Labor Sphere Research Articles

Theory of labor relations in the context of the transformation of the sphere of work: designation of the problem

The problems of modernization of the subject of Labor Law and the theory of labor relations in the context of the transformation of the labor sphere are considered. Based on the historical analysis of the process of structuring the law on the branches, the direction of development of private-public branches and, above all, Labor Law is predicted. The convergence of the theory of a single indivisible labor legal relationship by N.G. Aleksandrov and the theory of a complex of unified labor relations V.N. Skobelkin in the context of the transition to new technological paradigms and the growth of differentiation in the ways of organizing labor. On the basis of the theory of a complex of unified labor legal relations, ways are proposed to expand the subject of the branch of Labor Law by including in it new relations arising on a contractual and non-contractual basis related to the use of human labor. The necessity of changing the presumption of proving the existence of labor relations, the three-subject composition of the participants in the system of legal relations arising from the use of agency labor (a contract for the provision of an employee), and the joint liability of subjects on the side of the employer (solidary employer) are substantiated.

Regional labour market of the Republic of Tyva: trends and challenges

The paper discusses the main parameters of the labour market of the Republic of Tyva, that are the system-forming factors of the region's economy. The analysed data were obtained from the results of two empirical studies conducted in the Republic of Tyva (2019 and 2021) by the Center for the Study of Social Structure and Social Stratification of the Institute of Sociology of the FCTAS RAS under the guidance of prof. Z.T. Golenkova, PhD. These research projects were carried out in various time phases of the functioning of the Republican labour market: the pre-crisis period (2019) and the crisis period of the COVID-19 epidemic (2021). It can be said that the 2021 study was the first record of the reaction of the regional labour market to the transformation of the economic system caused by the pandemic. The pandemic most of all affected the physical condition of the population - a fifth of the respondents had been ill with COVID-19. The study did not reveal signs of large-scale social conflicts in the labour sphere. Those who lost their jobs or liquidated their business amount to no more than 6%. Neither mass layoffs of employees nor a large-scale reduction in the number of entrepreneurs took place in the region during the period of the coronavirus pandemic. At the same time, the level of registered unemployment increased in 2021 compared to 2019 by almost 10%. One of the main reasons for the growth of this indicator, as the authors believe, is the significantly increased volume of social transfers for officially registered unemployed during this period. The article also provides quantitative indicators of the labour market and compares the key indicators of the labour market model in dynamics - the level of economic activity, employment and unemployment (official and unregistered). Particular attention is paid to assessing the prevalence of various types of informal employment. It is shown that the entrepreneurial initiative of the population is a kind of guarantor of the desired level of material income, orientation towards anti-paternalistic attitudes. The authors also made an attempt to calculate the total pool of the most active labour market actors and their adaptation strategies. The authors come to the conclusion that the market model has demonstrated sustainability and stability in response to the external impacts of the crisis.

Вопросы правовой категории «обязанность» в сфере труда

Целью настоящей статьи является рассмотрение вопросов места и роли правовых категорий в системе права, значения исследования категории «обязанность» в трудовом праве. Изучение правовых категорий позволяет применять структурированный и системный подходы в методах исследования право-вых теоретико-правовых концепций. Указанный выше метод познания позволил авторам прийти к следующим выводам и результатам. Категория «обязанность» применительно к трудовому праву тесно связана с механизмом трудовых правоотношений. Особую сложность представляет выработка конкретно-определенного понятийного аппарата категории «обязанность» в трудовом праве, поскольку данная категория включает в себя такие понятия, как «трудовые обязанности», «трудовая функция», «обязанности в сфере труда», «трудовые обязательства» и т.п. «Обязанность», как правовая категория, претерпевает значительные изменения, особенно в сфере трудового права. Переход страны на рыночные рельсы экономики, всеобщая демократизация, гласность и глобализация общества, с одной сто-роны, придали импульс для динамического развития всех сфер общественно-социальной жизни, опре-делили новый вектор развития трудовых отношений, основанных на свободе договорных отношений. С другой — возрастающее влияние гражданско-правовых, договорных элементов взаимодействия между работником и работодателем приводит к тому, что фундаментальные категории, как «обязанность», в сфере труда постепенно растворяются.

