Laboratory Experimental Method Research Articles

TEST OF EFFECT KEDONDONG LEAF ETHANOL EXTRACT (SPONDIAS DULCIS) ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS BACTERIA

Bacteria that cause infection and disease are commonly found in our environment, one of which is Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Several infectious diseases are also caused by Staphylococcus aureus, including cellulitis, acne (acne), and infection with Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS). To determine whether the ethanol extract of kedondong leaves (EEDK) has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This study used a laboratory experimental method with several stages such as sample collection, identification of plants for making simplicia, phytochemical screening, extract preparation and preparation of kedondong leaf extract test solutions with various concentrations of 15%, 25%, 35% and positive control (Chloramphenicol), negative control (DMSO), and antibacterial activity testing using the paper disc method. The results of phytochemical screening of kedondong leaf simplicia (Spondias dulcis) found that kedondong leaves contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins that have the potential to inhibit bacterial growth. % of 9.4 mm, 25% concentration of 13.5 mm and the greatest inhibition was at a concentration of 35% of 19.5 mm. Kedondong leaf extract has antibacterial activity against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, with moderate to strong categories. inhibit the activity of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is a concentration of 35%. Based on the description above, it was found that the EED with a concentration of 35% had the greatest antibacterial effect compared to the concentration of 15% and 25%. and it can be concluded that the higher the concentration of the extract used, the higher the antibacterial effect.

Development and Physical Stability Test of Salak Fruit Peel Extract Mouthwash as a Plaque Preventative

The study aims to investigate the formulation and physical stability of salak peel extract mouthwash as a plaque preventer. Salak is a plant from Indonesia with medicinal properties, and its peel is a waste product that contains nutritional values such as protein, carbohydrates, water and low fat. The method used in this study is an experimental laboratory method. The salak peel was extracted through maceration of 96% ethanol and formulated into mouthwash with different concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The stability of the formulation was tested through organoleptic, pH, specific density, viscosity and clarity tests. The results showed no difference before and after the cycling test in organoleptic, pH, specific density, viscosity, and clarity tests, indicating the physical stability of the formulation.

Agensi Hayati Jamur Endofit Daun dan Batang Apel Timor

ABSTRACTThis study discusses the antimicrobial potential and biological agents of the endophytic fungi on the leaves and stems of Timor apples. Apple plants have been developed in Timor Tengah Selatan (TTS) Regency; however, they slowly stop producing and even die due to disease. Disease control can be done through biological agents with endophytic fungi. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial activity and biological agency of endophytic fungi found in the stems and leaves of the Timor apple plant. This study uses a laboratory experiment method by testing the antimicrobial activity of the isolated endophytic fungi with the well method against E. coli and P. aeruginosa bacteria and C. albicans fungi. Biological agency against pathogenic fungi was tested using antagonist test. The inhibition and antagonist zone data were analyzed descriptively. The study results show that there were three isolates of endophytic fungi, namely IH isolate (black isolate) of Aspergillus sp., IA isolate (bluish green isolate) of Aspergillus sp., and IP isolate (white isolate) of Fusarium sp. Endophytic fungal isolates were found to have activity in inhibiting the growth of the test microbes, with the average inhibition zone of IH of Aspergillus sp. against C. albicans was 15.6 mm, IP of Fusarium sp against P. aeruginosa was 15.9 mm, and IA of Aspergilus sp against E.coli was 11.2 mm. The compound test shows that the endophytic fungal isolates contained alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids. Meanwhile, the antagonist test shows that endophytic fungi were able to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi with the growth area coveredthe pathogenic fungus and the widest area was Aspergillus sp.Keywords: antimicrobial, biological agents, endophytic fungi, stems and leaves of Timor apples

Physical And Chemical Characteristics Of Cassava Leaf Chlorophyll As Natural Dye Powder (Manihot esculenta Cranzt) With Tween 80 And Alkaline Type Variations

