Labor Migration Processes Research Articles

MULTILATERAL MIGRATION COOPERATION IN CENTRAL ASIA THROUGH THE PRISM OF INTERNATIONAL EXTRA-REGIONAL STRUCTURES: BRIEF OVERVIEW

This article examines aspects of multilateral migration cooperation in Central Asia through the prism of international structures with a specific focus on Kazakhstan. International migration has been a global phenomenon for several decades of the 20th century. The intensification of migration in all regions of the world and the increasing influence of the various effects of migration at all levels calls for a more coordinated migration. Modern Central Asia, represented by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan for a third of a century, has already been part of the global migration process, has its own specifics and experiences various influences of mobility both within the region and at the extra-regional level. Within the region, a separate organization or platform has not yet been formed that would cover exclusively migration cooperation. Along with this, there are organizations on the basis of which a solid foundation has been formed for the effective coordination of labor migration processes, the prevention of forced and irregular migration. To clarify the effectiveness and potential of migration coordination, this article will consider the activities in the field of migration of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Eurasian Economic Union, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Almaty Process. Key words: International Migration, Kazakhstan, Migration Cooperation, Central Asia, Almaty Process, SCO, EEU

RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN EDUCATIONAL DOCUMENTS (NOSTRIFICATION) IN UKRAINE

The relevance of the problem of foreign educational documents recognition (nostrification) is due to the intensification of labour migration processes, population mobility, as well as the formation of a unified educational and scientific space within the Bologna process. There is a need to quickly introduce a number of systemic and structural changes in higher education in accordance with the recommendation documents of the European Union. The issue of globalization and migration of population, mobility of specialists have actualized the issue of nostrification of educational diplomas not only in Ukraine but also in other countries of the world. The analysis of normative-legal support and features of procedures for the recognition of foreign educational documents (nostrification) allows enriching the experience in the implementation of this procedure, understanding of its social, educational, economic, and cultural-integrative functions. The aim of the article is to provide an overview and analysis of the procedure for recognition of foreign educational documents in Ukraine. Research methods applied: general scientific methods: to study the procedural features of the recognition of foreign diplomas in Ukraine and some EU countries; to analyze legal acts regulating the recognition procedure; to analyze and compare statistical data reflecting certain demographic and migration trends. As a result of the research, the main problems on the way to unification of approaches to the procedure of recognition of foreign documents on education were identified. The analytical data obtained are important for understanding the essence of the problem with educational documents recognition, the experience exchange between the EU countries and Ukraine.

Правовые аспекты регулирования трудовой миграции в системе социетальной безопасности стран Прикаспийского региона

Introduction: the problem of labor migration is one of the most important problems in the social policy of any state. Taking into account the pace of globalization and the development of modern information and communication technologies, it is necessary to perceive the new reality by taking optimal regulatory measures. In the countries of the Caspian region, labor migration has specific features. This problem is closely connected with the solution of important socio-economic tasks of the territory’s development, which is only possible through an integrated approach and the improvement of modernization in these states. In the paper, the authors have analyzed the current information on the problem of labor migration within the framework of the social security development system in the Caspian region countries. The purpose of the research is to study the processes of labor migration, its specifics and features in the states of the Caspian region, taking into account current developments, recent trends in the social policy development in the peripheral territories. Methods: when writing the paper, the authors used the theoretical basis from the scientific works of Russian scientists, and also performed an analysis of relevant information using the general scientific and special methods, comparative law, systemic and many others. Results: to meet the needs of citizens within the framework of the socio-economic policy of the countries, it is necessary to take measures and carry out activities that have a positive impact on solving the problems of labor migration in the countries of the Caspian region. At the same time, it should be noted that the migration policy of each state is regulated by the legislative and regulatory acts. There is a need to develop cluster projects, whose advantage is undoubtedly the possibility of optimal allocation of labor resources to use innovative opportunities to fully solve migration problems. Conclusions: it is important to provide the Caspian region citizens with additional decently paid jobs. Migration problems are now decisive in the socio-economic policy of any state, which is due to geopolitical, demographic and other factors characterizing modernization processes in the peripheral territories. Strengthening the role of the state in regulating the processes of labor migration would speed up the pace of solving this problem, as well as, which is not least importantly, eliminate the differences in the socio-economic level of development of particular territorial areas.