Problems of social and economic development of the Republic of Tyva

Based on the analysis of the theoretical heritage of leading sociologists, the article examines the socio-economic factors that determine the social stratification of the inhabitants of the Republic of Tyva. A comprehensive study of their financial situation and the characteristics of the social and labour sphere of the population of the Republic is carried out. An analysis of research data from 2019–2021 is made as well as research of the current year.
 In the course of the work, the defining features of the employment of the population as a condition for the formation of social inequality are revealed. The role of quantitative and qualitative indicators of the labour market in shaping the way of life of certain groups of society is studied. On the example of the presented materials, the correlation between the key social problems faced by the population of the region and the working conditions is demonstrated, the indirect factors affecting the satisfaction of the vital needs of the population are disclosed in detail, ways to satisfy them are fixed, the role of the social protection service in this process is shown.
 The analysis of statistical data on the level of material well-being of the population of the Russian Federation determines that there is not only a significant level of inequality among the population as a whole, but also a significant heterogeneity of indicators of material well-being in various regions of the Russian Federation. On the example of the Republic of Tyva, the structure of employment of the population is shown, its specific features and individual forms are described, as well as the impact on the social stratification of the population of the region. The authors have identified patterns of influence of the involvement of members of society in the system of economic relations, the influence of the level and nature of employment on the financial situation of the population of the region. The general characteristics of the labour market are presented with taking into account the factors of poverty of the population. Particular attention is paid to the disclosure of the concepts of "social stratification" and "social inequality". The article also contains recommendations for public authorities aimed at improving their work to ensure a higher level and quality of life for the population of the Republic to overcome social stratification.

Comparison of the labor code and the draft law "On labor": employment contract

The paper is devoted to the coverage of current changes and de-Sovietization of legislation in the field of labor, namely: a comparison of the legislative regulation of the employment contract in accordance with the Labor Code and the draft law "On Labor" published on the website of the Ministry of Economy. The author analyzed the provisions of the legislative regulation of legal relations arising between the employee and the employer: content, forms, conditions, grounds for termination and suspension of employment contracts, and comparison of existing and proposed rules. It is emphasized that the intensive development of labor relations and European integration "require" a clear, flexible, and understandable legislative regulation of labor relations, in particular in terms of proper social protection of workers, ensuring wages and labor rights of the latter at a decent, European level, in accordance with the conventions of the International Labor Organization, and the importance of labor unions. The works of legal scholars in the field of labor law, who spoke on this topic, were used and analyzed. The experience of other European countries, their path as a candidate country, legislative regulation of the labor sphere and foreign research on the labor market, as well as statistics of domestic institutions for the period 2021-2022, were used. Attention is drawn to the importance of social dialogue between employers, employees and trade unions. The conclusion is made about the need to finalize the draft law, which should meet the latest needs of modernity, the vector of the post-war development of Ukraine, its socio-economic doctrine, legislative acts of Ukraine, Conventions of the International Labor Organization and Directives of the European Commission, and the need for a new Labor Code, not the Law of Ukraine "On Labor".

Law enforcement in context of transformation of the labor sphere and modernization of the theory of labor relations

The subject of research is the problems of modernization of the subject of labor law and the theory of labor relations in the context of the transformation of the labor sphere The purpose of article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis thatThe methodology of research is formal legal and logical interpretation of Russian Constitution and labor legislation, analysis of the academic publications concerning labor law. Based on the historical analysis of the law structuring process, the direction of development of labor law as a private-public branch of law.The main results, scope of application. It is substantiated that the totality of elements of legal relations, characteristic of both private and public law (freely entering into labor relations on the basis of an agreement, but forced to fulfill obligations under the agreement exclusively by personal labor, obeying the employer’s will in the process of labor activity), should be a system (an interconnected integrative set having an anti-entropic character) in order to function effectively. The removal of some elements from this system entails an imbalance in the system of the labor law branch as a whole, with possible subsequent destruction. On the basis of a systematic approach, the formation and development of the theory of labor relations in domestic legal science are studied. The foundations of the convergent "theory of the plurality of unified labor relations", developed for application in the conditions of transition to new technological paradigms and growing differentiation of forms of labor organization, are proposed and substantiated. This theory was developed on the basis of the “theory of a single indivisible labor relationship” by N.G. Aleksandrov and "the theory of the complex of labor relations" V.N. Skobelkin. On the basis of the theory of plurality of unified labor legal relations, the prospects for expanding the subject of the branch of labor law are determined by including in it emerging new relations that are associated with the use of human labor on a contractual and non-contractual basis. A motivated assumption is formulated that such an expansion of the subject of labor law will make it possible to complete the process begun a century and a half ago and finally remove all contracts providing for the employment of labor from the subject of civil law in favor of labor law. A contract of personal employment between individuals, assuming the equality of the parties to the use of independent labor not with a single employer, will remain civil law. Through the institutions of labor protection, social insurance and social partnership, labor law should begin a systematic expansion to any emerging new form of organization of human labor. After that, a new form of labor organization can be subject to various sets of other industry norms and institutions, the use of which ensures the protection of the employee and an increase in production efficiency. The necessity of changing the presumption of proving the existence of labor relations to proving civil relations is substantiated.Conclusions. The article substantiates the three-subject composition of the participants in the system of legal relations arising from the use of agency labor (contract on the provision of an employee) and the need to establish joint liability of subjects on the side of the employer (solidary employer). It proves the need to release the employee from liability for offenses detected by artificial intelligence. It is proposed to continue research on the prospects for the formation of labor procedural law.

