Labor Group Research Articles

Balibe Mountain Stone Worker Women: Innovation in Science and Technology of Mining Waste Crafts to Improve the Welfare of Bonder Village, West Praya District

The development and progress of the world towards the end of the 21st century has raised the issue of gender. This issue of gender has become a debate among many circles. Gender is a term used to describe the distinction between men and women. In a society that adheres to a patriarchal system, the economic function of the family is played by the husband as the head of the household, while the existence of a woman is identical to domestic work in the household. The pressure of economic needs is a real challenge that must be addressed by the family, including encouraging the role of women to help with the economic function of the household. When women work outside the home, especially as stone breakers, there is a shift in roles and functions that are certainly inherent in the understanding of women as part of their self-existence. Women stone breakers who work around the Balibe rock mountain are a group of women housewives who are poorly educated and have no skills. Economic pressure is the main reason they become stone breakers. This community service activity aims to provide innovation and education to groups of women farm workers in improving soft skills to improve quality, through counseling and training. The location of the community service activity is in Bonder Village, Praya Barat District, Central Lombok Regency-NTB. With partners of the Balibe stone labor group totaling 15 people. This activity is strongly supported by partners and all communities at the research location. The involvement of partners in this activity is in the training activities for making handicrafts from mining waste, partners collect stones that are unique in shape and can be formed as basic materials for making crafts. There are several crafts made, namely frames, flower vases, bamboo gazebos. In this activity, the equipment provided is in the form of stone-breaking business equipment including hammers, protective glasses, gloves, hammers and Japanese hats

PKM Institutional Strengthening of the Women's Farm Labor Group in Belantih Village, Kintamani District, Bangli Regency

Women farmers have almost the same role as male farmers, in fact they are directly involved in various stages of activities, especially during the planting and post-harvest period. The development of women farmers in rural areas is fostered through a group forum. To strengthen the institution of the Women Farmers group and focus on coaching, the implementation of the activity was carried out at the Mabi Subak Hall, Belantih Village. It began with a Coordination Meeting of the Farmer Women Group which was opened by the head of Belantih Village who was accompanied by the head of Banjar Mabi hamlet. The Women's Farm Workers Group (KWBT) is an agricultural institution created with the aim of facilitating the activities of women agricultural workers from the orange plant maintenance sector, farm worker equipment assistance, capital to innovation in processing post-harvest orange products into innovative products that have a selling value.

An Observation of Outcome in Association with Spontaneous Onset of Labor and Induced Labour of Primigravida at Term

Introduction: Labour is a usual physiological process considered by progressive rise in frequency, intensity and duration of uterine contractions resulting in effacement and dilatation of the cervix with descent of the fetus over the birth canal. Initiation of labour is defined as iatrogenic stimulation of uterine reductions to cause the delivery of fetus before the onset of spontaneous labour. Aim of the study: To observe the outcome in association with spontaneous onset of labor and induced labour of primigravida at term. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Ashiyan Medical College Hospital, Barua Khilkhet, and Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from January 2018 to December 2018. Initially, all pregnant mothers at term (410/7 – 416/7 Weeks) were enrolled by purposive sampling. Thereafter, they were scrutinized according to the eligibility criteria. Finally, 80 participants were grouped in each category; namely spontaneous labor group. Thereafter, they were explained regarding the study procedure and informed written consent was charted on the partograph. A structure data sheet was used to obtain socio-demographic profile, obstetric profile, maternal and neonatal outcome profile were recorded using a pre structured, peer reviewed, interview and observation-based data collection sheet. All data were recorded, managed and analyzed using software Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.

People's Socialists and Labor Group in 1917: Unity or Association? Bulletin of Science and Practice

The relevance of the problems of this study is due to the enduring importance of finding opportunities for compromise and unity of the progressive political forces of the country in critical, crisis periods of its history. The article examines aspects of cooperation, commonality and differences in the ideological views of two prominent political organizations of 1906-1917: the People's Socialist Party (PNS) and the Trudoviks, which united during the Great Russian Revolution in the summer of 1917 to form the People's Socialist Party of Labor. It is shown that, despite very productive cooperation in preparing a number of key programmatic issues (for example, agrarian), submitted for discussion in the State Duma and supposed to be consistently resolved in the course of the struggle for social justice, absolute political agreement between the People's Socialists and the Trudoviks did not occur. The factors that prevented this are analyzed: first, the desire of the Trudoviks to maintain the image of a non-partisan, non-ideological peasant faction, then the extremely difficult conditions for open opposition activity and the actual departure of the PNS from the political arena (1908-1916); Finally, the unwillingness of the Trudoviks to interact with the liberal parties during the revolutionary transformations of 1917 and disagreements with the Popular Socialists during the development of a project to resolve the national question. It is concluded that at the time of the creation of the united TNSP, the opportunity for organic unity was missed, and the party became more of an association than a team of genuine like-minded people.

