Labour Market Regulation Research Articles

Ensuring Competitive Advantages of University Graduates in the Regional Labor Market: A Didactic Model (On the Example of Training IT Graduates).

The article focuses on the problem of constructing a didactic model of training a graduate of a higher education institution aimed at ensuring his/her competitiveness. The theoretical model is built on the example of training IT graduates of a regional university, but it can be extended to other areas, provided with highquality professional standards of a specialist. In order to overcome the gap between the competencies of students, formed in the process of mastering the basic professional educational program of the university, and the requirements of key regional employers to the training of young specialists, the approach to the design and modernization of the educational program of the university is presented, taking into account the specifics of professional activity of the graduate on the example of IT-industry. To achieve the research goal which is the development and theoretical substantiation of the model, the concept of “competitiveness of a university graduate” is analyzed, the classification of human competitiveness as a subject of economic life is presented. The didactic model of ensuring competitiveness in the regional labor market of a graduate of IT-specialties on educational programs of higher education, orienting a graduate of a regional university to intra-professional competitiveness in the conditions of the organization of the production process, characteristic of the regional employer, has been developed. Taking into account that for modern IT-industry the project approach is the main one, the conclusion is formulated that the necessary level of competitiveness of the graduate of IT-directions of training will be achieved if while designing or modernizing the educational program to proceed from the necessity to prepare the graduate for activity at the lower level of the team model of project implementation and to introduce the project roles of the upper level. The article provides a brief description of project roles, compiled together with experts representing a key regional employer. It is noted that for successful activity in certain project roles, along with professional competencies, it is necessary for a young specialist to have personal qualities corresponding to their specifics. It should also be noted that the results of the experimental testing of the model will be presented in subsequent publications.

Transformation of the employment sphere in the conditions of “green transition”

Aim. To investigate the forms of non-standard employment that have a positive impact on the ecology, the environment and contribute to the formation of a “green” economy, as well as the criteria for selecting “green” jobs.Tasks. To identify and characterize forms of non-standard employment that have a positive impact on the ecology and the environment; to assess the main directions of their positive and negative impact on the environment, as well as on the social sphere and quality of life of workers; to develop assessment criteria for “green” jobs; to offer a set of recommendations necessary for the successful transformation of the labor market towards the “green” economy.Methods. The authors used system and comparative analysis, analysis of statistical indicators, sociological methods (questioning).Results. The transformation of the employment sphere under the influence of the development of green economy is manifested in the creation of “green” jobs and the development of nonstandard forms of employment (freelancing, distance employment, virtual employment), which have a positive impact on the environment. This changes the social status and quality of life of workers. These changes can be not only positive (increased employment opportunities for socially vulnerable groups, lower unemployment in depressed regions of the country; lower risks of injuries due to traffic accidents; the possibility of attracting workers with the required competencies to labor-deficient regions; the opportunity to choose more interesting and wellpaid work), but also negative (the need to form digital competencies for successful employment; risk of social isolation; o Positive influence prevails. According to sociological research, the number of workers who work in non-standard employment forms that contribute to the “green” transition is increasing. At the same time in Russia the number of remote workers, freelancers and virtual workers, as well as the number of “green” jobs is not taken into account on a national scale.Conclusions. The lack of statistical information on the number of “green” jobs and the number of workers who work in forms of employment that contribute to the “green transition” significantly complicates the possibilities of labor market regulation and the development of measures to support socially vulnerable groups of workers, as well as organizations that create “green” jobs. In order to successfully transform the labor market towards a green transition, it is necessary to keep statistical records of green jobs based on selected criteria; to develop green job evaluation indicators to assess the impact on the environment, the economy of the organization and the country as a whole, the health and the working capacity of citizens who work in such jobs; to annually analyze the status of green jobs and jobs to be transformed into green jobs in individual organizations and sectors of the eco-industry.