DIRECTIONS OF THE INFLUENCE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES ON THE FIELD OF WORK IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL AND NATIONAL DIMENSIONS

Topicality. Digital technologies cause radical changes in the field of work, which, in turn, has a significant impact on all sectors of the economy. The ability of socio-economic systems at different levels to adapt to the inevitable changes caused by digital transformation will depend on understanding the scale of the impact of technological progress on human capital. It is important to understand that the impact of digital transformation is all-encompassing and irreplaceable, since business entities that will implement digital technologies will move to a qualitatively new level of functioning, and the price for the inability to do this will be the loss of competitiveness.Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to study structural changes in the labor sphere of Ukraine and some countries of the world, which are caused by digitalization processes.Materials and methods. The material and methodological basis of the article is formed by fundamental and applied research of leading international organizations, in particular, the UN, the International Labor Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, as well as leading foreign and Ukrainian scientists. Using the method of abstraction, the influence of digitalization on the main components of the labor sphere was investigated. With the help of statistical and comparative analysis, trends in the development of the main components of the labor sphere under the influence of digital technologies were revealed, and with the help of content analysis, the main competencies of a modern worker were identified.Research results. The article substantiates that as a result of the introduction of digital technologies in the field of work, there are changes in social and labor relations and reproduction of the workforce. The directions of the influence of digital technologies on the sphere of labor are identified and the trends formed in each of them are investigated. On the basis of content analysis, structural shifts in the competencies of a modern worker under the influence of digital technologies have been determined.Conclusion. Digitization has become a tool for changing the qualitative characteristics of socio-economic processes and phenomena. Behind the apparent well-being it brings lies enormous challenges. New business models, built on the achievements of the digital revolution, provide for the rejection of labor contracts and social security, a stable work schedule, and bring labor relations outside the framework of the regulatory and legal plane. Social stability will be paid for the benefit of individual business entities. Today, there is a need to build mechanisms for the fair redistribution of income growth due to the introduction of digital technologies, for example, by introducing a basic unconditional income, establishing a tax on the use of digital technologies, licensing the activities of digital platforms.

Age discrimination outside the labor sphere

Age discrimination outside the labor sphere

The health control of employees in digitization conditions

The article considers issues of health management of employees at workplace in conditions of globalization and digitalization of society, causing need to revise the labor relations. Under impact of global trends in field of digital technologies, transformation occurs concerning working environment and labor safety measures, contributing to development of new forms of interaction between employee and employer and employment models as well. The ongoing changes in society and global changes in labor market require to investigate new labor conditions, formation of system of knowledge about directions and perspectives for development of labor relations and human resources management. Nowadays, because of spreading of COVID-19 morbidity, increased attention is paid to health of employees and measures targeted to preventing morbidity are intensified. The need to work in new conditions dictates topical issues for scientific research in coming years: development of theory of new labor economy, investigation changes in paradigm of quality of labor life, well-being at workplace in conditions of digitalization of economy and formation of new employment model, digital generation of workers and new challenges in human resources management.The purpose of the study is to explore issues of health management of employees at workplace in conditions of globalization and digitalization. The implemented study permitted to conclude that problems of socio-psychological nature occurring in labor sphere in conditions of active transition to digital economy are complicated by increasing instability of labor relations and occurrence of new social economic and psychological risks at workplace that negatively effect on health and well-being of employees.

