Liberalization Of Labor Research Articles

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ МЕТАМОРФОЗЫ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО СОДЕРЖАНИЯ ТРУДА

This article considers the consequences of the transformation of the market-capitalist system, which are affecting an important aspect of socio-economic relations such as labor, labor relations and human labor motivation. The analysis allows us to talk about significant transformations in the socio-economic content of labor and labor relations during the transition to a post–industrial economy in the 21st century, which are caused by the technological revolution and its achievements, on the one hand, and the consequences of the imposed consumer society, on the other.We have called these transformations, which have a contradictory character, metamorphoses. The main question, which we are trying to find an answer is what is the true essence of the results of these transformations: the gradual liberation of labor from the shackles of exploitation or the emergence of new transformed forms of alienation of labor from its humanistic existence?

Современные тенденции развития трудового права России (экономико-правовой аспект)

Modern trends in the development of the labor sector in the country determine the key directions for improving legislation. Among the key ones are the democratization and liberalization of the labor sphere, the growing importance of legal guarantees to ensure favorable working conditions and decent wages, the creation of op-timal legal conditions for the development of labor and business, the increased use of remote forms of work, and the development of a system of social and economic guarantees for different categories of workers (in particular, persons employed in the Far North and equated areas). Nowadays, there is a tendency of increasing integration of labor and social spheres, which determined the corresponding development of legal and institu-tional systems. Significant issues for the successful development of the legal system in the field of labor are: the development of legal guarantees for the socio-economic security of the country’s population, labor liberali-zation, legal support for decent wages, democratic development of the institutional and legal system, im-provement of the legal basis for remote work. Scientific novelty of the research lies in the analysis and as-sessment of key trends in the development of labor law in Russia, as well as in the study of promising ways to improve it. The core aspects of modern labor law are analyzed, the conditions and prospects for further devel-opment of this branch of law are examined. Based on the study of legal documents and institutional analysis, the main trends and prospects for the development of labor law are described. Under the legal and systemic approaches, the circumstances and ways of improvement of labor law as a branch of law are investigated. In addition, as part of the normative-legal and institutional approaches, the mechanisms of implementation of state policy in the field of labor are outlined. In conclusion, the article analyzes the key vectors of legislative development.

Application of AI in Construction

At present, the application of BIM is in the ascendant, and 5G, the Internet of Things, and big data are also rising. AI is gradually influencing and innovating the construction field, and releasing the productivity of the industry from BIM, Internet of Things, big data and other aspects. The paper starts from the current situation of the construction industry, focusing on the integration of building construction, and tells how AI helps design in the early stage of architectural design to intelligent construction assistance in the later stage of the building. The use of AI can bring about the liberation of labor, improve the efficiency of the building from the beginning of the design to the final construction of the process and other advantages, and there are shortcomings such as excessive costs. In the future, AI applications may develop further when the time benefits can outweigh the cost benefits.

Critical pedagogy and radical political economics

An in-depth examination of political economy, especially the social dynamics of economic inequality, is a vital part of radical pedagogy. This essay explicates Herbert Marcuse’s critique of the global political economy, U.S. militarism, and his educational philosophy. Marcuse's critical pedagogy stresses that educators at every level face the necessity of elaborating the theory and practice for a free world order today: one of racial equality, women’s equality, the liberation of labor, the restoration of nature, leisure, abundance, and peace.