The microbiome biomarkers of pregnant women's vaginal area predict preterm prelabor rupture in Western China.

Intraamniotic infection is crucial in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes(PPROM), a clinical condition resulting from the invasion of vaginal opportunistic microbes into the amniotic cavity. Although previous studies have suggested potential associations between infection and PPROM, the role of vaginalopportunistic bacteria in PPROM has received limited attention. This study aimed to confirm the vaginal bacterial etiology of PPROM. We investigated vaginal microbiotas using automatic analysis of vaginal discharge, microbiological tests, and 16s rRNA genehigh-throughput sequencing. The research findings revealed that the proportion of parabasal epitheliocytes, leukocytes, toxic leukocytes, and bacteria with diameters smaller than 1.5 um was significantly higher in the PPROM group than that in the normal full-term labor (TL) group. The top three vaginal opportunistic bacterial isolates in all participants were 9.47% Escherichia coli, 5.99% Streptococcus agalactiae, and 3.57% Enterococcus faecalis. The bacterial resistance differed, but all the isolates were sensitive to nitrofurantoin. Compared with the vaginal microbiota dysbiosis (VMD) TL (C) group, the VMD PPROM (P) group demonstrated more operational taxonomic units, a high richness of bacterial taxa, and a different beta-diversity index. Indicator species analysis revealed that Lactobacillus jensenii, Lactobacillus crispatus, and Veillonellaceae bacterium DNF00626 were strongly associated with the C group. Unlike the C group, the indicator bacteria in the P group were Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus agalactiae. These findings provide solidevidence that an abnormal vaginal microbiome is a very crucial risk factorclosely related to PPROM. There were no unique bacteria in the vaginalmicrobiota of the PPROM group; however, the relative abundance of bacteria inthe abnormal vaginal flora of PPROM pregnancies differed. Antibiotics should bereasonably selected based on drug sensitivity testing. The findings presented in this paper enhance our understanding of Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli vaginal bacterial etiology of PPROM in Western China.

Seeking friends and influencers: business and labor groups lobbying in the Chilean congress

Abstract This study analyzes direct lobbying in the Chilean Congress, contributing to the debate over which legislators are targeted by interest groups. Utilizing a comprehensive dataset constructed from legally mandated records of lobbying meetings, we test theoretical implications predominantly derived from the US context within a different presidential democracy. The focus is on the legislative targets of business and labor groups. The results reveal a marked preference for lobbying allies, aligning with recent theories of information transmission and legislative subsidies. This pattern holds true for both business and labor groups and highlights the significance of ideological alignment for legislative lobbying in Chile. Additionally, the study finds that legislators with influential positions, such as those on key committees or centrally located in the bill collaboration network, are more frequently targeted. This research provides key insights into the dynamics of legislative lobbying in a non-US context, underscoring the generalizability of established theoretical frameworks.

Racial disparities in maternal blood transfusion in the United States by mode of delivery.

Despite well-documented racial disparities in maternal health in the United States, gaps remain in characterizing the distribution of these disparities in maternal blood transfusion. To assess racial disparities in maternal blood transfusion using detailed, self-identified racial groupings in the United States overall and stratified by mode of delivery. We performed a population-based, retrospective cohort study of full term, live births (2016-2021) using the National Vital Statistics System's Natality Files. Regression models were constructed to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of maternal blood transfusion by self-identified maternal race in the total population, and among subgroups stratified by mode of delivery. Models were adjusted for maternal and obstetric practice factors. The study included 17,905,699 deliveries; maternal blood transfusion occurred in 3.4 per 1,000 deliveries. Compared with individuals who identified as White (3.3 per 1,000 transfusion rate), higher odds of transfusion were found among those who identified as American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN; aOR 2.36, 95% CI 2.23-2.49), Black (aOR 1.15, 95% CI 1.12-1.17), Filipino (aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.22-1.44), Korean (aOR 1.25, 95% CI 1.10-1.42), and Pacific Islander (aOR 1.63, 95% CI 1.45-1.83). The frequency of transfusion and racial disparities in transfusion varied substantially by mode of delivery. Lower rates of transfusion in Black vs White patients were observed in the spontaneous vaginal delivery (2.2 vs 2.3 per 1000; aOR 0.95, 95% CI 0.92-0.99), forceps (6.8 vs 8.9 per 1000; aOR 0.77, 95% CI 0.60-0.99), vacuum (4.2 vs 5.0 per 1000; aOR 0.85, 95% CI 0.74-0.97, and cesarean delivery with trial of labour (8.8 vs 8.9 per 1000; aOR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91-1.00) groups, while a higher rate was shown among cesarean deliveries without trial of labour (6.8 vs 4.3 per 1000; aOR 1.45, 95% CI 1.40-1.51). Racial disparities in maternal blood transfusion persist after adjustment for several confounders, particularly for AIAN and Pacific Islander individuals, and vary by mode of delivery.

