Laboratory Installation Research Articles

Digital indicator for evaluating the hydraulic control system of the tractor gearbox

The effi ciency of using energy-saturated tractors in agriculture largely depends on the level of preparation for fi eld work, which in turn depends on an objective assessment of the general technical condition of components and assemblies to justify the repair and maintenance work carried out. Various diagnostic tools are widely used for a non-selective assessment of the general technical condition of the internal combustion engine: motor testers, crankcase gas fl ow meters, etc. However, there are no such means to assess the technical condition of the transmission (gearbox) of energy-saturated equipment of domestic production. In conditions of logistical remoteness from service centers, there is a need to develop digital indicators to assess the general technical condition of a hydraulically controlled gearbox according to the time of the transition process, allowing the end user to contact the dealer’s service company in a timely manner (The purpose of the study) to study the status of the issue, analyze the NTD and search experiments and develop an experimental digital indicator for monitoring the general technical condition of boxes transmission changes of energy-saturated tractors of domestic production according to the transition process in the hydraulic control system. (Materials and methods) Conducted an analysis, studied the NTD, as well as methodological guidelines for diagnosing and managing the reliability of agricultural machinery, previously produced control and diagnostic equipment, KI-112383 was chosen as an analog for the development of a digital indicator. It has been established that the method of transient characteristics is widely used to diagnose rapidly changing processes. Monitoring the time of the transition process in the hydraulic control system is a necessary diagnostic procedure that allows you to indiscriminately assess the overall technical condition of the KP of operated energysaturated tractors. (Results and discussion) the results of staged experiments using the E-14-140M ADC when running in the gearbox of the K-744R tractor on the stand showed the possibility of a comparative assessment of the general technical condition according to the transient characteristics of pressure recovery in the control system during gear shifting. To develop a prototype of the digital indicator, a virtual simulation was carried out with simulation of the algorithms of operation, and test tests were carried out on the developed laboratory installation. The developed experimental digital indicator can be used as an integrated monitoring tool to automatically determine the general technical condition of the gearbox, as well as inform the operator to minimize the infl uence of the «human» factor when changing gears. (Conclusions) For eff ective management of the general technical condition of tractors, it is necessary to pilot the implementation of the developed digital indicator, which will allow assessing the dynamics of changes in the transient pressure recovery process as a diagnostic parameter during the repair of the gearbox and under operating conditions of tractors without making changes to the design.

IMPLEMENTATION OF NATURAL EXPERIMENTS IN PHYSICS USING COMPUTER VISION

Laboratory experiments in physics are a fundamental basis for studying physical phenomena occurring in nature and a methodological tool that provides visibility of the learning process and conducting experiments is important for the formation of students’ scientific worldview, deep understanding of physical laws and increasing interest in the study of physics. Existing in universities and schools, in addition to traditional ones, modern tools, technologies and approaches, such as virtual reality, augmented reality, computer modelling, online laboratories, virtual laboratory and others, are additional tools for improving the quality of the learning process and teaching techniques, which do not replace full-scale experiments, but only supplement them. In our opinion, for better learning, laboratory installations in physics are needed, with the help of which students can carry out real-life experiments and can broadcast them using innovative computer technologies for distance learning. To implement this task, we reviewed and analysed existing laboratory installations, identified their advantages and disadvantages, and then designed and developed alternative digital experimental set-ups for studying physics phenomena in laboratory conditions of educational institutions based on computer vision technology and presented the results of the study in this article. In carrying out the research tasks, effective methods of conducting scientific research were used, such as theoretical substantiation of the issue, experimental testing of the developed hardware and software systems and computer final processing of experimental data. In summary, the research described in the paper presents an innovative mechanism for integrating object tracking based on computer vision to improve the quality of measurements and new ways of conducting physics experiments. The mechanical laboratory complexes we have developed consist of hardware and software parts. The software part consists of server and client parts. The hardware consists of the main part - the scene, where the physical process takes place, i.e. where a physical object is located, such as a mathematical pendulum, an inclined plane, etc., with the help of which many physical phenomena and processes in mechanics can be demonstrated, and an additional part where a microcomputer and a camera are located. The operating principle of the laboratory installation is based on the use of computer vision technology, i.e. a system for monitoring the ongoing physical process, consisting of a digital camera for image processing, object identification and data export, and a microcomputer for processing experimental data. The use of the experimental installations in the process of teaching physics is a new model of teaching with a promising future in secondary and higher education, and the installations themselves will become tools for offline and online learning, due to the use of computer vision technology, revealing new opportunities and approaches to teaching.