Нарративный подход в исследовании миграции учителей

The article is devoted to the theoretical and methodological aspects of the study of teacher migration. It is worth noting that in Russia, the migration of teachers has not become a separate topic for research. Based on the analysis of modern approaches to migration and mobility, the strengths and weaknesses of the research strategies of “mobile turn” and “attachment to place” are revealed, the heuristic possibilities of quantitative and qualitative methodology in the study of teacher migration are revealed. The purpose of the article is to provide a rationale and a conceptual basis for research on the migration of teachers and graduates of pedagogical universities. The article identifies the causes, forms and consequences of teacher migration, as well as key trends characteristic of modern labor migration processes in the educational space of the Russian school, using a specially developed narrative interview technique. The article talks about the need to apply a narrative approach to the analysis of the communicative form of narration. The method of narrative interview was used in the mobile methodology as a “strategy of mixing methods” Go along and Recovery of memories, to study the social experience of the teacher and collect information about the place, time and situational circumstances of his migration. Today, a number of studies are presented in which there are changes in the interpretations of the study of migration, and which form the basis for new theoretical approaches to the study of migration processes.

Impacts of applying for international labor migration before migration occurs

The process of international labor migration is often initiated when potential migrant workers apply for jobs offered by recruitment agencies. This paper reports the first study on the consequences of this initial process of applying for labor migration, before migration occurs. In Fiji, a private recruitment agency defrauded approximately 20,000 people of application fees for labor migration to the Middle East. I conducted a rural household survey after people made application decisions and before they became aware of the fraud. I address the endogeneity of job application by using a fraud-specific factor––proximity to the fraudster––as an instrumental variable. Households with a job applicant received less domestic transfers from other households. The reallocation of transfers was a result of the substitution for prospective but not realized international remittances. Thus, the impacts of international labor migration and remittances extend beyond actual migration and remittances studied in the literature.

THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LABOR MIGRATION AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF EXTERNAL SHOCKS

The article considers the theoretical problems of international labor migration under the influence of external shocks. The destructive impact of hostilities in Ukraine is underscored by the forecasts of international institutions. External migration of Ukrainians can have extremely serious consequences. Emphasis is placed on the distinction between exogenous and endogenous shock factors. Endogenous are macroeconomic in origin, forms and results, micro- and mesoeconomic in shifts in business processes. Exogenous shocks have the following forms of origin: macroeconomic "black swans" as destructive fluctuations in world markets; catastrophic natural disasters; socio-political conflicts. The evolution of the main theories of international migration has been studied. The relevance of theoretical principles and practical application of microeconomic analysis of migration processes is emphasized. Globalization and increasing inequality have directed a significant part of research to analyze population movements from peripheral to central countries, with a focus on the economic situation in donor countries. Modern foreign theories of migration are based on the postulates of the neoclassical approach, which determines the movement of labor migration with a vector from countries and regions with excess human potential to countries with high demand and limited supply. Discrepancies become apparent when the use of cheap migrant labor makes a profit at the corporate level. At the same time, macroeconomic assessments note technological stagnation, the preservation of low levels of conditions and wages. The role of migration rent in the policy of firms-recipients of foreign labor force is analyzed. In conditions of global inequality, the rent for the use of cheap labor has an objective basis and is the main motive for the formation of a special labor market for foreigners. After the end of the war, the key issue for Ukraine and the world community will be the recovery of the national economy and the return of migrants to their homeland. Supporting the refugee return process, ensuring their reintegration and employment in the Ukrainian economy will contribute to the rapid resumption of economic activity in Ukraine. All practical steps must be based on sound theoretical principles, classical studies of international labor markets and labor migration processes.

Trends in the Development of Labor Migration in the Educational Space of the Russian School in the Context of COVID-19

The presented article is aimed at identifying the leading trends characteristic of the processes of professional migration in the educational space of the Russian school. The relevance of this work lies in the fact that the noted trends are revealed during a new (regular) wave of the spread of coronavirus infection. The paper shows that covid-19 significantly intensified the processes of labor migration in the modern Russian school. These processes are analyzed based on data obtained during a sociological survey conducted in August-September of 2021. The intensification of labor migration processes has resulted in the fact that a significant number of teachers who have reached retirement age are leaving school today. Content analysis showed that this is due, firstly, to the concern of this category of teachers for their health, and, secondly, to a weak level of knowledge of modern information technologies, on which distance learning is mainly based. Another revealed trend of professional migration in the educational space of the Russian school in the conditions of the spread of covid-19 was that new teachers come to the place of outgoing teachers of retirement age – pedagogical workers who either do not have a systematic basic pedagogical education in a significant number, because they received it through professional retraining courses, or yesterday's graduates of pedagogical areas of training in the higher education system, due to natural reasons, having no experience in school. The consequences of the identified trends of professional migration for the system of general (school) education in Russia have been analyzed at the end of the work.

