Labor Supply Of Married Women Research Articles

Income Taxes and the Labor Supply of Married Women in Quebec

In recent years, a substantial literature has developed, for the most part in the U.S., concerning labor supply behavior. Of particular interest is the labor force behavior of married women since this raises a set of interesting theoretical and empirical issues.' Despite the extensive research in both the U.S. and the U.K. there has been relatively little empirical investigation in Canada. This is surprising given the increasing importance of women in the Canadian labor force and the concern expressed by policy makers.2 This study presents some empirical results on the labor supply behavior of married women in Quebec, using data on 2439 husband-wife families for 1979. In estimating labor supply responses of married women, we take into account the effect of income taxes, and address the question of tax perception.3 The impact of taxes on labor supply is particularly important in the Quebec context since Quebec marginal tax rates are the highest in Canada and, it appears, in North America. The study also compares the results of alternative methods of estimation. Married women's labor supply functions are estimated using standard OLS techniques, a procedure suggested by Heckman [12; 13] which corrects for selectivity bias, a two-stage GLS technique which also corrects for selectivity bias, and a GLS method applied to a system of equations. The conceptual framework of labor supply determination is briefly reviewed in section II. Section III describes the data, the empirical specification, and the estimation strategy

Labor Supply in the Presence of Taxes: An Alternative Specification

This paper estimates a model of married women's labor supply in the presence of progressive taxes. The specification is based on a translog indirect utility function with normally distributed random preference parameters. The application of Roy's Identity then leads to a distribution of labor supply that involves ratios of normals.

The Added Worker Effect

The term worker effect usually refers to a temporary increase in the labor supply of married women whose husbands have become unemployed. This paper presents a new approach to the empirical study of the added worker effect, which emphasizes the role of employment uncertainty and credit constraints in generating short-run participation and employment patterns. The estimates are based on employment transition probabilities rather than static measures of labor supply and are used in a dynamic simulation of changes in the employment and participation rates of wives following an exogenous increase in unemployment among their husbands. The results show a small but significant added worker effect, at least for white families, and suggest that the apparent disagreement among previous studies may stem from different approaches to measuring responses to a transitory event such as an unemployment spell.

Husband's health and wife's labor supply

This paper examines the labor supply response of the wife to deterioration in the husband's health. Unlike past cross-sectional studies, responses over time are directly examined through the use of longitudinal data. The empirical results suggest that the magnitude and direction of the response depend crucially on the attractiveness of transfers which the family may qualify for when the husband's health deteriorates. When no transfers are available the wife increases her market work in order to replace the lost earnings of the husband. However, as transfers become more attractive, the wife begins to reduce her labor supply, enabling her to spend more time at home caring for her husband.

Profiles of Fertility, Labour Supply and Wages of Married Women: A Complete Life-Cycle Model

Trends in fertility and female labor supply have changed dramatically since World War II. Fertility rates rose steadily from the 1940's until the early 1960's and thereafter declined, while female laborforce participation rates have continually grown since the 1950's. These 2 rates are closely linked. Labor supply and fertility decisions are also life-cycle decisions. In addition, wage and job prospects are related to job choice and in turn to fertility decisions. Labor supply, fertility, and wages are linked in an econometric model which takes into account the problems of heterogeneity of tastes, the problem of missing wage rates through nonworking, and the problem of simultaneous-equations bias. Past works are critiqued, mainly on the basis that few analyses recognize the interrelatedness of fertility and labor supply in any sense--static or dynamic. Nor do most researchers consider age-specific fertility equations in analyzing female labor supply. Moffitt's model is a beginning analysis of fertility and labor supply as a joint consumer-demand choice. Patterns of a couple's future consumption, wife's labor supply, and births are assumed to be planned at the beginning of marriage. These patterns depend on the constraints of budget, fertility, and of inverse production (the differing amounts of time it takes to care for a child as the child matures) as well as wage accumulation. Exogenous wealth and beginning wages are considered as well. This model does not account for a woman's work experience prior to marriage. According to the model, fertility rates rise in the 1st year of marriage and subsequently fall off. Employment rates drop off at an accelerating rate until the 6th year of marriage and then increase. A rise in wage level decreases the probability of birth and increases the probability ow working. Also, changes in fertility rates have more to do with wage changes than with a woman's cohort.