Decontamination of Biological Agents in Wastewater through Synergetic Oxidative Methods as an Effective Approach for Safeguarding Public Health and Aquatic Ecosystems

We employed a highly concentrated model of wastewater to conduct our research, accurately mimicking the composition of wastewater generated by milk processing enterprises. Wastewater contained milk protein, carbohydrates, and whey sugars. Domestic wastewater, which served as a source of indicator fecal microorganisms, was added to them. The water purification and disinfection scheme involved treating a model wastewater using the biosorption method with an immobilized biocenosis in a laboratory installation, followed by further purification and disinfection in a decontamination tank. In comparison, we assessed the degree of microorganism elimination using distinct methods such as ozonation, hydrogen peroxide treatment, and combination of О3/Н2О2. It has been demonstrated that model wastewater, purified and disinfected using the AOPs method, also contains dissolved oxygen, which is non-toxic to aquatic microbiota.

Структурные особенности и трибологические свойства многослойных высокотемпературных плазменных покрытий

Introduction. Multilayer high-temperature coatings obtained using plasma spraying, are studied. The combination of layers of different chemical and phase compositions made it possible to increase wear resistance by 1.5–2.0 times. The purpose of this work is to study the influence of the chemical composition of sprayed coatings on the phase composition, structure, micromechanical and tribological characteristics under conditions of dry sliding friction of surface layers. Materials and methods of research. Coatings A and B consist of sequentially sprayed layers. The first and second layers were sprayed in a reducing atmosphere: the first layer was a heat-resistant self-fluxing powder of two systems: 1 – Fe-Cr-Si-Mn-B-C for coating A and 2 – Fe-Ni-Si-Mn-B-C for coating B; the second layer was a mixture of self-fluxing powder with iron powder in a 1:1 ratio. The third layer was obtained by spraying iron powder in an oxidizing atmosphere to form a metal oxide coating. To create a layer of scale on the surface, coated specimens were subjected to high-temperature annealing at a temperature of 1,000 ℃. The chemical composition and nature of the distribution of elements over the thickness of the coatings were determined by micro-X-ray spectral analysis using a TWSCAN scanning electron microscope with an Oxford energy-dispersive attachment. Microhardness and micromechanical properties were studied using an instrumental microhardness tester of the Fischerscope HM2000 XYm system at a load of 0.980 N. Determination of tribological properties was carried out on a laboratory installation using the “finger-disc” scheme at loads of 30, 75, 100 and 130 N. To measure roughness parameters and obtain 3-D profilometry of surfaces after testing, a non-contact profilometer-profiler Optical profiling system Veeco WYKO NT 1100 was used. Results and discussion. Metallographic studies have shown that the formed multilayer coatings consist of an internal metal layer and an external oxide layer with a total thickness of the entire coating up to 800–850 μm. It is established that the first sprayed layer has the highest level of microhardness, which is due to the high-volume fraction of the strengthening phases contained in it (~ 95 %). It is shown that the coating A has increased wear resistance, which is expressed by minimal weight loss (~ 1.5 times less than that of the coating of the coatimg B), the friction coefficient was f = 0.3 for coating A and f = 0.4 for coating B. The study of wear surfaces has shown that for all selected test loads under sliding friction conditions, the coating of both compositions was preserved, even at a maximum load of 130 N.