Social Mobility of the Labor Force: Assessment in the Republic of Belarus (Regional Aspect)

The world community emphasizes the problem of growing inequality in the world, among the causes of which are the rapid development of technologies and globalization processes, and pays a special role to increasing social mobility as a key direction for solving this issue. The increasing influence of social mobility on the economy, confirmed by the results of a number of studies, increases the relevance of determining the level of social mobility, including for the Republic of Belarus. The absence of a country among the participants of the GSMI (Global Social Mobility Index) rating and the consequences arising in this regard, primarily related to the difficulty of assessing social mobility in the republic, increase the need to develop an integrated approach to this issue. Thus, the article proposes the author’s methodology for assessing the social mobility of the labor force in the Republic of Belarus, taking into account the national peculiarities of providing official statistical information in open access, suggesting a comparative analysis of the country’s regions in three directions: equal employment opportunities, fair and safe work, and improving living standards.The purpose of the research is to determine the level of social mobility in the labor market of the Republic of Belarus, having previously studied the results of foreign experience in assessing and regulating this phenomenon.Empirical base and research methods. The empirical base is the data of the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus, formed both at the national level and in the context of the regions of the country. The work is based on general scientific research methods, as well as comparative analysis methods.Results. To achieve this goal, a number of tasks were solved: according to the developed methodology, the positions of the country’s regions in the proposed rating of social mobility of the workforce were determined, followed by their comparison with the national level; a “problem field” was formed for each region separately; the leaders and “outsiders” of the rating have been identified. A number of barriers preventing a comprehensive assessment of the social mobility of the labor force in the Republic of Belarus were identified. In particular, a number of indexes are listed that are of interest from the point of view of their application in calculating the proposed index, but are not used due to statistical inaccessibility in a regional context.Conclusion. The practical value of the paper lies in the possibility of applying its results in the process of making managerial decisions in the field of state regulation of the labor market. The proposed methodology for determining the level of social mobility of the workforce can significantly expand the understanding of the social and labor sphere of the Republic of Belarus, complementing the traditional approach to analyzing the state of the labor market of our country. The formation of an appropriate database, taking into account the proposed recommendations for the provision of individual statistical indexes by regions of the country, will significantly increase the objectivity of the rating of social mobility of the workforce presented in the framework of this study.

Social consequences of employment flexibilisation in the era of post-Fordism/neoliberalism

The article presents an analysis of the main causes and social consequences of the transformation of employment in the conditions of the transition of the world economy to post-Fordism/neoliberalism at the end of the 20th century. The author discusses the main methodological approaches to the study of this problem and also dwells in detail on the analysis of such important consequences of the transformation of the labour sphere as the increase in the vulnerability of workers’ employment, the growth of inequality, the weakening of the strength of trade unions, etc.

Unemployed Workers’ Centres (1978–): Spatial Politics, “Non‐Movement”, and the Making of Centres

AbstractThis paper revisits the histories of Unemployed Workers’ Centres to consider the politicisation of unemployment in the UK. Drawing upon archive material and over 50 oral histories, it considers the emergence of centres as a response to a crisis of increasing unemployment and retrenchment of the welfare state. The paper indicates how Asef Bayat’s concept of “non‐movement” proves useful for capturing a wider sphere of labour organising, moving beyond more conventional spaces and actions. This approach critically revisits the role of centres in conversation with emerging work in labour geography and social movements studies around the fostering of solidarities. It reveals tensions around their making, whilst also stressing the potential of seemingly small acts when held alongside campaigns. Revisiting this repertoire of activity reveals the persistence of trade union engagements with communities beyond the workplace, as well as a critical insight into the politics of space in forging such alternatives.

Louisa May Alcott’s Changing Views on Women, Work, and Marriage in Work

Louisa May Alcott’s intriguing and productive mix of fiction and auto-fiction suffuses the experience of the female protagonist of her Transcendentalist Bildungsroman Work (1873). The text, therefore, engages intersecting but distinct discourses of femininity, domesticity, and individual emancipation. The novel proposes a new direction by placing women squarely in the public sphere of labor and social relations, even though that move is qualified by normative and sentimentalist constraints for middle-class characters. Still, Alcott ably marshals reformist and Transcendentalist ideas to prove that the feminine Bildung requires self-growth, education, work and a variety of social and affective relationships.