Cassava leaves are a good source of minerals Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, vitamins A and B2 (riboflavin). In addition, cassava leaves contain bioactive compounds that are beneficial to the body, namely chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a natural green dye that is generally found in plants whose composition is contained in the chloroplasts. The amount of chlorophyll in cassava leaves is classified as good, namely 18.141 mg/l. This is one of the potentials to utilize cassava leaves as natural dyes. Production of cassava leaf coloring powder using foam mat drying. Foam mat drying is a method of foaming technique by adding foam. The foaming agent used is tween 80 which can produce foam or froth and speed up drying. Chlorophyll can be easily degraded due to exposure to heat (temperature), acids, light and alcohol. The use of NaHCO3 can increase the levels of chlorophyll in the leaves. In addition, the use of MgCO3 can maintain the green color of leaf chlorophyll. The purpose of this study was to determine the interaction of tween 80 variations and types of bases on the physical and chemical profiles of cassava leaf natural dye powder. The research design used a laboratory experimental method with two variations, namely tween 80 and base type. In this study there were four treatment combinations. This study used several test parameters including physical and chemical tests, namely dissolving time, color (L, a, b), total dissolved solids, pH, water content, and chlorophyll content. The results showed that the variation of tween 80, the type of base and the interaction of the two had a significant effect on the b color value and the L color value in cassava leaf natural dye powder.

Improving the Physicochemical and Microstructural Qualities of Chicken Patties with the Addition of Red Beet Peel Flour (Beta vulgaris L) as a Filler

Chicken patties are one of the processed products that have a low fiber content and pale color, and are easily rancid because there are no added preservatives. This study aimed to determine the physicochemical and microstructural qualities of chicken patties using red beet peelflour(RBPF)as a source of fiber to increase the added value of RBPF.This research was conducted using experimental laboratory methods with a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Treatment without the use of RBPFas a control (CP0), 1% (CP1), 2% (CP2), and 3% (CP3) used beetroot flour of the weight of material used. The variables measured were carbohydrates, texture, pH, fiber, organoleptic quality, and microstructure. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used as data analysis if there were differences in effect between the treatments, followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT).Using RBPFin chicken patties can improve the quality of chicken patties. The higher the use of RBPF, the higher the carbohydrate content, texture, and fiber, and lowered the pH of the patties. Panelists gave the highestrating score the higher the addition of RBPFin terms of color, taste, aroma, texture, and acceptability.The addition of RBPFwith the best treatment was 3%. Based on the physicochemical quality, organoleptic quality, and microstructure, those addition has excellent nutritional content and RBPFwhich can be used to improve the texture of processed food products.

The resistance of the intracanal retention thickness with flowable short fiber reinforced composite (SFRC) materials towards fracture toughness

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Dental hard tissue problems were relatively high in Indonesia. If these problems were ignored, they would cause pulpal necrosis. The main treatment for this case was Root Canal Treatment (RCT). The selection of post-RCT treatment and suitable materials was important. One of the examples was short fiber reinforced composite (SFRC) which can be an option for intracanal retention treatment. This study aims to analyze the resistance of the intracanal retention thickness with flowable fiber reinforced composite materials toward fracture toughness. Methods: This research was using a correlative laboratory experimental method with a post-test group-only design. This study's samples were SFRC material inserted in 27 extracted mandibular first premolars with a length of 21 mm ± 2 mm and root canal walls width of 2 mm. All samples were given intracanal retention at a depth of 2 mm below the orifice and divided into 3 groups: intracanal retention with thickness of (A) 6 mm, (B) 5 mm, and (C) 4 mm. RCT was performed using the crown-down technique. The bonding agent was applied, and then light cured for 20 seconds. SFRC was applied according to the sample group and light cured for 20 seconds per 2 mm, followed by filling with composite resin. The sample was implanted in the dental stone 2 mm below the CEJ. The fracture toughness test was performed using UTM on the occlusal surface with a 0o tilt and crosshead of 1 mm/min. Results: The fracture toughness results of group A, B, and C are 735.44, 756.78, and 829 respectively. Statistical tests with one-way ANOVA showed no significant difference with p value = 0.412 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There is no difference in resistance of the intracanal retention thickness with flowable fiber reinforced composite materials towards fracture toughness.Keywords: post-RCT treatments, intracanal retentions, SFRC, fracture toughness

