Labor Supply Of Married Women Research Articles

The effect of alimony on married women's labor supply and fertility: Evidence from state‐level reforms

AbstractReforms that reduce spousal support after divorce are generally thought to reduce the bargaining power of alimony recipients as well as their incentives to participate in the traditional model of household specialization. Using the U.S. Time Use Survey and exploiting a series of recent reforms in several U.S. states that reduced the rights of eligible spouses, we find that wives surprised by the reforms reacted by increasing their labor supply, but the adjustment mechanism varied by educational group. While college educated wives' labor supply increased at the expense of time spent on housework and childcare, wives with less than a college degree sacrificed personal care and leisure time. Effects for men are generally smaller and not statistically significant. We also find a reduction in the rate of new births following the reforms, with the effect being much more pronounced in the case of women with a university education, suggesting that part of the difference in time use may be attributable to differences in preferences and the cost of children by educational levels. Since children are a marital public good, our results imply a decrease in marriage‐specific investment. The estimated effects are robust to various sensitivity tests and are greater in couples with a high‐income differential and therefore more exposed to changes in alimony laws.

Husbands' wages and married women's labor supply in urban China

In this study, we examine the impact of husbands' wages on married women's labor force participation (extensive margin) and hours worked (intensive margin) in urban China from 1995 to 2018. We emphasize that changes in a husband's wages alter each spouse's relative contribution to the household, thus highlighting the important role of gender identity norms in the association between husbands' wages and married women's labor supply. We find that a 1% increase in husbands' wages is associated with a 0.018 percentage point decrease in married women's labor force participation and a decrease of 1.45 h worked annually. When gender identity norms are controlled, these numbers increase to 0.024 and 1.94, respectively. Additionally, we observe significant heterogeneous effects for wives of different ages and education levels and with varying numbers of children. The negative association between husbands' wages and women's hours worked has become stronger over time.

Conditional inference and bias reduction for partial effects estimation of fixed-effects logit models

We propose a multiple-step procedure to compute average partial effects (APEs) for fixed-effects static and dynamic logit models estimated by (pseudo) conditional maximum likelihood. As individual effects are eliminated by conditioning on suitable sufficient statistics, we propose evaluating the APEs at the maximum likelihood estimates for the unobserved heterogeneity, along with the fixed-T consistent estimator of the slope parameters, and then reducing the induced bias in the APEs by an analytical correction. The proposed estimator has bias of order O(T^{-2}), it performs well in finite samples and, when the dynamic logit model is considered, better than alternative plug-in strategies based on bias-corrected estimates for the slopes, especially in panels with short T. We provide a real data application based on labour supply of married women.

남편의 지원이 기혼여성의 노동시장 참여에 미치는 영향

This paper analyzed the effect of husband's support on the labor supply of married women by using data from the KLIPS 17th (2014) survey and additional survey. In the analysis of labor supply, the employment status and working hours model were used, and then the factors of husband's participation in housework sharing were examined. The probit estimation was applied to the employment status model, and the tobit estimation method was applied to the working hours and husband's household share rate model because women's working hours and men's housework hours had the characteristics of left-censored data. As a result of the estimation, it was found that the couple's perception of the progressive gender role and the sharing of domestic labor among men had a positive effect on married women's participation in the labor market. On the other hand, the stronger men's perception of the fair sharing of household labor, the higher the participation rate of household labor. In order to increase Korean women's participation in the labor market, it seems necessary to improve men's perception of gender roles and to allow men to participate in housework sharing. In addition, it seems necessary to expand national childcare so that women can participate in the labor market without worrying about their children.

The Effect of Alimony Reform on Married Women's Labor Supply: Evidence from the American Time Use Survey

The Effect of Alimony Reform on Married Women's Labor Supply: Evidence from the American Time Use Survey

The Labor Market Effects of State and Local Expansions of the Earned Income Tax Credit

This study analyzes the labor market impact of state and local supplements to the federal Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) program. Using Current Population Survey data from 1984 to 2020, I examine the differential impact of the state and local government supplements of the EITC on the labor force participation rates of married women. I examine whether the substantial expansions in the EITC program created by these supplements are an effective means of providing work incentives. In particular, do states and local counties with an EITC supplement witness higher female labor force participation rates? Exploiting variation in the policy over time both across states and within states between different demographic groups, I analyze whether the EITC supplements have raised labor supply among single women, and whether such differences exist in the labor supply of married women.

The inversion of married women's labour supply and wage: Evidence from Thailand

This study investigates the labour supply behaviour of married Thai women with reference to their own and their spouse's wages. Controlling for spousal education and number of children, the main findings indicate an inverse relationship between married women's labour supply and wages, contrary to the evidence from developed countries. The estimated own wage elasticity ranges from −1.70 to −2.40 and the cross elasticity ranges from −0.16 to −0.17, indicating that the impact of own wage on labour supplied is much larger than spouse's wage. The results from disaggregation classified according to different socioeconomic backgrounds also show negative elasticities between own and spouses' wage across all subgroups, except for those with university degrees and higher income.