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Abstract. Introduction. Employment is one of the most significant characteristics of the quality of life. To a large extent, it will determine the status of a person, his income and life opportunities. The difference in the characteristics of employment may indicate social inequality, including gender. The existing ways of assessing gender equality have certain problems. They do not fully take into account all aspects of employment. In addition, in the modern world there are significant changes in the forms and nature of employment of the population: the spread of non-standard forms, informal employment and part-time employment. In this regard, there are objective reasons for the search for new approaches and methods for such an assessment. Purpose. The article is devoted to the issue of improving the methodological foundations of gender studies in the sphere of labor. Based on the generalization and analysis of information from gender studies in this area, international reports on the state of gender equality, statistical data on labor and employment in Ukraine, the article identifies problems in assessing the state of gender equality. The prerequisites that determine the particular relevance of this topic, in particular, regarding recent changes in the nature and working conditions, are also characterized. Examples of a paradoxical assessment of the state of gender equality are given. The example of Switzerland shows that high rates of women's participation in the labor market do not always mean equal employment conditions. On the basis of their assessment of expert information and statistical data, a conclusion was drawn about the need to take into account certain aspects of gender inequality, namely, part-time employment and unpaid domestic work. The article proposes approaches to the calculation of the integral index of gender equality in the world of work, taking into account these aspects, gives recommendations on its practical use and the possibility of further research. Particular attention is paid to the need to use such a source of information as a time survey. Because no other survey makes a distinction between leisure and domestic unpaid work. Results. Based on the identified problems and features of inconsistencies in gender measurements, the need to improve the methodology for assessing gender equality in the field of employment is substantiated. The calculation of the coefficient of recalculation of the indicator "level of employment" in the equivalent of full working time is proposed. Conclusions. The resulting approaches can be used to calculate a sub-index of employment equality, which can be a component of the overall gender equality index. To carry out such calculations, it is necessary to ensure the receipt of the necessary data, that is, the conduct of surveys of time use. The data obtained in this way will make it possible to more objectively assess the situation both within the country and more correctly make comparisons at the international level.

Limitation of labor rights under martial law

The author focuses on the issue of restrictions on particular rights and freedoms through the prism of the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine and international legal acts, the peculiarities of the mechanism of limiting the right to work and the right to strike as well as the problems of their provision during a state of war. The introduction of the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine provided a legal opportunity to limit the number of individual and collective labour rights and human freedoms temporarily. As for the right to strike, in the conditions of martial law, its implementation is impossible at all, which allows us to assert not just about its limitations, but actually about the temporary cancellation of such a right. Based on the international legal and constitutional principles of limiting human rights, any restrictions must at least comply with the principles of legal certainty and predictability, the requirements of legality, necessity, proportionality, and be non-discriminatory. Despite this, the analysis of the legal regulation of restrictions on labour rights and guarantees in the conditions of martial law indicates the presence of individual both terminological and substantive contradictions and shortcomings of the legal acts by which such restrictions are introduced. With the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On the Organization of Labour Relations in the Conditions of Martial Law”, which limits the number of constitutional rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen by Articles 43 and 44 of the Constitution of Ukraine, the problems of law enforcement in labour law became more acute due to the presence of several legal acts, which regulate relations in the labour sphere differently. Given this, one of the primary tasks of the state in the post-war future should be to fully restore and ensure the realization of constitutional human rights and freedoms, as well as human-oriented and effective reform of the social and labour spheres. Key words: labour rights, right to work, right to strike, restrictions of rights, martial law.

ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИЯ ЭКОНОМИКИ И ГЕНДЕРНОЕ РАВЕНСТВО: ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПУТИ ПРЕОДОЛЕНИЯ

In the process of developing the digital economy, developed countries that are making the transition to a new technological order are facing an increasing number of social risks, one of which is the increase in gender inequality in the sphere of labor and society as a whole. The main goal of the article is to reveal the problem of gender inequality in the modern society of Kyrgyzstan. The article examines the employment of women and men in the economy, wage differentiation, and the level of unemployment by gender and participation in the digital economy and in STEM professions. In conclusion, measures to overcome gender inequality in modern digital society were proposed.

Is a New Employment Contract Needed?