Energy-saving technology for harvesting root crops and potatoes

The purpose of the work is to empirically determine the temperature of the exhaust gases when changing the load on the power plant of a beet harvester with a separating system that provides better harvesting quality in conditions of high soil moisture. Have been developed: classification of methods for increasing the separating ability of slot-hole devices for cleaning root crops; laboratory installation for determining the quality indicators of a separation system with thermal energy for exhaust gas purification with a star-shaped cleaning device; a method for assessing the process of heat transfer from the exhaust gases of the power plant of the self-propelled harvester for harvesting sugar beets Holmer Terra Dos T3 to the separating system, which involves determining the temperature using thermocouples installed at various points in the gas exhaust system of the internal combustion engine. An experimental study of the temperature of the exhaust gases of the power plant of a harvesting machine was carried out using thermocouples at maximum rotation speed with a change in the thermal load index of the external environment from 5 to 30°C. The heat of the exhaust gases from the Mercedes-Benz power plant of the Holmer Terra Dos T3 self-propelled harvester, aimed at blowing the working surface of the separating device at the outlet of the first and fourth, as well as the second and third cylinders, has minor discrepancies exceeding the error limits (65 ± 5.8; 63.2 ± 1.5 and 74.9 ± 2.4; 75.2 ± 2.0°C, respectively), which leads to a uniform distribution of heat flow on the device for cleaning sugar beet roots.

Extraction of arsenic from fine dust of copper smelters by reduction roasting with natural gas

One of the current trends in the complex processing of fine dust from copper smelters is their direct leaching with sulfuric acid. As practical results show, high reliable technological parameters are not achieved due to the high content of arsenic in dust. During sulfuric acid leaching of dust, arsenic is distributed between the lead cake and the solution at a ratio of 40 and 60%, respectively. The redistribution of arsenic between leaching products significantly reduces the technological performance and leads to the accumulation of arsenic in the technological scheme. The paper presents the results of comprehensive studies of the elemental and phase composition of fine dust from one of the copper smelters in Kazakhstan. In the initial dust, along with the main phases presented in the form of lead and zinc sulfate, the following typical components were found: oxides of copper, lead, zinc and copper and zinc ferrites. Arsenic is found in two forms—As(III) and As(V). The laboratory installation and technique for conducting reduction roasting of dust with natural gas are presented. The influence of roasting duration, temperature and natural gas consumption on the extraction of arsenic from dust was studied. It has been established that almost complete, up to 99%, extraction of arsenic from dust is achieved with optimal technological roasting parameters: duration τ = 40 min.; natural gas consumption is 1.5 times higher than the stoichiometrically required amount for the reduction of As2O5, and temperature 500 °C.

Results of experimental development of a laboratory water distillation installation based on a heat pump and a photovoltaic panel

Modern technologies and the continuous rise in water consumption require efficient and environmentally friendly methods of its extraction. According to the energy development strategy of the Russian Federation until 2035, the use of alternative energy sources in industry is a priority task for production. The use of renewable resources to produce distilled water for the needs of enterprises is becoming increasingly important. The innovative technology of a laboratory installation, combining water distillation using a heat pump and a photovoltaic panel, allows not only to obtain purified water, but also to heat the coolant before chemical purification. To create a laboratory stand, it is necessary to study the operating principles of the installation, divide the device into units: the main stand and the vacuum distiller, then model a three-dimensional image of each part of the complex in the SolidWorks software package. Based on the obtained models, a functional diagram of the complex is developed to obtain a coolant of the given parameters, and an algorithm is compiled for predicting the temperature of the heated water in the heat pump. The obtained installation test results are processed, and compared with theoretical data from tables of refrigerant properties, and a conclusion is drawn. The technology for producing purified water is aimed at replacing imported technologies and using renewable energy sources. The development of technologies for producing clean water is a priority for the development of the Russian energy sector. The results obtained indicate the potential of the laboratory installation for use in various areas where a reliable and environmentally friendly supply of distilled water is required, for example, in coastal areas for industrial facilities or agricultural enterprises.