Stabilitas Dimensi dan Setting Time Bahan Cetak Anatomis Kedokteran Gigi Dari Ekstrak Natrium Alginat Rumput Laut Merah (Kappaphycus alvarezii) Dari Desa Agel, Kecamatan Jangkar, Situbondo

Alginate impression material is important in dentistry. In its clinical application, setting time is still considered too fast, and the alginate impression material must have dimensional stability in accordance with ANSI / ADA standard specification no.18. Alginate impression material has a main component, namely sodium alginate which is produced from the seaweed extraction process. In Indonesia, there are several types of seaweed, one of which is the Kappaphycus alvarezii (K. alvarezii). The seaweed from the village of Agel Situbondo has the potential to be a source of sodium alginate and has antibacterial and antioxidant effects. The aim of this study to analyze the dimensional stability and setting time of the alginate printing material with sodium alginate extract of kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed. The study was conducted using laboratory experimental methods with post-test only control group design, there were 2 groups, namely the commercial alginate printing material control group, and the alginate printing material treatment group with sodium alginate extract from the acid method, then the FTIR test was carried out. Then the two groups were tested for setting time and dimensional stability. The results of the FTIR test of red seaweed extract showed an absorption peak that was identical to that of sodium alginate. The results of the setting time test significantly took longer for the red seaweed alginate impression material than the control group, while the dimensional stability showed the same results. Conclusion: The results of the setting time test showed that the treatment group had a longer setting time than the control group and both groups had dimensional stability according to the standard. The results of the setting time test showed that the treatment group had a longer setting time than the control group and both groups already had dimensional stability in accordance with the standard.

Ekstrak Jeruk Nipis Sebagai Obat Terapi Penyembuhan Penyakit Gastritis dengan metode GC-MS

Gerd or comonly known as gastritis deseas occure due to inflamation of the gastric mucosa. Drug consumption is no longer safe for the reason of side effect for long term ingestion. Thus, herbal medicine is starting become an option, by employing lime juice for medication or theraphy. Previous study indicated positive response of lime extract for medication on mice. However, the mechanism is yet to be discovered. This study aims to determine the chemical compounds contained in lime extract that responsible for antiulcer activity. The research was carried out in laboratory experimental method, by phytochemical screening than continued by GC-MS. The result shows that lime juice containaing secondary metabolits, namely alkaloid, glycosides, triterpenoid, saponin, polyphenol, flavonoid and phenol that act as an anty-oxidants as well as inductors for formation of stemp cell. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis showed that the presence of citric acid derivatives in the form of citraconic anhindrat, itaconic anhindrat and Itaconic acid, last but not least palmitic acid as part of fatty acid. Citric acid is a compound that has a cappability to be a buffer solution. Therefore, consuming lime juice for gerd medication will help neutralised acidity of the gastric with the principle of buffer solution.

Differences of Quercetin Content in Fresh and Extracts Local Apples using High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method

Background : Oxidative stress is an imbalance between pro-oxidants and endogenous antioxidants resulting in cell damage and degenerative diseases. As horticultural commodities, apples have superior varieties of Manalagi and Romebeauty. Apples contain exogenous antioxidants, namely quercetin that effectively contributes to the management of oxidative stress. Purpose : The study used laboratory experimental methods to determine differences in quercetin content in fresh apples and apple extracts of Manalagi and Romebeauty. Research methodology : Determination of quercetin content of fresh apples and apple extract used the High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) method. The samples used were fresh apples and apple viscous extract of Manalagi and Romebeauty obtained respectively from UPT Medika Material Laboratory of Batu City and Food Engineering Laboratory of Soegijapranata Catholic University Semarang using maceration process with ethanol solvent.Findings : The results showed that the average levels of quercetin in fresh apples of Manalagi and Romebeauty varieties were 13,685 ppm and 15,544 ppm respectively. Extraction of 70% ethanol from 100 grams of Manalagi and Romebeaty varieties resulted in 38.123 grams and 52.699 grams of thick extract. The average levels of quercetin in Manalagi and Romebeauty extracts were 422.235 ppm and 243.454 ppm. It can be concluded that the extract can optimize the quercetin content. Research limitations : The quercetin content in local apple extracts of Manalagi and Romebeauty can be used as an alternative to antioxidant therapy due to oxidative stress. Originality/value : Analyzing differences in quercetin content in fresh apples and apple extracts.