The article is devoted to the topic of the “new labor contract”, which has recently appeared in the discussions of scientists and experts. The existing configuration of labor relations is heterogeneous and contradictory. There are zones where legal, prescribed by law relations prevail. There is an informal sector where employers make their own rules, and there are labor relations with lower standards reserved for “second class” workers such as migrants. Finally, the digital sector is actively developing, where “pseudo-labor relations” are being formed. All this pushes to search for new ways of development and to try to determine the parameters of the so-called “new labor contract”. Most often, the idea of liberalizing labor legislation and freeing businesses from “excessive restrictions” that increase labor costs is considered as such. The article cites a number of facts showing that the flip side of liberalization is a high level of conflict, turning into protests. At the same time, the practices of resolving conflicts in the labor sphere are mainly reduced to suppressing the dissatisfaction of workers or ignoring their position.Another option, which is actively developing in large corporations, is the use of paternalistic strategies, which, although they look humane, are aimed only at supporting behaviors that are beneficial to companies. Their peculiarity is that they exclude the possibility of employees to defend interests that do not coincide with those supported by business.

Perceptions of Russians of the impact of ethnicity on social advancement (on the example of the labour sphere)

In multi-ethnic societies, the distribution of economic resources and observance of the citizens rights is inevitably viewed through the prism of ethnicity. Not only real, but also imaginary (existing only in people's ideas) ethnic inequality carries the threat of interethnic tension and social disintegration. The article assesses the prevalence of opinions about the influence of nationality on the possibilities of social advancement (on the example of the labour sphere) in the all-Russian context. The first part analyses the relationship of socio-demographic characteristics (age, level of education, type of settlement, economic status, employment structure) and belief in the influence of nationality on employment and entrepreneurial activity in the place of residence. In the second part, the ethnic marking of the labour sphere is considered in connection with settings in the sphere of interethnic relations and the real practice of perceived ethnic discrimination.
 For the empirical basis of the study there was used the data of the all-Russian survey of the adult population, conducted in 2020 by the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ISRAS) in 22 regions, representing the regional diversity of the Russian Federation, taking into account the type of settlement (sample size - 2000 respondents).
 The analysis showed that not all socio-demographic characteristics are associated with the formation of ideas about the ethnic conditionality of the labour sphere. In the all-Russian dimension, there is no connection with education, financial situation, or the structure of respondents' employment. Significant factors turned out to be age, type of settlement, type of ownership of the enterprise where the respondent works. The attitudes of respondents in the field of interethnic relations, the presence of ethnic prejudice, as well as the actual practice of perceived discrimination based on nationality, have a much stronger influence on the ideas under study. However, due to the low spread of this practice, it is concluded that the opinions formed by a significant part of Russians about the ethnic marking of employment and entrepreneurial activity should be considered as stereotypes that have developed due to the historical context of the country, and not as a result of a real infringement of rights in this area of life.

In the Grip of the Algos: Stories of a Precarious Worker of Platform Capitalism

Marketplaces and e-commerce are at the forefront of changes associated with the development of platform and digital capitalism. Changes in the nature of hiring and the status of workers in platform capitalist companies reflect general employment trends. At the same time, the work of hundreds of thousands of workers in this segment is poorly studied, and explanations of its nature are mainly theoretical. This article is based on an analysis of an array of diary entries by Russian social ethnographer Andrey Starovoitenko, who worked for several months in the distribution center of one of the leading Russian marketplaces. The article is part of a column devoted to the analysis of materials from an ethnographic study of labor in the marketplace. The article draws attention to the role of anonymized marketplace spaces in the desubjectivization of workers who feel like a simple continuation of a complex digitalized socio-technical system. The text talks about the place of digital surveillance and control and the role of special equipment in integrating unskilled personnel into the complex algorithmic system of the marketplace. Separately, the issue of desubjectivization of marketplace workers and the limitations of professional socialization is considered. The conclusion is made about the place of precarious wage labor in e-commerce, taking into account the desire to transfer unskilled labor into the state of digital day laborers deprived of contractual relations with the company. To reveal the main plots, the Amazon research by A. Delfanti, the theoretical resources of Roth's neo-Marxist interpretations of the labor sphere, Z. Bauman's concepts of light capitalism, and selected theses of the actor-network theory are involved. In addition, the article refers to examples of social criticism of labor in the factories of platform capitalism, reflected in modern cinema.

Gender as Political and Legal Guide in the Labor Sphere.

Gender as Political and Legal Guide in the Labor Sphere.