아동수당이 기혼여성의 노동공급에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 2018년 9월부터 시행된 아동수당제도가 기혼여성의 노동공급에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 한국노동패널을 보조데이터로 활용하여 2017~2019년 가계동향조사 분기 자료를 사용하여 이중차이 분석을 적용하였다. 기혼여성의 노동공급에 미치는 영향을 추정한 결과, 아동수당의 수급은 전반적으로 기혼여성의 노동공급감소에 유의미한 영향을 미쳤다. 구체적으로 아동수당은 기혼여성의 노동시장참여와 근로소득을 줄였다. 아동의 나이구분에 따른 하위집단 분석 결과, 아동의 나이에 따른 아동수당의 영향에 차이를 보였는데 영아가 있는 기혼여성의 노동공급을 두드러지게 줄였다. 특히 만0~1세, 만0~2세, 만0~3세가 있는 기혼여성의 노동시장참여와 근로소득을 유의하게 줄였다. 한편, 만0~1세의 영아가 있는 기혼여성에 비해서는 만0~2세가 있는 기혼여성에게서 그 영향이 상대적으로 약하게 나타났다. 마찬가지로 만0~2세가 있는 기혼여성에 비해 만0~3세가 있는 기혼여성에게서 그 영향이 상대적으로 작았다. 분석 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구에서는 아동수당이 기혼여성의 노동공급과 아동발달에 상반되는 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 점에 주목하여 장기적인 측면에서 아동수당제도의 영향에 대한 정책적 논의를 진행하였다.

The Impact of Unilateral Divorce in Mexico: Bargaining Power and Labor Supply

From 2008 to 2018, Mexican states introduced unilateral no-fault divorce. Using state-level variation in the timing and adoption of these divorce laws, we study how the legislation affected married women's labor supply. Our results suggest that married women did not increase their labor force participation. Among employed married women, hours worked increased, but the effect is not large enough to be observed in the full sample of women. We find suggestive evidence that social norms against female labor supply and lack of access to formal work may explain the limited labor supply response. Our results highlight the importance of the cultural context in studying the consequences of divorce legislation.

International Labor Market Competition and Spousal Labor Supply Responses

We study how the 2004 EU enlargement to Eastern European countries has affected employment, earnings and the sharing of home production among workers employed in the Building and Construction industry, and their wives. We use license requirements to divide workers into two groups who are more and less exposed to labor market competition. We find that non-licensed workers experience a fall in labor earnings relative to licensed workers after the EU enlargement. Increased wife's labor supply and earnings compensate almost 40 percent of the loss. We do not find a similar change in the division of labor in home production.

The Effect of Family Structure on Labor Supply of Married Women in China

In this study, the effect of China’s family structure on the labor supply (economic activity participation and working hours) of married women in China is analyzed using 2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS). In defining the family structure, the parents of married women and the parents of their husbands were distinguished separately. It is also different from previous research that the Instrumental variable method is used to take into account the endogeneity of the family structure. Those are main results. First, the effect of the family structure on the participation of married women in economic activities was found to be that the more women who live in the same home as their parents, the higher the participation of married women in economic activities. In particular, the participation in economic activities was higher when living with the mother of woman rather than the mother of her husband. Numerically, for married women who lived with their mothers, economic participation was 99 percent higher than for married women who did not. Second, regarding married women’s working hours, it was found that marri ed women’s working hours increased significantly when they lived in the same living area or nearby areas, rather than when they lived in the same home. These results suggest that one of the reasons for the continued decline in women’s participation in economic activities in China since 2000 may have been linked to nuclear familyization. The analysis of the time series data of CHNS also supports this prediction, which shows that the proportion of non-parent households in China increased from 47.9 percent in 2000 to 61.5 percent in 2011. Therefore, in order to attract women to participate in economic activities, it can be considered how to subsidize housing purchases if they live with parents’ generation or live in a nearby area.

Married women's labor supply and economic development: Evidence from Sri Lankan household data

AbstractWomen's labor supply in Sri Lanka has increased steadily since the early 1990s following economic reforms, but remains well below the level predicted by national income, a feature shared by a number of Asian and Latin American countries that have undergone similar reforms and economic growth. To understand the microeconomic determinants of women's work in Sri Lanka's growing economy, this paper estimates a binary‐choice model of married women's labor supply using household survey data spanning a 23‐year period. Decomposition and cohort analysis reveal that women have been drawn into the workforce through falling fertility rates, rising tertiary education, and declining income effects among younger generations, but other factors have undermined this positive trend. Educational attainment reduces married women's labor supply except at the tertiary level, consistent with social stigmas associated with married women in non‐white‐collar employment. The strict sectoral segregation of married women by education level supports this hypothesis. In addition, growth has been concentrated in low‐skilled sectors with self‐employment more prevalent, reducing employment prospects of educated women and prompting their labor force withdrawal. This suggests it is the structure of economic development, rather than speed, that matters for women's labor force activity.