The Influence of Laboratory Management on the Productivity of Health Laboratory Installations at Bandung Kiwari Hospital

The Influence of Laboratory Management on the Productivity of Health Laboratory Installations at Bandung Kiwari Hospital

Implementation of economic and didactic opportunities of the educational university-based technology park in the training of engineers for the food industry

Introduction. With the advent of a new component in the system of continuous education – the children’s and youth leisure technology park (technopark) at engineering universities – the task arose to identify its niche in this system, to determine educational and mentoring opportunities. Research purposes are to determine the economic and didactic capabilities of university educational technology parks and to describe the principles of advanced education. Materials and methods. The research material was the activities of the technology park in the field of training personnel for the food industry. Systemic, personal, activity-based and axiological methodological approaches were used. Project-oriented learning and the research-based teaching method, collaboration technology, methods of collective and creative project activity, STEM education technologies, and collaborative learning were applied. Results. Leisure education in the technology park for schoolchildren with engineering inclinations is aimed at the students’ individual development in a creative team, project activities under the guidance of a mentor, demonstration of their scientific and technical achievements at international competitions, active search for their creative “I” and choice of direction for further professional development within the walls a specific university and an already chosen specialty. The technology park is also considered from the perspective of economic pedagogy. The “product” that the technology park offers is the skills of creative work, the ability to combine knowledge obtained from various fields of technical and technological sciences to generate new knowledge and create unique industries, i.e. as an intellectual “good” in the format of skills for its use and skills for ethical assessment of the results of future achievements (axiological aspect of training and education). STEM education technologies are optimally combined with the use of remote access laboratory installations for research, which makes it possible to conduct physical and chemical experiments in real time in real installations, remotely controlling the operation of the installation. This makes it possible to form a clear idea of natural phenomena and their role in technological processes. Conclusion. The creation of university-based technology parks is promising for the actively developing technology industry, it provides the opportunity to form a talented personnel reserve and develop environmental thinking.

PRODUCTION OF COMPOSITE CARBON ADSORBENTS BASED ON TEXTILE CORD OBTAINED FROM CAR TIRE RESIDUES

Carbon chemistry opens up very wide prospects in obtaining compositions based on carbon-containing raw materials, due to the achievements of recent years in this field. Due to their unique properties, extremely high chemical resistance, thermal resistance, heat resistance and specific strength, carbon materials have found application for the manufacture of carbon-containing refractory, high-temperature composite materials, modified electrodes as fillers for the tire and rubber industry, catalytic systems based on carbon-containing raw materials, etc. Frequently used carbon materials do not meet the requirements of the technological process, in some cases their use is economically unjustified, since they are expensive and have a small raw material base. Therefore, obtaining new efficient and cheap natural carbon materials from available types of industrial raw materials is one of the urgent tasks currently facing scientists and technologists. Textile wire, a product of processing rubber organic waste, can become a promising new raw material for the production of carbon-containing materials. Porous carbon materials were obtained in a laboratory installation, optimal parameters were determined, and the physico-chemical properties of the feedstock and the obtained adsorbents (ash content, humidity, volatility, density, sumar pore volume, elemental composition) were studied.

Determination of sprayer parameters for fruit nurseries

The paper highlights that in industrial plantings, pests and weeds control is conducted using sprayers. To establish the required liquid fl ow rate, it is necessary to use calculations for sprayer adjustment. A small-sized, remotely controlled «GNOM» unit, developed at Gorsk Agrarian University, is designed for various tasks, including herbicidal spraying in fruit nurseries. (Research purpose) The research aims to substantiate the optimal parameters of the spraying unit in the herbicide treatment module. It also seeks to investigate the dependence of the flow rate of the working fluid and quality of liquid spray on the pressure in the system. (Materials and methods) A laboratory installation was developed to study the spray characteristics. Nylon threads with diameters of 100 and 250 micrometers were placed within the spray zone, and the resulting liquid spray was captured using a Nikon COOLPIX 58100 digital camera. Each subsequent experiment was carried out at a liquid pressure of 0.05 megapascals more than the previous one. (Results and discussion) The experiments resulted in obtaining images of the spray swath for a small-sized self-propelled unit, allowing for the categorization of the spray based on droplet sizes. The theoretical analysis demonstrated how changes in the air volume within the tank influence both the pressure and quality of the liquid spray. Additionally, it showed how the dispersion depends on the pressure of the working fluid. (Conclusions) The analysis of the working fluid spray showed that at a pressure in the hydraulic system in the range from 0.65 to 0.75 megapascals and a spray angle of 90 degrees, the highest quality fine spray is observed, the flow rate of the working fluid is in the range of 0.4-0.6 liters per minute, which very signifi cantly affects the size of the treated area in the direction of its increase at one tank refueling unit.

ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ВАЛА РОТОРА ТУРБОКОМПРЕССОРА ТКР-7С-6 ДВИГАТЕЛЯ ВНУТРЕННЕГО СГОРАНИЯ

The use of a turbocharger has a positive effect on the power of the internal combustion engine, reduces fuel consumption and positively affects the environmental friendliness of operation. Along with the positive effect on the operation of the internal combustion engine, turbochargers reduce the overall life of the engine. Small extreme wear and a small diameter of the rotor shaft limit the use of traditional recovery processes. (Research purpose). The research purpose is developing a method for restoring the rotor shaft of a turbocharger of internal combustion engines. (Materials and methods) A short-pulse laser surfacing of an antifriction ceramic coating with subsequent finishing treatment in the form of diamond smoothing was used to apply the restoration coating. The powder composition BN-B4C-LiO-MgO was used as a filler material. Preliminary studies have shown high adhesive strength of the coating and wear resistance in conditions of oil starvation. The surface was subjected to finishing treatment by diamond smoothing after the formation of the restoration coating. A laboratory installation has been developed to accelerate the rotor shaft in the turbocharger housing to 60,000 revolutions per minute, followed by an assessment of the acceleration time and the pressure increase in the compressor manifold. (Results and discussion) The presented method made it possible to restore the turbocharger rotor shaft with a surface roughness of Ra 0.32. Bench tests were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of a turbocharger with a restored shaft, the results of which showed that the intensity of unwinding of the turbocharger rotor shaft and the pressure increase in the compressor manifold are on average 10 percent higher than for a unit with a standard rotor shaft. (Conclusions) The presented technological process of restoring the worn surface of the rotor shaft of the 7C-6 turbocharger is of high practical importance and its application will improve the reliability and durability of turbochargers. The results can be used in the operating and repair enterprises.

Novel Reference Method for the Characterization of PD Measuring Systems Using HFCT Sensors.

During their lifespan, high-voltage (HV) electrical systems are subjected to operating conditions in which electrical, mechanical, thermal and environmental-related stresses occur. These conditions over time lead to unforeseen failures caused by various types of defects. For this reason, there are several technologies for measuring and monitoring the electrical systems, with the aim of minimizing the number of faults. The early detection of defects, preferably in their incipient state, will enable the necessary corrective actions to be taken in order to avoid unforeseen failures. These failures generally lead to human risks and material damage, lack of power supply and significant economic losses. An efficient maintenance technique for the early detection of defects consists of the supervision of the dielectrics status in the installations by means of on-line partial discharge (PD) measurement. Nowadays, there are numerous systems in the market for the measurement of PD in HV installations. The most efficient with a reasonable cost will be those that offer greater security guarantees and the best positioned in the market. Currently, technology developers and users of PD measuring systems face difficulties related to the lack of reference procedures for their complete characterization and to the technical and economic drawback of performing the characterization tests on site or in laboratory installations. To deal with the previous difficulties, in this paper a novel method for the complete and standardized characterization of PD measuring systems is presented. The applicability of this method is mainly adapted for the characterization of systems operating in on-line applications using high-frequency current transformer (HFCT) sensors. For the appropriate application of the method, an associated and necessary scale modular test platform is used. In the test platform, the real on-site measuring conditions of an HV insulated distribution line are simulated in a controlled way. Practical characterizations, showing the convenience and advantages of applying the method using the modular test platform, are also presented.

Сравнение трибологических свойств алмазоподобного покрытия в паре со сталью / керамикой при сухом трении и граничной смазке