Migrant Labor Supply Chains: Architectures of Mobile Assemblages

This paper explores the potential for Assemblage Theory to supplement current approaches to studying labor migration in law and the social sciences. Based upon a study of women's migration for garment and domestic work in India, I lay out the labor supply chain assemblage (LSCA) as a framework for understanding how workers find employment across multi-site, dynamic trajectories. Migration into temporary employment requires workers to move between jobs on an ongoing basis. Accordingly, studying labor supply chains as fluid assemblages defined by labor market conditions, component elements, and various agents provides a methodology for analyzing frequent job searches, across recruitment geographies, that include a range of recruitment actors. By accommodating temporal, territorial, and relational analysis, this approach provides insight into how labor migration processes for migrant garment and domestic workers in India articulate with the development of markets, working conditions, and social hierarchies – including on the basis of gender and caste.

A nők szerepe a székelyföldi munkamigráció társadalmi folyamatában

The paper is a shortened, revised version of the summary study (2009-2010) containing the results of the individual research project - The Role of Women in the Social Process of Labour Migration in Szeklerland - conducted within the framework of the Domus Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Science. In the course of the research, I made use of research materials and experiences that I had accumulated on the topic of labour migration in Szeklerland prior to the present research, and which I had conducted in the framework of research groups or in the form of individual research projects. The first migration studies were carried out within the framework of the WAC – Centre for Regional and Anthropological Research (Biró 1994, 1995, Bodó 1996, Oláh 1996), followed by group researches that I conducted with the support of the Institute for Research Programmes (KPI) of Sapientia University (Bodó 2008a, b., c, Bodó - Biró 2009, Bodó 2009a.,b.,c, Bodó 2011a., b.).

The health and well-being of female labour migrants from: A Qualitative Study of Stakeholder Views

Female labour migration from the global south to the Middle East has increased in recent times. The rights and health of these women are often severely affected during and post migration. The aim of this study was to provide a clearer understanding of the process and context of female labour migration from Nepal. This included reasons for female labour migration, the risks, benefits, health impacts and measures to better support and protect women before, during and post migration.Data in this paper is based on semi-structured interviews conducted with ten key stakeholders (staff working with support organisations, policy-makers and researchers in the field) all with a professional interest in female labour migration from Nepal.It was found that government restrictions on female labour migrants working in the domestic sector increased undocumented migration through India, increasing the risk of trafficking and exploitation. Despite these risks, migration is attractive to many Nepalese women as it offers an opportunity to improve livelihood for them and their family. In addition, it can provide a ‘window to empowerment’. The study concludes that restricted migration, implemented in the name of protection, has undermined the rights, security and health of many Nepalese women.

Analysis of migration processes in russian education in the context of the ongoing social and cultural transformation development and testing of a model of distance education

The article explores labor migration processes in modern Russian school education. The relevance of this research is due to the current shortage of teachers in Russian schools, especially young specialists. The main method was qualitative content analysis of documents, statistical data, and available resources on this issue presented in the scientific articles on this issue. This paper shows that the transitional state of modern Russian society social and cultural transformation has a significant impact on the processes of professional migration. The article reveals the connection between the ongoing social and cultural transformation and the processes of labor migration of Russian teachers and graduates of pedagogical universities, which is a new perspective for considering this issue, since the problem of labor migration has not been examined from this angle.

