations to capture impacts across diverse contexts. Providing these context-specific insights and exploring trade-offs within systems can help better understand livelihood improvement pathways. In locations with strong competing uses for labour, developing labour-saving practices appears critical.

HEALTH, TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY, AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN INDIAN DISTRICTS

We investigate whether better population health may impact economic performance through improvements in technical efficiency in agricultural production. Using district-level data from India, we employ a random-coefficients approach to estimate a Cobb-Douglas production function, computing overall and input-specific technical efficiencies for each district. We then model health (district infant mortality rate) as a determinant of (in)efficiency in a second stage, controlling for a range of other socioeconomic variables. In the preferred specifications, we find that decreases in the infant mortality rate are associated with substantively and statistically significant increases in overall technical efficiency, and that a good portion of this association is likely due to improvements in the efficiency of labor use.

Labour use efficiency in the Indian and Pakistani commercial banks

The Indian and Pakistani banking industry is said to have an excessive use of labour due to the significant market share of government owned banks. Both countries have undertaken a process of regulatory reform to bring about market discipline in the usage of inputs and to increase the labour use efficiency and productivity. The focus of this paper is the estimation of productivity and efficiency of labour use in the banking sectors of the Indian sub-continent. The results show that the efficiency of labour use across the Indian sub-continent is improving over time and that foreign banks are more efficient compared to domestically owned banks in their usage of labour.

Labour-Use Efficiency in Tunisian Manufacturing Industries

This paper investigates the process of adjustment in employment. A dynamic model is applied to a panel of six Tunisian manufacturing industries observed over the period 1971-96. The adjustment process is industry and time specific. The adjustment parameter is specified in terms of factors affecting the speed of adjustment. Industries are assumed to adjust their labour inputs towards a desired level of labour-use. A translog labour requirement function is specified in terms of observable variables and is used to model the desired level of labour-use. The labour requirement is specified to be function of wages, output, quasi-fixed capital stock and technology. The empirical results show that in the long run, employment demand responds greatest to value-added, followed by capital stock changes, and least by wages. The speed of adjustment in employment and the degree of labour-use efficiency show large variations among the sectors and over time.

Labour productivity as a factor of sustainable economic development of the CR agriculture

A basic presumption of sustainable economic development of every branch is an efficient use of production factors. As a decisive production factor, it is possible to consider labour which actives other production. In such a way, labour creates sources for reproduction and improvement of other production factors; i.e. it creates sources for sustainable economic development. Efficiency of labour use as a production factor is generally evaluated by the level of labour productivity. To express its level, various indicators are used. Using the indicator of gross agricultural production per one worker, labour productivity grows, even with the decrease of production. The growth factor is there the decreasing number of workers. Using the indicator of value added per one worker, resp. per 1 CZK of labour costs, labour productivity decreases. Market factor lowers labour productivity on both input and output sides. The contribution issues from solving of the institutional research intention CEZ: J03/98: 411100013 “Efficient integration of Czech agrarian sector into the frame of European structures – presumption of sustainable development”.

Efficiency of labour use in the Swedish banking industry: a stochastic frontier approach

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of the deregulation of the Swedish banking industry in the mid-1980s, and the consequent banking crisis, on productive efficiency and productivity growth in the industry. An unbalanced panel of Swedish banks is studied over the period, 1984 to 1995. A total of 1275 observations are analysed for 156 banks that were observed for between two and twelve years. We adopt a translog stochastic frontier model to estimate the labour-use requirements in terms of the variables, loans, deposits, guarantees, number of branches and total inventories, together with the year of observation. The inefficiency effects in the labour-use frontier are modelled in terms of the number of branches, total inventories, the type of bank and year of observation. The technical inefficiencies of labour use of Swedish banks were found to be significant, with mean inefficiencies per year estimated to be between about 8 and 15 per cent over the years of study. However, the confidence interval predictions for these inefficiencies were found to be quite wide.