A Cross‐Section Analysis of the Labour Force Participation of Married Women in Australia

‘In a time when whales and seals are classified as endangered species, babies also seem to be an endangered species ˙˙˙ with so many mothers in the workforce our population growth has dropped below zero and I think the Federal government should counter that trend˙˙˙˙ Babies born in Australia are our best new Australians.’ (Senator Florence Bjelke‐Petersen in a speech to the Women's Action Alliance, reported in the Canberra Times, 3 June 1981.)The paper examines the labour supply of married women in Australia using data from the 1974 Census of Population and Housing. A number of approaches to modeling are employed. In the first instance OLS equations are estimated. These estimates are compared with instrumental variable estimates endogenizing wage rates. and with estimates from a three‐equation system endogenizing fertility as well as wages. The evidence suggests that many of the factors proposed by modern theory do exercise significant influences in anticipated directions on the labour supply of married women in Australia.

Labor supply of married women in the Federal Republic of Germany: Theory and empirical results from a new estimation procedure

This paper contains a theoretical and empirical analysis of the labor supply of married women in the Federal Republic of Germany. The theoretical model is an intrafamily life cycle model. The empirical part uses individual census data of married women. The estimates are corrected for the selectivity bias using a two-stage probit method. Both dimensions of labor supply—hours and participation—are estimated along with an implicit estimation of the reservation wage function. The magnitude of the influence of economic variables and individual characteristics is evaluated and compared with other studies.

Preferences and the labour supply of married women

The paper reports the main results of using British cross-section data to estimate a labour supply function in which preference variables are interacted with terms measuring the slope and position of the budget constraint.

Attitudes toward Market Work and the Effect of Wage Rates on the Lifetime Labor Supply of Married Women

Attitudes toward Market Work and the Effect of Wage Rates on the Lifetime Labor Supply of Married Women

Labor Supply of Married Women in Part-Time and Full-Time Occupations

Examination of the differences in the labor supply of married women to part-time and full-time occupations. Method for distinguishing nonparticipants in the labor force; Labor supply model utilized in the study; Results. (Abstract copyright EBSCO.)