Children’s age and the labor supply of married women in Korea

Children’s age and the labor supply of married women in Korea

아동수당이 기혼여성 노동공급에 미치는 영향: 마이크로 시뮬레이션 활용

아동수당이 기혼여성 노동공급에 미치는 영향: 마이크로 시뮬레이션 활용

Dynamic Labour Supply of Married Australian Women

AbstractUsing the first 13 waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey, this study investigates the determinants of labour supply of married Australian women, with a focus on whether and to what extent there is state dependence in their labour supply. It is found that both observed and unobserved individual heterogeneity contribute to the observed inter‐temporal persistence of married Australian women's labour supply, but the persistence remains even after controlling for these factors. It is also found that non‐labour income, age, education, health and the number and age of young dependent children have significant effects on married Australian women's labour supply.

Job Displacement, Family Dynamics and Spousal Labor Supply

We study interdependencies in spousal labor supply and the effectiveness of intrahousehold insurance in a sample of married couples, where the husband loses his job due to a mass layoff or plant closure using data from the Austrian Social Security Database. We show that in our sample of relatively young couples the shock hits households at crucial stages of family formation, which requires careful modeling of the wives' counterfactual lifecycle labor market patterns. In our empirical analysis, we propose three independent control groups of unaffected households to identify the causal effects of husbands' displacement on wives' labor supply. Our empirical results show that husbands suffer large and persistent employment and earnings losses over the first 5 years after displacement. But wives' labor supply increases only moderately and they respond predominantly at the extensive margin. The implied participation elasticity with respect to the husband's earnings shock is very small, about -0:04. While the wives' earnings gains recover only a tiny fraction of the household income loss, public transfers and taxes are a more important insurance at least in the short run. In terms of non-labor market related outcomes, we find a small positive effect on the probability of divorce, but no effect of the husband's job displacement on fertility. The presence and ages of children in the household are crucial determinants of the wife's labor supply response. The most responsive group are mothers, who are planning to return to the labor market after a maternity break, while mothers of very young children or wives without children remain unresponsive. We thus conclude that Austria's strong gender identity norms are an explanation for the limited scope of intra-household insurance.

Canadian contributions to family economics

AbstractCanadian scholars have made substantial contributions to the relatively new field of family economics. These include new models of how men and women match in marriage markets, and of how decisions are made in multi‐person households. Several were early contributors to the literature on married women's labour supply and labour supply in a family context, and helped to develop empirical methods in this area. A particular focus has been on the impacts of policy‐relevant parameters, such childcare costs, on family labour supply and child well‐being. New work on child development, the impact of early life conditions, and the processes of intergenerational transmission also highlight the importance of family context in determining economic well‐being.

Husband's Unemployment and Wife's Labor Supply The Added Worker Effect Across Europe

This paper investigates the responsiveness of women’s labor supply to their husband’s loss of employment – the so-called added worker effect. While previous empirical literature on this topic mainly concentrates on a single country, we take an explicit internationally comparative perspective and analyze whether the added worker effect varies across the European countries. In doing so, we use longitudinal data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) covering the period 2004 to 2011. For our pooled sample of 28 European countries, we find evidence for the existence of an added worker effect, both at the extensive and at the intensive margin of labor supply. Women whose husbands become unemployed have a higher probability of entering the labor market and changing from part-time to full-time employment than women whose husbands remain employed. However, our results further reveal that the added worker effect varies over both the business cycle and the different welfare regimes within Europe.

Taxation and Labour Supply of Married Couples across Countries: A Macroeconomic Analysis

We document contemporaneous dierences in the aggregate labor supply of married couples across 18 OECD countries. Relative to their US counterparts, European married men work on average 9 to 17 percent, and married women in Western and Southern Europe 26 and 31 percent fewer hours. Married women in Scandinavia and Eastern Europe however work almost as many hours as US married women. We nd that a model of joint household decision-making can largely replicate these facts if the full non-linearity of labor income taxes and the tax treatment of married couples are taken into account. Going to a system of strictly separate taxation would increase labor supply of married women by more than 100 hours annually in a third of our sample countries.

Child Custody and Family Labour Supply: Evidence from the United States

AbstractThis paper investigates the impact of the joint child custody reforms on family labour supply in the United States between the 1970s and 1990s. Following the work of Chiappori et al. (Journal of Political Economy, 2002, 110 (1): 37–72), we propose a collective labour supply model in which the custody reforms play roles of a distribution factor that influences household bargaining power. In the empirical section, using data from the March Current Population Survey and Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we find a significantly positive influence of the legality on married women's labour supply and a negative influence on their husbands’. Checking robustness with different groups: non‐migrant couples, couples with children under 18, couples with children before the passage of the laws, couples married before the reforms and couples with non‐anti‐divorce religious preference, we find the results are consistent with those of the baseline model.