. Studies conducted in the last decade having proven experience of many years of practical use in friction units of various mechanisms and machines used in the national economy, have shown that the effective way to ensure their longevity, reliability and energy conservation is to apply DLC coatings on the friction surfaces of contacting parts in these friction nodes. It has now been established that the effectiveness of the use of these coatings is determined to a large extent by the conditions of their operation and the materials of the contacting parts. In the presented article, friction pairs are compared in terms of anti-friction properties, in which the studied steel samples with an amorphous DLC coating applied to steel through an intermediate layer of titanium aluminitride wear out under conditions of dry friction and film lubrication. Standard balls made of bearing chromium alloyed steel and ceramics based on silicon nitride are used as a wearing coupled element. Tribological experiments are carried out on the well-known laboratory installation KT-2 with an upgraded friction unit, which allows for the contact of a wearing ball with three horizontally positioned rollers, on the cylindrical surfaces of which the coating under study is applied. The article provides an analysis of the results of these experiments. In addition to DLC coating tests, data on tests of uncoated and coated samples with only a layer of titanium aluminitride are provided for comparison. A harder coupled element material can significantly affect the tribological properties, destroying coatings, thereby reducing the positive effects of the antifriction properties of coatings, and even lead to increased wear due to the formed abrasive particles in the friction zone.

FEATURES OF RECEIVING THE GASOLINE FRACTION BY THERMAL PYROLYSIS OF POLYOLEFIN RAW MATERIALS

The article examines the peculiarities of the process of thermal pyrolysis of secondary polymer raw materials, aimed at obtaining a gasoline fraction - the basis for obtaining mixed or synthetic automobile gasoline. Based on the global experience of polymer processing, polyolefins represented by high-density polyethylene (HDLP) and polypropylene (PP) were chosen for the study. Thermal pyrolysis was carried out at atmospheric pressure (0.10-0.12 MPa) on a reactor-type laboratory installation with subsequent removal of the gasoline fraction (30-210 °C) from liquid pyrolysis products according to the ASTM D 86 method. It has been established that the temperature interval in which pyrolysis of polyolefin raw materials must be carried out is for HDLP - 400-430 °С (the maximum output of the gasoline fraction at 420 °С); for PP - 350-370 °C (maximum yield of gasoline fraction at 365 °C). By controlling the duration of thermal pyrolysis, it is possible to increase the yield of the gasoline fraction by an average of 15-17%, which must be taken into account during the industrial implementation and further operation of pyrolysis plants for polymer raw materials. Increasing the temperature of the end of boiling of the gasoline fraction from 150 °С to 210 °С allows to increase its output by 9% (for HDLP) and by 12% (for PP). But at the same time, there is also an increase in the content of olefins in it (by 13-14%), which is a positive point from the point of view of resistance to detonation of the gasoline fraction, and a negative point - in view of its low chemical stability. The conducted studies showed that secondary polyolefin raw materials should be considered as an alternative to classic raw materials (oil and gas condensate), and the pyrolysis process as the main technological process for obtaining the gasoline fraction - the basis for obtaining commercial automobile gasoline. Prospective places for the implementation of this technology are both production sites of oil refineries and sites located in close proximity to places of accumulation of raw materials - ports, city landfills, special landfills.

Experimental study of dynamic pressure disturbances in cylindrical pipes filled with liquid

Diagnostics of the condition of main pipelines is an important task to ensure the safe operation of fuel and energy complex facilities. Many technological processes, including emergency ones, cause disturbances in the flow of the pumped liquid, resulting in dynamic disturbances propagating through the pipeline. Using pressure measuring instruments, wave parameters are recorded, by analyzing which it is possible to determine the location of the source and the reason causing this disturbance. In this work, dynamic pressure disturbances propagating through the pipeline of the laboratory installation “Stand with a variable profile for the study of non-stationary processes arising in multiphase hydrocarbon flows” created at Transneft R&D were investigated. Dynamic disturbances are formed due to the selection of part of the pumped liquid into the reservoir. The data obtained during the experiment, from pressure and flow sensors, were processed according to the original method proposed by the authors in order to determine the location of the source of disturbance. A series of experiments was also carried out to assess the accuracy of localization of the disturbance source depending on the amplitude of the pressure wave.