A novel laboratory investigation to characterize the mechanical behaviors of polyurethane-ballast bonds under complex stress states

The polyurethane has been successfully applied to reinforce the railway ballasted track and the bonding properties of the polyurethane to ballast particles have significant effects on track performance. However, the mechanical behaviors of the polyurethane-ballast bonds(PBBs) haven’t been reported leaving the particle scale mechanism of the polyurethane reinforcement still unclear. A novel laboratory experimental method was developed in this paper to characterize the mechanical behaviors of the PBBs. Using standard test specimens with various specimen size and bond thickness, a series of laboratory tests were conducted to measure the stress–strain responses of the PBBs under tensile, compressive and shear loadings. The measured results show that the stress of a PBB increases nonlinearly with its strain when it subjects to uniaxial tensile or compressive loads. The test results also validate that the strength envelope of a PBB follows the linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion. A modified parallel bond model was proposed to predict the nonlinear stress–strain behaviors of the PBB with high accuracy. Furthermore, it is found that the bond thickness has distinct effects on the tensile and the cohesion strength of the PBB but negligible effect on its friction angle. The initial tangent elastic modulus of the PBB increases approximately linearly with the increase of the bond thickness. The experimental method, results and the modified bond model introduced in this paper are very helpful for the performance evaluation and the numerical simulations of polyurethane reinforced ballast.

The Effect of Tournament Horizon, Faultline and Group Performance Relationships under Decentralized System

Introduction/Main Objectives: This research integrates the self-categorization and contagion theories to analyze faultlines due to a decentralization system. Besides, this research investigates the inducement of tournament incentives as a control mechanism to mitigate the harmful effects of a faultline on group performance. Background Problems: Fiscal decentralization has a crucial role as it stimulates economic growth, enhances the quality of decision-making and escalates performance. However, decentralization by one local government, which consists of various local government departments, may trigger a faultline. This research argues that patterned diversity convenes faultlines that split up a group into antagonistic sub-groups following the attributes affecting the aggregate group performance. Novelty: This research provides a new insight, in that decentralization appears to be a double-edged sword. It can elevate the quality of local decision-making, and trigger faultlines between local government departments at other times, affecting the local government’s aggregate performance. Research Methods: This research uses a laboratory experimental method with a 2×3 between-subjects factorial design. The research design uses the dyad analysis level. Finding/Results: The results found that the induction of a tournament scheme with the use of a cumulative ordinal scale for determining group performance encourages the social cognitive activation of individuals, thus encouraging cognitive orientation to optimize compensation and minimize categorization and antagonism. Conclusion: A tournament incentive scheme can be induced as a management control mechanism and to encourage the sub-groups to be winners. This resolution is expected to mitigate antagonistic behavior due to faultlines and enhance the optimization of aggregate performance

Effect of nephroprotectors of javanese bark extract (Lannea coromandelica) on aspirin-induced rat serum creatinine levels