The approach of Swiss commercial companies to making decisions on the organization of in–house training programs

It is recognized in the scientific literature that training in apprenticeship–mentoring programs is a very effective form of training that provides young people with skills that allow them to experience fewer problems when moving from the stage of vocational training to entering the labor market. However, a prerequisite for the successful functioning of the training system for apprenticeship–mentoring programs is the presence of a sufficiently large number of companies willing to train young people.The factors influencing companies’ readiness for training are analyzed in interdisciplinary theoretical and applied research, the main conclusion of which is that the decision to create and implement in–house training programs (professional internship programs) is made by companies using data on the state of the regional labor market and the structure of the regional education system. At the same time, regional differences in data should be used within the same national training system. This is a significant condition for comparative studies, since the unity of the educational system allows us to fix the uniformity of influence on the decision–making about education, which is impossible when conducting an analysis at the international level.The paper presents data reflecting the factors of decision–making by Swiss commercial companies on the implementation of apprenticeship–mentoring programs within the framework of corporate educational policy.

Состояние и тенденции развития регионального рынка труда в условиях цифровой трансформации экономики (на примере Пермского края)

The state and prospects of national and regional economies are influenced by a variety of external and internal factors, each of which to a certain extent affects the effectiveness of their development, the current structure and the state in the future. One of the key factors that has a direct connection with all subsystems of the regional development system is the state of the regional labor market. In the modern conditions of the digital transformation of the economy, researchers have begun to pay more and more attention to the person and his labor resource as the main factor of modern development. The socio-digital environment contributes to the development of requirements for the labor characteristics of the population, forming the labor resources necessary for the economy from it. At the same time, the contribution of labor resources has become fundamentally assessed by the value of the human capital of society, which, according to many scientists and practitioners, has become not only comparable, but also exceeds the value of the capital of fixed assets of developed countries. The most significant quantitative and qualitative characteristics influencing the current state of Perm Krai labor market are identified and analyzed: migration processes, the average income level of the population in the region, the number of enterprises and organizations, the number of employed and unemployed, the ratio of officially registered unemployed and employed, and as a consequence, the change in the structure of the total labor force. The specific features of Perm Krai labor market against the background of the digital transformation of the economy have been analyzed, the analysis results helped to prognose the trends in the short and long-term periods of development. The necessity of improving public administration on the regional labor market was confirmed, contributing to the creation of new jobs and productive employment.

Employment Intensity of Economic Growth in Southern Europe: Evidence from Multidimensional Panel Data

This paper examines the employment intensity of economic growth in Southern Europe during the so-called “post-crisis” recovery years. A labor demand estimation model based on multidimensional panel data from 2010 to 2019 was utilized. Findings from our macroeconomic analysis of eight different industries refute the predictions of neoclassical labor theory in the region. The results further indicate the presence of jobless growth in the areas of overall employment, fulltime employment, and overall employees. They also signal that economic growth may have created job opportunities in part-time and youth employment, and among temporary employees, rather than full-time jobs. The paper links these findings to particular characteristics of the regional labor market, discusses their implications for understanding unemployment and formulates recommendations for future policy.

Distance Education: Parents' Perception

Introduction. The relevance of the study is due to the lack of information for analyzing parents' perception of the problems of introducing distance learning in secondary schools in the conditions of COVID-19. The purpose of the study is to compare the specifics of parents' perception of opportunities and problems of distance learning in conditions of self– isolation by parents in different regions of Russia, as well as to identify attitudes that determine the prospects for its further implementation.Methodology and sources. The theoretical base is represented by the works of Russian authors about the family (A.I. Antonov, O.M. Zdravomyslova, G.G. Filippova). A review of foreign studies of parenthood focuses on its socializing function (R. Benedict, A. Cardiner, M. Spiro). A separate block of works is devoted to the problems of the introduction of distance education (Gül Özüdoğru; Lee; Zhao et al; Garrote et al, Bezrukikh et al, R.S. Zvyagintsev, Yu.D. Kershi, M.A. Pinskoy). The study is based on systematic and activity-based approaches that consider parents as one of the most important factors in improving the effectiveness of distance learning. The article presents the results of an on-line survey of parents (N = 1526) in four regions of Russia (Leningrad and Irkutsk regions, Stavropol and the Republic of Bashkortostan). Data processing was carried out using the SPSS program.Results and discussion. The opinion on the implementation of distance learning was studied not only regarding the education of children, but also the possibilities of using technology by parents. The study showed that they quite objectively assess the problems of implementing distance learning. Parents are not inclined to criticize the school, but they doubt the prospects of implementing the technology in the format it was introduced, arguing that it costs a lot for health, unavailability of technical equipment and the level of training of both students and schools. In relation to their training using distance learning technologies, the statements were positive.Conclusion. A comparison of parents' responses by region showed, on the one hand, a commonality of opinions, and on the other, a significant impact on the results of the assessment of socio–cultural specifics associated with the dominant type of management, the demand for digital skills in the regional labor market.