Политический террор Партии активного сопротивления Финляндии и леворадикальных организаций в Великом княжестве Финляндском в 1903-1907 гг.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the terrorist activities of the Active Resistance Party of Finland («activists») and left-wing radical organizations in the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1903–1907. The article used such methods of scientific research as descriptive, historical, retrospective and comparative method. The article examines in detail the terrorist activities of the militants of the Active Resistance Party of Finland against the highest officials of state bodies of the Grand Duchy of Finland, namely, the plot describes the assassination attempt on Governor-Generals N.I. Bobrikov and I.M. Obolensky, on the governor of the Tavastgus province A.A. Papkov, on other high-ranking officials of the principality, and also tells about the murder of the prosecutor of the Finnish Senate E. Soisalon-Soininen (Johnsson) and the reaction to this murder of the Finnish society. In addition to the terrorist activities of the militants of the radical bourgeois Active Resistance Party of Finland, terror, as a method of combating the existing government, in the period considered in the article, was also carried out by left-wing radical organizations, which at the stage of their formation had the closest connection with the Active Resistance Party of Finland. The article analyzes the terrorist acts committed by such radical left organizations as «workers' activists», the Force of the Karelian people, «Bloody Dogs», as well as anarchists, including an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Nicholas II by militants from the «Bloody Dogs» organization, during while the emperor was hunting in Björkö. The article provides information about the close military and revolutionary cooperation of the Active Resistance Party of Finland and radical left organizations with the Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party, including in the preparation (making of bombs) and carrying out terrorist acts. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the analysis and definition of the place and role of terror as a political practice and method of struggle of various political forces of the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1903-1907, starting with the bourgeois-separatist Active Resistance Party of Finland and ending with small anarchist groups. The terror of the Finnish radicals, despite their declared politically "noble" goals of the struggle for the independence of Finland and the struggle for the liberation of labor from the yoke of capital, did not find mass support from the Finnish society, moreover, caused rejection in it, which became one of the reasons for the political collapse Active resistance parties in Finland and the collapse of left-wing organizations that relied on terror as a means to achieve their goals.

Tax Competition versus Personal Income Tax Harmonization and Tax Competitions, Labor Market and Economic Security Contributions. Sellected Issues

Tax competition is a phenomenon directly related to globalization processes, especially to the growth of international mobility of employees and capital. Liberalization of labor and capital factors flow and decline of transaction costs account for the fact that individuals as well as capital seek attractive jurisdictions for their deposits, not only at home but also abroad. Theoretically, lowering tax rates does not have to result in lower budget revenue, as due to the flow of labor and capital factors, tax base will grow. However, if (theoretically) all EU countries decide to lower personal tax rates, the relative attractiveness of countries for PIT taxpayers (who may be treated as investors) will remain unchanged, while their budget revenues will decline. The tax income decline caused by lowering rates at unchanged tax base accounts for a situation when the country can allocate less money to accomplish their tasks of providing public goods. Mobile production factors (labor and capital) may easily be located in countries with low tax rates, which limits the possibility of increasing their taxation. The essence of tax competition often boils down to the belief that small tax burdens are the main factor determining the development of a given territory and its perception as an attractive place for final tax settlement.

Input Digitization of Manufacturing Industry and Upgrading in GVC: Reexamination based on the Difference of Input Source

The digital wave drives the reconstruction of GVC and provides manufacturing enterprises with an opportunity to achieve GVC upgrading. How to fully release the digital effect and help enterprises break through the low-end lock-in dilemma in GVC has become an important issue. Through the literature review, it is found that the advanced attributes of digital elements and their trade growth effects have been basically recognized in theory. Unfortunately, more convincing quantitative research and micro evidence are scarce. The more critical problem is that the “globalization” and “fragmentation” production characteristics of digital elements directly break the source structure that digital input is limited to domestic.Under the background of the increasing risk of global value chain rupture, ignoring the important role of the digital elements of “other countries” and paying general attention to the effect of digital trade income are prone to lead to wrong conclusions.This paper fully considers the national attribute of digital investment, and comprehensively and objectively evaluates the digital effect. At the theoretical level, drawing on the research framework of Kee and Tang （2016）, this paper decomposes the different performance of digital input from different sources in the process of creating domestic value added ratio in exports （EDVAR）. At the same time, based on the WIOD input-output database, China’s industrial enterprise database and customs import and export database, this paper empirically tests the micro effect of domestic and foreign digital input on EDVAR.The results show that domestic digital investment has a significant role in promoting EDVAR, while foreign digital investment has a significant inhibitory effect on EDVAR. Input digitization affects EDVAR through cost plus and innovation channels, and depends on digital input from different sources, which has different performance in each channel. Digital trade barriers further aggravate the inhibition of foreign digital investment on EDVAR.The research conclusions provide empirical evidence and policy basis for advocating Chinese manufacturing industry to walk out of the independent and controllable digital path and realize the “curve transcendence” of high added value creation. Specific policy implications include strengthening the domestic digital industry support of enterprises in GVC division; taking the cultivation of domestic digital industry as the goal, strengthening the strategic design of digital trade, and accurately introducing the core technology with the effect of supplementing the chain, extending the chain and strengthening the chain; advocating the digital trade liberalization and division of labor and cooperation, and reducing the flow barriers and procurement costs of cross-border digital elements.