Timing of induction of labor in suspected macrosomia: retrospective cohort study, systematic review and meta-analysis.

Large-for-gestational age (LGA) is associated with several adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Although many studies have found that early induction of labor (IOL) in case of a LGA fetus reduces the incidence of shoulder dystocia, no current guidelines recommend this particular clinical strategy, owing to concerns about increased rates of Cesarean delivery (CD) and neonatal complications. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the timing of IOL in LGA fetuses affected maternal and neonatal outcomes in a single center, and to combine these results with evidence reported in the literature. This study comprised two parts. The first part was a retrospective cohort study that included consecutive patients with a singleton pregnancy and an estimated fetal weight ≥ 90th percentile on ultrasound between 35 + 0 and 39 + 0 weeks' gestation, who were eligible for normal vaginal delivery. The second part of the study was a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis, including the results of our cohort study as well as those of previous studies that compared IOL with expectant management in patients with a LGA fetus. The perinatal outcomes of the study were CD, operative vaginal delivery, shoulder dystocia, brachial plexus palsy, anal sphincter injury, postpartum hemorrhage, Apgar score, umbilical artery pH, admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, use of continuous positive airway pressure, intracranial hemorrhage, need for phototherapy and bone fracture. Of the 547 patients included in this retrospective cohort study, 329 (60.1%) underwent IOL and 218 (39.9%) experienced spontaneous labor. Following covariate balancing, the odds of CD were significantly higher in the IOL group compared with the spontaneous-labor group. This difference only became apparent beyond 40 weeks' gestation (hazard ratio, 1.90; P = 0.030). The difference between the IOL and spontaneous-labor groups for the rate of shoulder dystocia was not statistically significant (hazard ratio, 1.57; P = 0.200). Seventeen studies, in addition to our own results, were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, giving a total population of 111 300 participants. Although there was no significant difference in the rate of CD between IOL and expectant management after pooling the results of included studies, the risk for shoulder dystocia was significantly lower in the IOL group (odds ratio (OR), 0.64 (95% CI, 0.42-0.98); I2 = 19% from 12 studies) when considering only IOL performed before 40 + 0 weeks. When the studies in which IOL was carried out exclusively before 40 + 0 weeks were removed from the analysis, the risk for CD in the remaining studies was significantly higher in the IOL group (OR, 1.46 (95% CI, 1.02-2.09); I2 = 56%). There were no statistically significant differences between the IOL and expectant-management groups for the remaining perinatal outcomes. Nulliparity, history of CD and low Bishop score, but not method of induction, were independent risk factors for intrapartum CD in patients that underwent IOL for LGA. The timing of IOL in patients with suspected macrosomia significantly impacts on perinatal adverse outcomes. IOL has no impact on rates of shoulder dystocia but increases the odds of CD when considered irrespective of gestational age; in contrast, IOL may decrease the risk of shoulder dystocia without increasing the risk of other adverse maternal outcomes, in particular CD, when performed before 40 + 0 weeks (GRADE: low/very low). © 2024 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Impact of body mass index and gestational weight gain on cesarean delivery rates: a comparative study of dinoprostone-induced vs spontaneous labor.

This study investigates the relationship between pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), BMI before labor, and weight gain during pregnancy with the incidence of cesarean delivery (CD) in dinoprostone-induced labor versus spontaneous labor. This retrospective analysis was carried out at the Jagiellonian University Hospital's Obstetrics and Perinatology Department, encompassing term singleton pregnancies from May 2019 to February 2021. BMI was categorized following WHO guidelines. Gestational weight gain was assessed against the Institute of Medicine's 2009 recommendations. Of the 366 cases reviewed, 183 were in the dinoprostone-induced labor group, and 183 were in the spontaneous labor group. The study identified a significant association between higher pre-pregnancy BMI and increased weight gain during pregnancy with elevated CD rates, especially in dinoprostone-induced labor compared to spontaneous labor. Specifically, the dinoprostone-induced labor group showed a 33.9% CD rate compared to 16.9% in the spontaneous labor group. Logistic regression analysis further established that for each 1 kg/m² increase in pre-pregnancy BMI, the odds of undergoing a CD increased by 10%. Elevated pre-pregnancy BMI and excessive gestational weight gain significantly heighten the risk of cesarean delivery, particularly in induced labor. The findings underline the need for individualized labor management strategies for women with higher BMI to optimize maternal and neonatal outcomes.