Germany's recruitment of workers from Turkey, 1960–1973 – Some remarks

Germany's recruitment of workers from Turkey, 1960–1973 – Some remarks

Rural Urbanization in China: Administrative Restructuring and the Livelihoods of Urbanized Rural Residents

ABSTRACT Urbanization in China has involved not only the large-scale transfer of population from rural to urban areas through processes of labor migration and land dispossession, but also the re-designation of rural areas and populations as urban through top-down administrative conversion. Despite their significant role in accelerating rural urbanization, in situ processes of administrative-territorial change have remained under-examined in the literature. Drawing on a national survey of 40 townships, this article sheds light on the strategies by which territorial urbanization is achieved at the township level. By comparing the socioeconomic profiles, employment, land ownership, housing conditions, and social welfare coverage of 3,229 respondents, the article demonstrates how different pathways of territorial urbanization map onto differentiation in livelihoods among urbanized rural residents.

Migration Processes in a Globalizing Society: Challenges for Donor and Recipient Countries

Abstract The article examines the influence of migration processes on the formation and development of production capacities of countries. The main functions that perform population migration are indicated. Reasonably, the process of labor migration affects the redistribution of industry types that develop in different countries. The impact of international labor migration on the economies of donor and recipient countries is determined. It has been proven that labor migration has different effects on donor and recipient countries. Researched the question of how the human, social and financial capital of labor migrants can be better used for their counties of origin becomes more and more urgent. There is an opinion that labor migration is not always negative. It is emphasized that educational migration can have a positive impact on the development of industry in the donor country, provided that the population returns home. It is noted that Ukraine often acts as a labor donor for many countries, including Poland. The main spheres of activity in which Ukrainians work abroad are given. The main benefits that donor and recipient countries receive from population migration are identified. It is emphasized that the return flows, ie the return of emigrants home from earnings abroad, change over time the ratio of benefits and losses in the donor country.

Влияние пандемии COVID-19 на трудовую миграцию сельского населения Калмыкии

Introduction. The issue examined in the article is topical enough since it arises from the need to analyze actual impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on internal labor migration processes among the population. The COVID-19 crisis has affected most sectors of the economy. The introduction of quarantine measures and non-working days led to a number of problems for labor migrants: loss of work, reduction in wages, change of employment, loss of a certain status, and other consequences. Goals. The article aims to assess the impact of the current situation in the labor market to have resulted from the introduction of national quarantine and self-isolation regime on interregional and intraregional migration trends. The article discusses two aspects of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on labor migration in the republic, such as return migrations from Moscow and other regions to Kalmykia, and the migration of medical doctors and healthcare workers both within the republic and beyond. Materials and Methods. The paper introduces results of in-depth interviews with labor migrants who returned to Kalmykia during the period of restrictive measures, as well as with MDs and nursing staff who left for work in the ‘red zone’ outside their rural settlements and outside the republic. Results. The analysis of the impact entailed by the COVID-19 pandemic shows that migration is a dynamic process sensitive to any social change. Migration flows are characterized by a high level of renewability which is confirmed by both statistical data and the results of interviews: after some weakening of the restrictive measures the respondents returned to their jobs in other regions. However, such renewability of migration flows shows, in our opinion, the complexity of social and economic processes taking place in rural areas. The migration of MDs and medical personnel also attests to that — if it is possible to receive more material remuneration — qualified personnel are ready to leave not only their native villages but also the republic.

����� �����̲� ������²���� COVID-19 �� ������� ����������� �������� ²������ � ������

Features of regulation of labor relations under the influence of measures aimed at preventing the occurrence and spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) are revealed. It was emphasized that the problem of regulation of labor relations during quarantine restrictions became especially acute, as it was necessary to amend the legislation in order to reduce the negative impact of the spread of coronavirus COVID-19. A set of both general and special methods of scientific cognition was used to study the problem. The main thing in this system is the general scientific dialectical method, which was used to clarify the new content of the responsibilities of the employer during the pandemic COVID-19, identify the main changes in Ukrainian legislation. Using the formal-logical method, the consequences of quarantine restrictions in the field of employment and ways to overcome them are revealed. On this methodological basis, the collection, processing and analysis of empirical material were carried out. General scientific methods are also used, such as: comparison, generalization, induction, deduction and analysis. In addition, system-structural analysis is used in the analysis of current legislation. Legislative changes are analyzed in order to reduce the negative impact of coronavirus spread. Attention is paid to the consequences of the introduction of quarantine restrictions, which affected the level of economic development of the country, social protection and employment. The economic level of Ukraine is analyzed taking into account the impact of quarantine shock, as a result of which the decline in Ukraine�s gross domestic product in 2020 was highlighted. As a result, there was a sharp reduction in jobs and loss of livelihoods of the working population. The causal links that led to a decline in employment, job cuts and rising unemployment have been identified. The main reasons for the reduction of employees in enterprises due to the difficult economic situation - the loss of a significant part of profits, reducing the number of employees to keep the company, forced sending of workers on unpaid leave, transfer to part-time work. Emphasis is placed on such a phenomenon as hidden unemployment, which is not included in official statistics. This happens when some employers send employees on unpaid long-term leave for the duration of quarantine, others transfer employees from full-time to part-time employment. Forms of hidden unemployment are highlighted. Attention is paid to the impact of quarantine restrictions imposed to prevent the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on labor migration processes and the trend of behavior of Ukrainian workers. The main reasons for the decline in migration processes, including the closure of borders for entry and exit of foreigners by most European countries, the temporary suspension of enterprises and job losses during the quarantine period, etc. are highlighted. The ways of the decision of the raised questions are offered.