Experience in modeling an asphaltene depositions curve and reducing the intensity of their formation by optimizing oil production technology

Relevance. The need to study the formation of asphaltene deposits in oil production wells. Among the known methods of combating these complications, the greatest interest is in optimizing oil production technology to prevent or reduce the intensity of the formation of these deposits. Aim. To study the possibility of constructing a curve for the formation of asphaltene deposits on the laboratory installation “Wax Flow Loop” and to determine the possibility of optimizing oil production technology to prevent the formation of these deposits. Methods. Laboratory studies on the “Wax Flow Loop“ installation, modeling based on the component composition of oil in the “PVTSim“ software product, calculations in the “Engineering Simulator of Technological Processes“ software product. Results. Based on the results of laboratory studies and numerical calculations, it was possible to construct a curve for the formation of asphaltene deposits. The correctness of the curve was validated against actual data on plugging a production well. The calculation of the influence of installing an electric centrifugal pump and choke-fitting a well showed that the first technology for changing oil production can significantly reduce the intensity of the formation of asphaltene deposits by introducing additional energy. The second technology only slightly shifts the thermobaric conditions of liquid extraction, which does not significantly affect the intensity of the formation of asphaltene deposits. Conclusions. The laboratory installation "Wax Flow Loop" allows correctly forming the curve of asphaltene deposits formation in the production tubing of oil producing wells. Methods for optimizing oil production technology make it possible to prevent the formation of asphaltene deposits with correct modeling and numerical calculations and selection of downhole pumping equipment.

РОЗРОБЛЕННЯ КОНСТРУКЦІЇ ПРЕСФОРМИ ТА ВИГОТОВЛЕННЯ МОДЕЛІ УЩІЛЬНЮВАЧА УНІВЕРСАЛЬНОГО ПРЕВЕНТОРА

During the development of various designs of products, it is sometimes difficult to conduct preliminary tests of their full-scale models. This is influenced by many factors, including the dimensions of the product, the cost of manufacturing, the complexity of developing specialized laboratory installations, etc. Therefore, product models are used for testing, which are several times smaller than the actual size. One of such products, which is rather difficult to produce in life size and to conduct its research, is the seal of the universal preventer (bag type preventor). However, a reduced model was created to study its characteristics. For this, a popular today's method of manufacturing products was used - 3D printing, with the help of which both the gasket inserts and the mold for its casting were made. Silicone SKR-788 is used as a material for pouring the sealant. In the following studies of the design of the seal of the bag type preventor, it is planned to carry out a series of simulations of the fragments of the seal with different geometric shapes and sizes of inserts in order to determine their optimal options. To confirm the obtained results of simulation modeling, laboratory tests will be conducted on the installation for researching the design of universal preventer seals.

Installation for Measuring the Luminance Coefficient of Road Surfaces

The developed laboratory installation for measuring the luminance coefficient of road surfaces is described. The method and measurement scheme are given. A mathematical model of the formation of a standardized reduced luminance coefficient table (r-table) is presented. A special computer program has been developed that allows for a limited sample of the measured values of the luminance coefficient to form an r-table in full format, as well as to calculate the indicators of lightening and specularity of this road surface. A comparison of the calculation results for a test installation of street lighting of average luminance of the road surface for standardized and calculated r-tables is carried out.

GAMBARAN PEMERIKSAAN TES CEPAT MOLEKULER (TCM) GENEXPERT PADA PASIEN DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH PALEMBANG BARI

Background: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The diagnosis of pulmonary TB is made based on the clinical picture, physical examination, radiological picture, laboratory examination, and tuberculin test. The pulmonary TB diagnosis currently used routinely in laboratories including hospitals and health centers is bacteriological diagnosis using the rapid molecular test (TCM) technique, while microscopic examination is used as a follow-up examination (monitoring) in patients receiving treatment. TCM examination is a molecular detection method based on nested real-time PCR. The use of TCM is a priority for TB testing because it has several advantages, including: it can diagnose TB and resistance to rifampicin quickly, accurately with high sensitivity, and results can be known in approximately 2 hours.
 Objectives: The aim of this study is to see the description of TCM examinations in patients at Palembang BARI Regional Hospital based on gender and age groups. Method: This research was conducted at the Palembang BARI Regional General Hospital Laboratory Installation. The samples taken were from patients at the Palembang BARI Regional General Hospital and not referrals from other health service facilities. 50 samples were taken and grouped based on TCM results, gender and age. Result: In grouping based on TCM results, the highest result was negative. In gender grouping, more male patients underwent TCM examinations. In the age grouping, the elderly are more likely to undergo TCM examinations. Conclusion: There are several factors that cause a person to become infected with TB, namely social status, smoking, and having the habit of drinking alcohol.