Labor Supply of Married Women in Part-Time and Full-Time Occupations

Labor Supply of Married Women in Part-Time and Full-Time Occupations

Residential Location and Labor Supply

Previous articleNext article No AccessPart II: Labor Supply and the FamilyResidential Location and Labor SupplyWalter OiWalter Oi Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Volume 84, Number 4, Part 2Aug., 1976Part 2: Essays in Labor Economics in Honor of H. Gregg Lewis Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/260540 Views: 10Total views on this site Citations: 19Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1976 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Lena Edlund, Cecilia Machado, Maria Sviatschi Gentrification and the Rising Returns to Skill, Economica 89, no.354354 (Nov 2021): 258–292.https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12398Georg Hirte, Stefan Tscharaktschiew The role of labor-supply margins in shaping optimal transport taxes, Economics of Transportation 22 (Jun 2020): 100156.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecotra.2020.100156Daniel F. Martinez, Oscar A. Mitnik, Edgar Salgado, Lynn Scholl, Patricia Yañez-Pagans Connecting to Economic Opportunity: the Role of Public Transport in Promoting Women’s Employment in Lima, Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy 3, no.11 (Nov 2019): 1–23.https://doi.org/10.1007/s41996-019-00039-9Daniel Possenriede, Wolter H.J. Hassink, Janneke Plantenga Does temporal and locational flexibility of work increase the supply of working hours? Evidence from the Netherlands, IZA Journal of Labor Policy 5, no.11 (Aug 2016).https://doi.org/10.1186/s40173-016-0072-yPeter Bäckström, Erika Sandow, Olle Westerlund Commuting and timing of retirement, The Annals of Regional Science 56, no.11 (Nov 2015): 125–152.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-015-0723-8Lena Edlund, Cecilia Machado, Marra Micaela Sviatschi Bright Minds, Big Rent: Gentrification and the Rising Returns to Skill, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2016).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2823672Dan A. Black, Natalia Kolesnikova, Lowell J. Taylor Why do so few women work in New York (and so many in Minneapolis)? Labor supply of married women across US cities, Journal of Urban Economics 79 (Jan 2014): 59–71.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2013.03.003Jorge González Chapela The Effect of Residential Location on Retirement Age: Theory and Some Evidence on Male Behaviour in the US, Urban Studies 49, no.1010 (Aug 2012): 2153–2168.https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098011423566Dan Black, Natalia Kolesnikova, Lowell J. Taylor Why Do So Few Women Work in New York (And So Many in Minneapolis)? Labor Supply of Married Women across U.S. Cities, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2012).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1129982Alberto M. Zanni, Alastair Bailey, Sophia Davidova Analysis of the Vocational and Residential Preferences of a Rural Population: Application of an Experimental Technique to Rural Slovenia, Spatial Economic Analysis 3, no.11 (Feb 2008): 89–114.https://doi.org/10.1080/17421770701775465Dan Black, Natalia Kolesnikova, Lowell J. Taylor The Labor Supply of Married Women: Why Does it Differ Across U.S. Cities?, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2007).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1022585Philip S. Morrison Unemployment and Urban Labour Markets, Urban Studies 42, no.1212 (Nov 2005): 2261–2288.https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500332031Graham R. Crampton Chapter 39 Urban labour markets, (Jan 1999): 1499–1557.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0080(99)80008-XAfsaneh Assadian, Jan Ondrich Residential Location, Housing Demand and Labour Supply Decisions of One- and Two-Earner Households: The Case of Bogota, Colombia, Urban Studies 30, no.11 (Feb 1993): 73–86.https://doi.org/10.1080/00420989320080051Wayne Simpson, Anne Veen THE ECONOMICS OF COMMUTING AND THE URBAN LABOUR MARKET, Journal of Economic Surveys 6, no.11 (Mar 1992): 45–62.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.1992.tb00143.xJohn Pencavel Chapter 1 Labor supply of men: A survey, (Jan 1986): 3–102.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4463(86)01004-0G L Clark, J Whiteman Why Poor People Do Not Move: Job Search Behavior and Disequilibrium Amongst Local Labor Markets, Environment and Planning A 15, no.11 (Jan 1983): 85–104.https://doi.org/10.1068/a150085 References, (Jan 1981): 175–186.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-403920-9.50012-4Gerald S. Goldstein Recent Developments in Urban Economics, American Behavioral Scientist 24, no.22 (Jul 2016): 228–276.https://doi.org/10.1177/000276428002400205

Tax Illusion and the Labor Supply of Married Women

THE economic and demographic determinants of the labor force behavior of married females have been studied intensively.' Many of the important variables have now been isolated: education, age, income of husband, number of children, etc. However, as will be discussed below, the existing literature pays insufficient attention to the fact that U.S. income tax laws have placed a large burden on the earnings of married women. When a married couple chooses to enjoy the tax advantages of filing jointly, the first dollar earned by the wife is in effect taxed at the same marginal rate as the last dollar earned by the husband.2 The purpose of this paper is to present some empirical results on the impact of tax rates on the labor supply of married women. Explicit attention is focused on the extent to which individuals react to net rather than gross wages. The evidence strongly supports the view that it is the net wage that matters in the hours of work decision. Section I briefly discusses how taxes have been treated traditionally in the analysis of labor supply. Section II presents a model for examining the impact of taxes on labor supply, and section III contains the results of an empirical test of this model. A concluding section discusses work in progress which will refine and extend the results of this paper.