What Capital Wants: Business Interests and Labor Market Reform in Portugal and Spain

Under what conditions are governments able to liberalize labor markets? I leverage the cases of Portugal and Spain, two countries hit by the Eurozone crisis and constrained in their policy options, that diverge in the key measure mandated by international creditors to recover – the decentralization of collective bargaining. Against the common assumption that the liberalization of labor is widely embraced by capital, I show that governments are only able to advance labor reforms when there is a leading industrial export sector that benefits from it and provides a powerful domestic social partner. I test this argument with in-depth qualitative data collected during twelve months of fieldwork in both countries, including 129 interviews with politicians, policy-makers, and members of business associations and labor confederations, among others.

The Opportunity and Challenge of the Development of Artificial Intelligence to Human Labor Liberation

With the development and application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, it has promoted the upgrading and development of the industry. However, AI also brings intangible impact to the actual survival of human beings. Stephen·Hawking, the renowned physicist, has repeatedly warned, making it all the more urgent to reflect on the negative effects of artificial intelligence. Therefore, the review of AI should consider from the perspective of historical development, scientifically explain its changes in the way of human labor and social life, as well as the great significance of such changes to the liberation of human labor.

Labor Market Uncertainties and Youth Labor Force Experiences: Lessons Learned

Labor market uncertainties have plagued all countries in recent years, but young workers have borne the brunt of these uncertainties. Liberalization of labor markets has transformed work, creating a variety of nonstandard employment relations as well as increasing the number of people who do not have traditional employers. Macro social, political, and economic forces have also made it harder for young adults to gain solid footholds in the labor market. The articles in this issue of The ANNALS present empirical evidence about labor market uncertainties and youth labor force experiences from diverse regions of the world, both in the Global North and Global South: Asia (China, South Korea, Hong Kong, Caucasus and Central Asia); Latin/South America (Mexico, Brazil); Eastern Europe (Lithuania); Western Europe; and the United States. In this epilogue, I summarize the main insights from the articles and draw some broader conclusions about the future of labor market policies to address concerns related to workers’ insecurities and uncertainties.

ОСНОВНІ НАПРЯМИ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ ЩОДО ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ІННОВАЦІЙНОЇ АКТИВНОСТІ В АПК

Modern realities of the Ukrainian economy are characterized by a continuous increase in the role of innovation as a key factor for success in the competition. Innovative way of economic development is an integral part of global scientific and technological progress in the conditions of globalization. Therefore, the question of the state policy on increasing innovation activity in the agroindustrial complex is quite relevant today.The aim of the article is to analyze the main specificity of innovative processes of agroindustrial complex, to highlight the features of the most characteristic features of development, to outline the main directions of the state policy regarding the increase of innovation activity in the agroindustrial complex, and to provide a system of certain state measures to intensify this process.The innovative process in agriculture has its own specificity, due, first of all, to the peculiarities of agroindustrial production. Such features are:• the plurality of types of products and products of its processing, a significant difference in the technologies of their cultivation and production;• significant dependence of agricultural production technologies on the created natural and weather conditions;• a large difference in the production period for certain types of agricultural products and products of its processing;• high degree of territorial dissociation of agricultural production and significant differentiation of separate regions according to production conditions;• Different social level of agricultural workers, which requires much more attention to the training of personnel and their qualification, organization of postgraduate education.Among the most characteristic features of the development of innovative processes in the APC include:• the plurality of forms and connections of agricultural producers with innovative formations;• the isolation of the majority of agricultural producers at all levels: from organizations that produce scientific and technical products to enterprises that implement it;• lack of a clear and organizational and economic mechanism for transferring scientific achievements to commodity producers and, consequently, a significant backlog of the industry for the development of innovations in agro-industrial production.Realization of innovative projects on a permanent basis will promote increase of economic efficiency and decrease of risks. However, in this direction of development there is a negative effect. The introduction of innovative high-tech methods of agricultural activities entails the liberation of low-skilled labor and the growth of the already significant unemployment rate in rural areas.The systematic nature of the implementation of innovative agribusiness projects will increase the number of jobs. Newly created jobs will require workers who have new competencies.