Kidney disease is a global health problem based on the increase of incidence, prevalence, and morbidity rate. According to RISKESDAS 2018, the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was increased significantly. Lannea coromandelica stem bark contains flavonoid was exhibited antioxidant that could be potential as nephroprotector. This study aimed to find out the nephroprotector effect of ethanolic extract of Lannea coromandelica stem bark by measurement serum creatinine levels at rats (Rattus novergicus). This study was used experimental laboratory method. In this study used 25 rats were divided into 5 groups. Group 1 was administered Na CMC 1 % as negative control group. Group 2 was administered aspirin 600 mg/kg body weight as induced control group. Group 3, 4, and 5 were administered Lannea coromandelica stem bark ethanolic extract with the doses 400 mg/kg body weight, 800 mg/kg body weight, and 1200 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The extract of lannea coromandelica stem bark groups were given for 4 days orally. Blood of rats were collected from the orbital sinus eye to be measured creatinine serum level at 5th day. The data was analyzed statistically with one way ANOVA and Paired samples test. The result of this study exhibited that there was a differences of creatinine levels between pre and post treatment with p-value=0.033< 0.05. In conclusion, this study presented that ethanolic extract of Lannea coromandelica stem bark was decreased serum creatinine levels at doses 800 and 1200 mg/kg body weight against the aspirin induced on rats.

Reshaping healthcare supply chain using chain-of-things technology and key lessons experienced from COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 (Corona virus disease 2019) pandemic continues to slash through the entire humanity on the earth causing an international health crisis and financial uncertainty. The pandemic has formed a colossal disruption in supply chain networks. It has caused piling higher mortality in patients with comorbidities and generated a surging demand for critical care equipment, vaccines, pharmaceuticals, and cutting-edge technologies. Personal protective equipment, masks, ventilators, testing kits, and even commodities required for daily care have been scarce as lockdown and social distancing guidelines have kicked in. Amidst COVID-19, implementing and executing key processes of the healthcare supply chain (HSC) in a secured, trusted, effective, universally manageable, and the traceable way is perplexing owing to the fragile nature of the HSC, which is susceptible to redundant efforts and systemic risks that can lead to adverse impacts on consumer health and safety. Though the crisis shone a harsh light on the cracks and weaknesses of the HSC, it brings some significant insights into how HSC can be made more resilient and how healthcare industries figure out solutions to mitigate disruptions. While there are innumerable experiences learned from the disruption of this crisis, in this paper, five important areas to analyze the most vital and immediate HSC enhancements including building a resilient supply chain, thinking localization, implementing reliable reverse logistics, breaking down extant silos to achieve end-to-end visibility, and redesigning HSC using digitalization are emphasized. This work identifies important features related to CoT and HSC. Also, this study links these lessons to a potential solution through Chain of Things (CoT) technology. CoT technology provides a better way to monitor HSC products by integrating the Internet of Things (IoT) with blockchain networks. However, such an integrated solution should not only focus on the required features and aspects but also on the correlation among different features. The major objective of this study is to reveal the influence path of CoT on smart HSC development. Hence, this study exploits (i) fuzzy set theory to eliminate redundant and unrelated features; (ii) the Decision-Making and Experimental Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method to handle the intricate correlation among different features. This fuzzy-DEMATEL (F-DEMATEL) model attempts to direct CoT technology towards smart HSC by identifying the most influencing factors and investors are recommended to contribute to the development of application systems. This work also demonstrates how CoT can act a vital role in handling the HSC issues triggered by the pandemic now and in the post-COVID-19 world. Also, this work proposes different CoT design patterns for increasing opportunities in the HSC network and applied them as imperative solutions for major challenges related to traditional HSC networks.