Which Combination of Trade Provisions Promotes Trade in Value‐Added? An Application of Machine Learning to Cross‐Country Data

Over time, the trade agreements are witnessing a substantial change in their provisions by encompassing provisions beyond their conventional trade domain, such as labour market regulations, environmental regulations and competition policies. Theoretically, studies argued the role of signing an agreement with deep provisions to promote trade in value‐added, but empirical verification in favour of a few is rarely available. The present study attempts to identify this set of provisions included in deep trade agreements (DTAs) that positively impact the bilateral trade in value added. Using the traditional gravity model framework and its estimation through modern econometric and machine learning tools, the study shows that incorporating provisions relating to establishing and preserving economic rights in trade agreements promotes trade in value‐added among member countries. Notably, the study found the combination of three main policy areas: technical barriers to trade, competition policy and labour market regulations. Both econometric and machine learning methods confirm the significant impact of these three provisions. Understanding the significance of specific provisions holds relevance in the current scenario where major trading economies are calibrating trade agreements. From the policy perspective, disentangling a set of provisions might be relevant for designing and negotiating trade agreements.

Trading Nontradables: The Implications of Europe’s Job-Posting Policy

Abstract This article examines the labor market implications of the EU posting policy, a large temporary migration program facilitated by the liberalization of the free provision of services in Europe. Posting allows EU firms to send (post) their employees abroad to export customer-facing services. Combining administrative data and quasi-experimental policy variation, I find that the policy permanently increased total factor mobility in Europe without crowding out traditional migration. This result suggests that unrealized gains from trade in factor services remained despite the absence of regulatory barriers to trade and migration in the EU. Furthermore, posted workers are mostly sent from low-wage countries to perform manual tasks in sectors formerly insulated from trade, and they represent a substantial share of EU migrant workers. In receiving countries, posting had persistent negative effects on employment for domestic workers in the more exposed sectors and local labor markets, but it had no effects on domestic wages. In low-wage sending countries, firms in formerly “nontradable” sectors experienced increased sales, profits, and tax payments when exporting services through posting. Posted workers earn more once sent abroad but remain paid at lower wages than comparable domestic workers in the receiving country. Wage gains for posted workers are mostly explained by minimum wages enforced by the EU policy, highlighting the role of labor market regulations in shaping the way gains from globalization are shared between labor and capital owners in origin countries.

The Impact of Recent Economic Crises on Income Inequality and the Risk of Poverty in Greece

We consider the impact of the two recent economic crises, one that resulted from the great recession of 2007–2009 and one following the COVID-19 pandemic, on income inequality and the risk of poverty in Greece. To this end, we also investigate the key macroeconomic variables affecting the Greek income distribution. We find that alternative measures of inequality and relative poverty have deteriorated during the years of crises, implying that the country’s response to economic shocks has been particularly harmful for its more disadvantaged citizens. Regarding the variables affecting the income distribution, we show that income inequality and the risk of poverty increase with growth, implying that the benefits of growth, and burdens of recession, are distributed unequally among members of the Greek society. Moreover, inequality appears to increase with unemployment and decrease with the share of wages and salaries in total income. This finding highlights the importance of labour market regulations and workers’ welfare for attaining equality. Finally, we provide evidence that, during pre-election periods, income inequality is reduced, meaning that the political budget cycles, which are characteristic of the Greek economy, generate gains in terms of equality, but these gains are short-lived and mainly benefit the middle bracket of the income distribution.