Socio-Economic Reasons Of Participation Of Women And Girls In Population Migration

Today, the migration process and its status are of global importance. Women's participation in population migration is a complex and controversial process. Therefore, this article examines the socio-economic reasons for women's participation in migration, because the creation of favorable conditions and opportunities for women in migration is an important part of their social protection. is one of the directions. The article also describes the growth and decline trends of population migration on the basis of statistical analysis. In the regulation of external labor migration processes, in our opinion, it is expedient to expand legal labor migration.

The selectivity of attracting foreign nationals to work in recipient countries

The article provides a comparative analysis of practices on regulating the employment of foreign nationals, used in large recipient states (Germany, USA, Canada, Russia, Republic of Korea). The subject of the study is the process of external labor migration, taking into account country regulatory approaches to attracting foreign labour. The study aims to develop theoretical principles and methodology for regulating the process of external labor migration. The methodology is based on the polyparadigmal concept of the study, using theoretical experience in the study of migration processes and the practice of influencing their regulation. The scientific novelty of the study is to assess the effectiveness of a selective approach to attracting foreign workers to national labour markets. As a result of the study, a methodology has been developed to assess the impact of migration processes on labour market regulation in recipient countries. Promising for countries hosting external migrant workers is the mechanism of targeted organized recruitment of foreign nationals to carry out work activities. At the heart of this mechanism is the selective selection of job seekers on the basis of professional, sociocultural, educational and personal criteria that correspond to the interests of the host external migrants of society and the recipient state. To understand the basic administrative approaches and the system of economic, legal and social instruments for regulating the process of external labour migration, it is important to study the practice of adaptation activities of large recipient States, which have a systematic and proven mechanism of inclusion of foreign job seekers. Measures to regulate external labour migration needed to be balanced, since increased restrictive measures could lead to an increase in illegal external labour migration, and excessive preferences for foreign workers could restrict the rights of recipient citizens.

Доларизація національної економіки та трудова міграція: аспекти взаємозв’язку (кейс України)

The dollarization of the national economy of Ukraine as a natural phenomenon in close connection with the processes of labor migration is studied. Types and directions of dollarization of the domestic economy are analyzed. An assessment of the dynamics of average annual dollarization in Ukraine in 2014-2020, the dynamics of the exchange rate, the dynamics of private remittances to Ukraine are discussed. It is substantiated that the number of Ukrainians who left Ukraine is 2.5-3 times higher than the number of foreign citizens who entered the country. The main causes of migration problems in Ukraine and their impact on the dollarization of the domestic economy are identified. It is substantiated that foreign currency imported into the territory of Ukraine through international migrants is either not exchanged for the national currency, or is converted from the currencies of the leading countries of employers into dollars/euros. This is mainly due to the population's distrust of political and economic reforms within the country, and, accordingly, to the hryvnia. An inverse relationship has been established between the balance of purchase and sale of foreign currency and the level of dollarization of the economy in Ukraine, as well as the balance of purchase and sale of foreign currency and the share of foreign currency deposits. Both the factors that cause the strengthening of dollarization and the factors that constrain it are considered. It is determined that the key problem of dollarization of the economy is that Ukraine loses the most important target - monetary policy and its targets, as the NBU loses the ability to influence the money supply in the economy, and thus ensure stability of the national currency.

External migration processes of labor resources and migration as an aspect of employment issues

External migration processes of labor resources and migration as an aspect of employment issues