EFISIENSI PENURUNAN KADAR BOD DAN TSS DENGAN BAKTERI KULTUR EM4 PADA AIR LIMBAH RUMAH SAKIT DENGAN SISTEM AERASI

Water is an important resource for human life and other living things, and is also a valuable capital investment. Water quality is a problem because of the large amount of waste generated by human activities. This waste includes things like wastewater from households, factories, and other activities. Therefore, an effective micro-organism-4 (em4) is needed to treat wastewater. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of EM4 can reduce the amount of pollutants in hospital waste. The research method used is a laboratory experimental method used to study the effect of the variables studied. Experiment using the formula . The results of this study show the effectiveness of pollution levels using EM4 culture with a time of 16 days with the highest efficiency value found on day 16 in each parameter. Treatment on day 0 shows BOD 20.035 mg/L until treatment on day 16 results in BOD value of 6.087 mg/L and the second repetition (Y2) treatment on day 0 shows BOD value of 20.022 mg/L until treatment on day 16 BOD value is 5.022mg/L. It shows that the mean (Mean) BOD decreased from the initial concentration of 20.029 at 0 days to 5.555 at 16 days treatment. On the 16th day the efficiency value of setting aside BOD levels is 72.3%, on day 0 the TSS result is 85 mg/L until the repetition (Y1) on the 16th day the BOD result becomes 28 mg.L and the second repetition (Y2) on day 0 TSS result 83 mg/L until repetition (Y2) on day 16 the result TSS value 26 mg/L. Then the mean value (Mean) of TSS decreased from the initial concentration of TSS value of 84 mg/L on treatment day 0 and became 27 mg/L. on 16 days of treatment while for TSS levels that is equal to 67.86%.

The Moderating Role of Social Norms on Tax Compliance Model: A Laboratory Experimental Evidence in Indonesia

This study aims to examine the role of social norms in increasing tax compliance. The traditional model of tax compliance predicts that audits and tax fines are the determinants of tax compliance. This study proposes that social norms would strengthen the effect of the economic factors (i.e., audits and penalties) on tax compliance behavior. Social norms regard tax fraud as incorrect behavior. From an economic perspective, taxpayers consider the social norms because violations of the tax rules bring social pressures that have an economic impact on the perpetrators of tax fraud. This study uses an experimental laboratory method with a 2x2 between subjects factorial design. Our final sample consisted of 198 subjects. This study provides empirical evidence that social norms strengthen the effect of tax fines, hence improving tax compliance. However, this study fails to provide empirical evidence that social norms enhance the effect of the probability of being audited and thus enhance tax compliance. This study contributes to the recent literature about non-standard motivations for tax compliance. Theoretically, this study implies that the standard model of tax compliance is not enough to explain taxpayer compliance behavior. This study also suggests the importance of developing social norms to the policymakers.

The Effect of Variations of Serum Examination Time Lapse on Electrolyte Levels of Potassium and Chloride

Electrolyte is a chemical substance that dissociates in the liquid into charged particles of positive and negative ions. In the laboratory, conditions are often found that make an examination not immediately carried out after sampling. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of variations in serum examination time intervals on Potassium and Chloride electrolyte levels for 0, 4, 8 and 24 hours at room temperature (20-25℃). This study used a laboratory experimental method with a sample of 32 samples. This research was conducted at the Bhayangkara Hospital Pusdik Brimob Watukosek Laboratory. Examination of Potassium and Chloride electrolyte levels using the OPTI CCA-TS Analyzer. The results of the One Way Anova test for Potassium electrolyte levels obtained a significance p value of = 0,199 meaning that there was no effect of variations in serum examination time intervals on Potassium electrolyte levels, while Chloride electrolyte levels obtained a significance value of p = 0,002 meaning that there is an effect of variations in serum examination time intervals on Chloride electrolyte levels.

Toxicity Test of Ethanol Extract Lempuyang Gajah (Zingiber Zerumbet (L.) Roscoe Ex Sm.) on Bilirubin and Alkaline Phosphatase Levels in Mice (Mus Musculus)

The lempuyang gajah plant (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm.) is a plant that is widely used as a treatment for desease. The purpose of this study was to determine the toxic effect of the ethanol extract of lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm.) on levels of bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the liver of mice (Mus musculus). The type of research used is descriptive quantitative with laboratory experimental methods. The mice were divided into 5 groups including normal control, negative control, dose of 4000 kg-1, 5000 kg-1 and 6000 kg-1. then observed the toxic symptoms, macroscopic, levels of bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase. The results of the phytochemical test showed that there were compounds of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, steroids, triterpenoids and tannins. The results of macroscopic observations showed that the liver was still in a normal condition. The results of the One Way Anova test on bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels did not show any significant effect (p>0,05) influence between the normal control group, negative control, doses of 4000 kg-1, 5000 kg-1 and 6000 kg-1, so it can be said that all experimental animals had the same condition.

ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND DIABETIC WOUND HEALING EFFECTS OF PSIDIUM GUAVA AND MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM LINN LEAVES GEL IN RATS (SPRAGUE DAWLEY)

The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of guava and melastoma malabathricum linn leaves mixed gel activity as anti-microbial and wound healing in experimental rats (Sprague dawley). The thick extracts of melastoma malabathricum linn and guava leaves were made in a gel dosage form with a concentration of 4% and 6% and clindamycin as a positive control. This study used experimental laboratory methods, and the population in this study were white male rats and was carried out in the Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Laboratory, National Institute of Science and Technology. The pharmacological activity was tested in the form of a gel dosage formula, and the rats were made diabetic through an inducing agent, namely alloxan, then the potential of the extract was seen in repairing diabetic wounds in male rats. Melastoma malabathricum Linn and guava Leaves extract gels have an effect in healing diabetic-induced rat wounds using alloxan. This can be seen from the change in the diameter of wound healing. Secondary metabolites of both plant materials are thought to provide anti-microbial activity and stimulate wound healing which helps epithelial cells and tissues so that they regenerate. The chemical content in the extracts of the test preparation has different mechanisms in helping the healing process.
 

LAJU PERTUMBUHAN SPESIFIK DAN TOTAL LIPID CHAETOCEROS CALCITRANS YANG DI INJEKSI DENGAN KONSENTRASI CO2 YANG BERBEDA

The microalgae Chaetoceros calcitrans can photosynthesize and grow rapidly. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is very important role in the process of photosynthesis. CO2 injection is required for use in photosynthesis, so it is expected to increase the specific growth rate and reduce greenhouse gases. This research was conducted using experimental laboratory methods, using 4 treatments, namely CO2 injection with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and without CO2 injection (control) with 4 times variations. The highest specific growth rate occurred on the second day, namely the 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and control treatments, respectively 0.90, 0.81, 0.78, 0.86 and 0.81 with a doubling time of 0, 77, 0.86, 0.89, 0.81 and 0.85. The highest total lipid obtained with the addition of 10% CO2 was 52.69 (dry weight) while the lowest was the control treatment (ambient air) which was 23.37 ( % dry weight), although the lipid results obtained were not directly proportional to the CO2 concentration and based on the ANOVA test followed by the 5% BNT test did not show a significant difference (p<0.05).

EFFECTIVENESS OF THREE INTRACANAL MEDICAMENTS AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Background: Medikamen intrakanal used to remove remaining bacteria in the root canal after the instrumentation process, especially with some of the material between the infected root canal. The purpose of the medikamen intrakanal, among others, is reducing the number of bacteria, by preventing the growth of bacteria, eliminates exudate periapikal, prevent or restrain resorpsi root and prevent infected root canal system. The most influential of these bacteria i.e. Staphylococcus aureus. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of three intracanal medicament ingredients as anti-bacterial in Staphylococcus aureus. Method: The research, an experimental laboratory method carried out with a post test only control group design, was performed on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that had been cultured and divided into 4 groups each given 1 mg zinc oxide paste, 1 mg antibiotic paste, 1 mg calcium hydroxide, and aquadest as negative control. Subsequently the results are seen from the zone of inhibition and kill zone which are measured by calliper and analyzed by One-way Annova followed by the Post-hoc LSD. Result: The result of On-way Anova test (p=0.000), showed there was a difference for using medicaments zinc oxyde, antibiotic paste, and calcium hydroxide towards Staphylococcus aureus. The post hoc LSD test showed there was a significant mean’sdefference of inhibition zone and kill zone (p-0.05) intergrups. Conclusion: there was an effect after using zinc oxyde, antibiotic paste, and calcium hydrxide as antibacterial on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria seen from inhibition zone and kill zone.