The Role of Social Cooperatives in Hungary Over the Past Ten Years – From a Regional Labour Market Perspective

Abstract Subject and purpose of the work: The aim of the research is to show how the effectiveness and regional labour market impact of social cooperatives in Hungary has evolved over the past 10 years. Materials and methods: The research database is based on a database of domestic enterprises. It includes data on the assets and income of social cooperatives for the past 10 years. Results: It analyses the evolution of the number of social cooperatives in space and time, in parallel with a legal and support environment. Focusing on a ten-year time horizon, it has examined the areas where the evolution of the number and activity of social cooperatives has had a greater impact on the labour market situation. Conclusions: It has shown that changes in the legal environment have significantly increased the number of social cooperatives. It has shown that, despite the increase in numbers, the cooperatives studied have survived in large numbers. It has shown a positive contribution to employment.

Currency Areas, Labor Markets, and Regional Cyclical Sensitivity

In his papers during the lead up to the birth of the European Monetary Union, Obstfeld considered whether the countries forming the EMU were sufficiently similar to survive a single monetary policy--and more importantly, whether they had the capacity to adjust to asymmetric shocks given a single monetary and exchange rate policy. The convention at the time was to take the United States as the baseline for a smoothly functioning currency union. We document the evolution of the literature on regional labor market adjustment within the United States, expanding on stylized facts illustrating how stratification in local labor market outcomes appears far more persistent today than 30 years ago in the context of what Obstfeld and Peri (1998) call non-adjustment in unemployment rates. We then extend the currency union literature by adding an additional consideration: differences in regional cyclical sensitivity. Using measures of cyclicality and Obstfeld-Peri-type non-adjustment, we explore the characteristics of places that can get left behind when local labor markets respond differently to national shocks and discuss implications for policy.

Labour reallocation and unemployment fluctuations: A tale of two tails

AbstractThis paper examines the sectoral shifts hypothesis for the US regional labour market using a quantile panel framework. We use a monthly panel dataset that spans over 1990–2016 for the 48 US states and employ a dynamic quantile panel data regression approach to investigate the asymmetric nature of the relationship between sectoral labour reallocation and unemployment fluctuations. The empirical evidence suggests that the impact of the employment dispersion index is relatively small and insignificant for lower levels of unemployment but becomes positive and highly significant for higher rates. Our findings bear out the asymmetry of reallocation disturbances for the US labour market.

Analysis and priorities of state regulation of the labor market in crisis conditions

The main objective of the study was to analyze the characteristics of state regulation of the labor market in a crisis. Structural changes in the labor market are due, among other reasons, to the transformation of public and economic relations in today's globalized world. Increased competition, the development of the knowledge economy, information technology, changes in the content and forms of work require updating the system of labor market regulation. The research methodology of the study involved the use of cognition methods such as: induction and deduction, comparison and systematization to characterize the understanding of the essence of the addressed problem. In addition, the structure developed included a basic documentary study, together with IDEF modeling. It was concluded that the labor market is subject to market, corporate, state and interstate regulation, the combination of which depends on a number of dialectical factors that are formed as a function of time and space. On the other hand, market regulation is spontaneous, and corporate, state and interstate regulation, unlike market regulation, is rather biased and strictly regulated by specific policies.

Do regional labor market conditions matter for temporary work disability duration? A multilevel analysis of workers' compensation claims in five Canadian provinces.

Research has shown how regionally varying labor market conditions are associated with differences in work disability duration. However, the majority of these studies have not used multilevel models to appropriately account for the hierarchical clustering of individuals nested within contextual units (e.g., regions). Studies that have used multilevel models have focused on privately insured workers or on disability not specifically caused by work-related injury or illness. Using claims data from five Canadian provincial workers' compensation systems, linear random-intercept models were used to estimate how much variance in temporary work disability duration ('work disability duration' for brevity) for work-related injuries and musculoskeletal disorders was due to differences between economic regions, what economic region-level labor market characteristics were associated with work disability duration, and what characteristics best explained economic region differences in work disability duration. Economic region characteristics, such as the unemployment rate and proportion of goods-producing employment, were independently associated with individual-level work disability duration. However, economic region variation only accounted for 1.5%-2% of total variation in work disability duration. The majority (71%) of economic region-level variation was explained by the provincial jurisdiction where the worker livedand was injured. Regional variation tended to be greater for female workers than males. The findings suggest that while regional labor market conditions matter for work disability duration, system-level differences in workers' compensation and health care are more important factors influencing work disability duration. Furthermore, while this study includes both temporary and permanent disability claims, the work disability duration measure only captures temporary disability.