Aesthetics of History: The Example of Russia (ЭСТЕТИКА ИСТОРИИ: ПРИМЕР РОССИИ)

English Abstract: The article highlights the problem of studying historical time in terms of aesthetics and social ethics. The essence of history, according to the author, is not so much in retrospection or reflection, but in the gap between feeling and awareness. Guided by the apophatic method, the author analyzes the historiosophical views of domestic and foreign scholars and comes to the conclusion that the Soviet paradigm is true, where the only vector of human development is the liberation of labor in the name of creating a bright future for the sake of all people and for everyone. Russian Abstract: В статье обозначена проблема исследования исторического времени в ракурсе эстетики и социальной этики. Суть истории, по мнению автора, не столько в ретроспекции или рефлексии, сколько в разрыве между чувством и осознанием. Руководствуясь апофатическим методом, автор анализирует историософские взгляды отечественных и зарубежных мыслителей и приходит к выводу об истинности советской парадигмы, где единый вектор человеческого развития — освобождение труда во имя сотворения светлого будущего ради всех и для каждого

Austerity, Labor Market Reform and the Growth of Precarious Employment in Greece during the Eurozone Crisis

This article examines the relationship between structural reforms commonly referred to as austerity and the growth of precarious labour in Greece. It argues that, in contrast to the proponents of labour market flexibility, the liberalisation of labour markets, employment protection systems, social protection systems and collective bargaining institutions have not increased employment in Greece or minimised the growth of precarious employment. Rather, liberalising structural reforms have resulted in the creation of the very precarity its proponents claim is the product of rigid labour markets, and they have failed to significantly reduce existing levels of unemployment and increasing employment rates.

What's Left for ‘Social Europe’? Brexit and Transnational Labour Market Regulation in the UK-1 and the EU-27

ABSTRACTThe paper examines UK government positions on the regulation of transnational labour in the context of Brexit. Through an analysis of EU regulations on posted workers – the practice whereby a company based in one EU member state sends workers to carry out a service in another EU member state – the paper argues that the UK has consistently advocated further liberalisation of transnational labour markets in EU level decision-making, a position consistent with promoting increasingly ‘flexible’ labour markets at home. Brexit marks a turning point. Demands from British workers for stronger protection against liberalising pressure help explain the UK's recent shift towards relaxing its opposition to ‘market-correcting’ EU initiatives like the revised posted worker directive. Brexit provides a window of opportunity for the revitalisation of ‘Social Europe’ in the EU-27, without a longstanding veto player at the bargaining table, but one more likely focused more on upholding national labour protections than initiating new supranational policies.

Disavowal and Domestic Fiction: The Problem of Social Reproduction

During the 1840s, British novels suddenly abandoned the country manor house and advocated a greatly diminished, single-family household as the only way of life that was necessary, natural, desirable, and morally right. Insofar as they indicated that the unpaid labor of a wife and mother could compensate for fluctuations in her husband’s income, these novels not only authorized women as household managers but also shifted the blame for the economic failure of the unit she supervised from the new wage economy onto her. Her success in this respect reproduced the economic inequities that maintained the limitations of class in successive generations. Insofar as it provides a rationale for dismantling the welfare state, the same concept of the single-family household has continued to define the family even under neoliberalism. What does it mean, then, that novelists now writing for a global anglophone readership have suddenly and single-mindedly stopped reproducing the domestic ideology on which the novel rose to hegemony, that to live minimally productive and happy lives, individuals, men no less than women, had to form households? What does this vanishing act mean for the affective labor liberalism once arrogated to women? In abandoning the Victorian household, do contemporary novels gesture toward some other way of organizing daily life?

Informality, public employment and employment protection in developing countries

This paper proposes an equilibrium matching model for developing countries’ labor markets where the interaction between public, formal private and informal private sectors are taken into account. Theoretical analysis shows that gains from reforms aiming at liberalizing formal labor markets can be annulled by shifts in the public sector employment and wage policies. Since the public sector accounts for a substantial share of employment in developing countries, this approach is crucial to understand the main labor market outcomes of such economies. Wages offered by the public sector increase the outside option value of the workers during the bargaining processes in the formal and informal sectors. It becomes more profitable for workers to search on-the-job, in order to move to these more attractive and more stable types of jobs. The public sector therefore acts as an additional tax for the formal private firms. Using data on workers’ flows from Egypt, we show empirically and theoretically that the liberalization of labor markets plays against informal employment by increasing the profitability, and hence job creations, of formal jobs. The latter effect is however dampened or even sometimes nullified by the increase of the offered wages in the public sector observed at the same time.

Commodification and ‘the commons’: The politics of privatising public water in Greece and Portugal during the Eurozone crisis

In response to the Eurozone crisis, austerity and restructuring has been imposed on the European Union’s peripheral member states in order to receive financial bailout loans. In addition to cuts in funding for essential public services, cuts in public sector employment and the further liberalisation of labour markets, this has also included pressure towards the privatisation of state assets. Yet, workers have not simply accepted these restructuring pressures; rather, they have organised and fought back against austerity and enforced privatisation. Based on a historical-materialist perspective and following a strategy of incorporated comparison, in this article, we will comparatively assess the struggles against enforced water privatisation in Greece and Portugal set against the background of the structuring conditions surrounding the Eurozone crisis.

Liberalization of product and labor markets: Efficiency and equity implications

This paper studies the aggregate and distributional implications of liberalization in product and labor markets. The vehicle is a dynamic general equilibrium model that incorporates two types of agents (capitalists and workers) and imperfectly competitive product and labor markets. The model is solved numerically employing common parameter values and data from the euro area. A key message is that, although it makes sense that workers are skeptical to a partial liberalization of the labor market only, they should welcome a comprehensive liberalization plan that includes both labor and product markets. The latter can be both efficient and equitable. On the other hand, the public finance use of a bigger pie (tax cuts or spending rises?), once a comprehensive reform has been implemented, can be a matter of social dispute.

Informality, Public Employment and Employment Protection in Developing Countries

This paper proposes an equilibrium matching model for developing countries' labor markets where the interaction between public, formal private and informal private sectors are taken into account. Theoretical analysis shows that gains from reforms aiming at liberalizing formal labor markets can be annulled by shifts in the public sector employment and wage policies. Since the public sector accounts for a substantial share of employment in developing countries, this approach is crucial to understand the main labor market outcomes of such economies. Wages offered by the public sector increase the outside option value of the workers during the bargaining processes in the formal and informal sectors. It becomes more profitable for workers to search on-the-job, in order to move to these more attractive and more stable types of jobs. The public sector therefore acts as an additional tax for the formal private firms. Using data on workers' flows from Egypt, we show empirically and theoretically that the liberalization of labor markets plays against informal employment by increasing the profitability, and hence job creations, of formal jobs. The latter effect is however dampened or even sometimes nullified by the increase of the offered wages in the public sector observed at the same time.

Love of Variety and Immigration

Abstract This paper develops a political-economic analysis of immigration in a host country that operates in a direct democracy regime. It shows that, in a monopolistic competitive environment with differentiated capital intensive goods, labor liberalization is more likely to come about in the societies that have more taste for variety. Moreover, in a host country with a strong preference for variety, workers and capital owners may share the same positive stance toward labor liberalization. It follows that the latter is impossible in a perfect competitive environment. Finally, in a dynamic inter-temporal setting with strategic voters, it demonstrates that the median voter is willing to accept fewer immigrants in the first period, in order to preserve her domestic political influence in the next period because of the naturalization of immigrants. In this way, the median voter maximizes her gains from immigration by accepting more immigrants in total.