The imbalance of the labor market in Ukraine: current trends and guidelines for overcoming disproportions

The imbalance of the labor market in Ukraine: current trends and guidelines for overcoming disproportions

Efficiency Management of Human Capital with the Change of the Social and Economic System of Ukraine

"The purpose of this article is to examine the dominant effectiveness management of human capital with the change of the social and economic system of the Ukraine. A substantiated comprehensive methodology for evaluating indicators of intensive use of economically active human resources in the regional labour market is given. An analysis of the development of the intellectual component of the human capital of Ukraine was carried out according to macroeconomic indicators. A comparison of the level of efficiency of human capital management in Ukraine and in the EU was made. The gradation of the level of intensity of use of economically active human resources of the Steppe zone of Ukraine by the category “Urban area” and “Rural area”, “Educational and qualification level” in relation to the total population of the given territory aged 15-70 was carried out. The forecast level of effective management of human capital between the regions of Ukraine has been determined. A forecast calculation of the relationship between the growth rate of the nominal GDP of Ukraine and the forecast shares of macroeconomic indicators of the development of the intellectual component of human capital management, which characterize the parameters of the distribution of economically active human resources in the regional labour market, was conducted."

What if She Earns More? Gender Norms, Income Inequality, and the Division of Housework

We examine the relationship between female contribution to household income and the division of housework between the partners, while accounting for their attitutes towards gender roles. We use data from the “Generation and Gender Survey” for Poland: a country where both employment rates of women and their involvement in housework are high, men and women work long hours, and labour market regulation and policies are unsupportive of work− family balance. We find that the female share of total household income is negatively related to women’s heavy involvement in housework. The direction of this relationship does not change when women earn more than their partners, so there is no support for the gender deviance neutralization hypothesis. We also find that individual gender norms matter for women’s involvement in unpaid work at home, and the uncovered link between the female share of household income and inequality between the partners in the division of housework. Women from less traditional households are more likely to share housework equally with their partners. Among couples with traditional gender attitudes, the female contribution to household income is not related to the division of housework. We conclude that narrowing gender pay gaps may be an important step towards more equality not only at work but also at home.

Foreign Experience In Managing the Quality of Labor Resources

In this article, foreign experience in managing the quality of labor resources and proposals and recommendations for improving the efficiency of the regional labor market have been developed.

Labor market regulation and gendered entrepreneurship: a cross-national perspective

Labor market regulation and gendered entrepreneurship: a cross-national perspective

Revisiting the EU’s new mobility regime: the impact of mobility and policies on labour market hierarchies within and across the EU

ABSTRACT This paper serves as the introduction for a special issue investigating the current status of the new EU mobility regime close to 20 years after the first eastward enlargement. Our main claim is that EU labour mobility is shaped by and has created multiple hierarchies across the EU and within EU countries, as is evident in the unequal labour market outcomes of different groups of mobile EU workers. The EU migration regime has grown more complex and diversified over the years, but underneath this complexity remain strong hierarchies that structure the patterns and consequences of mobility. We therefore propose the concept of ‘hierarchized mobility’ to grasp the complex yet unequal mobility opportunities of workers within the EU. Moreover, we argue that to understand this hierarchised mobility, both socio-economic factors and regulation should be studied. On the one hand, enduring hierarchies between national labour markets shape EU labour mobility and transform these hierarchies into hierarchies within national labour markets. On the other hand, both national and EU policies regulate and shape mobility and the hierarchies it creates. The interaction between EU rules that shape different categories of mobile workers and national social and labour market regulation can counteract or reinforce the trend towards hierarchised mobility.