'Belonging to the Company': Transporting and documenting unfree labour in the Indian Ocean, 1719-1790.

Over the course of the eighteenth century, French East India Company ships carried numerous sailors, soldiers, passengers and unfree labourers to and from various ports of trade in the Indian Ocean. Although European merchant companies developed extensive documenting systems, certain elements received little attention in the records. When it came to tracking unfree labourers, Company employees used terminology with ambiguous meanings and categories that were codified in the Atlantic context and therefore not initially applicable in the Indian Ocean. In order for historians to interpret these records more accurately, this article reviews specific terminology and pertinent French legislation about racialized labourers. This contextual information helps to uncover previously overlooked groups of unfree labourers working for - and, at times, trying to escape from - the French East India Company in the Indian Ocean and beyond.

Factors associated with infection-related severe maternal outcomes in pregnant and recently pregnant women: Asecondary analysis of the WHO global maternal sepsis study.

The aim of the present study was to identify the risk factors for severe maternal outcomes (SMO) of women with suspected or confirmed infections using the data from the WHO global maternal sepsis study (GLOSS). We conducted a secondary analysis of the GLOSS cohort study, which involved pregnant or recently pregnant women with suspected or confirmed infection around 713 health facilities in 52 low- and middle-income countries, and high-income countries. A nested case-control study was conducted within the GLOSS cohort. Cases included infection-related maternal deaths or near misses, while controls represented non-SMO. Logistic mixed models, adjusting for country variations, were employed. Using univariate analysis, we calculated crude odds ratios (crude OR) and their 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Variables were identified with less than 16% missing data, and P values less than 0.20 were used to perform the multivariate logistic model multilevel. A total of 2558 women were included in the analysis. As for the cases, 134 patients were found in the pregnant in labor or not in labor group and 246 patients in the postpartum or postabortion group. Pregnant women with prior childbirths faced a 64% increased risk of SMO. Ante- or intrapartum hemorrhage increased risk by 4.45 times, while trauma during pregnancy increased it by 4.81 times. Pre-existing medical conditions elevated risk five-fold, while hospital-acquired infections increased it by 53%. Secondary infections raised risk six-fold. Postpartum/postabortion women with prior childbirths had a 45% elevated risk, and pre-existing medical conditions raised it by 2.84 times. Hospital-acquired infections increased risk by 93%. Postpartum hemorrhage increased risk approximately five-fold, while abortion-related bleeding doubled it. Previous cesarean, abortion, and stillbirth also elevated risk. Key risk factors for SMO include prior childbirths, hemorrhage, trauma, pre-existing conditions, and hospital-acquired or secondary infections. Implementing effective alert systems and targeted interventions is essential to mitigate these risks and improve maternal health outcomes, especially in resource-limited settings.

Sceptics, Enthusiasts, or Architects? The British Labour Group, the European Parliament and Workers’ Rights, 1979–1989

The European Parliament influenced policy, and was a forum for the airing and sharing of a wide array of views and approaches to forms of European integration. Often conflicted and divided, members of the British Labour Group, comprising of the elected Labour Party representatives to the European Parliament, viewed the European Economic Community as a key platform and means through which workers’ rights could be supported. And many Labour Party Members of the European Parliament (MEPs), including sceptics, enthusiasts and those whose views changed, played a part in shaping the European Economic Community. This was particularly so with workers’ rights, an area which was central to the Labour Party, the European Parliament and the European Economic Community in the 1980s. The European Parliament was an instrumental institution in terms of building ties across borders and shaping and changing perspectives on key policy areas.

Risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in electively induced or expectantly managed full-term IVF pregnancies

Research questionAre there differences in the rates of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy among in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients who underwent induction of labor at 39 weeks compared to those who were managed expectantly? DesignThis is a retrospective cohort study of 1,176 low-risk singleton pregnancies conceived following IVF with no contraindications to vaginal delivery. Two groups were constructed: elective induction of labor from 39 weeks 0 days to 39 weeks 6 days (n=234) versus expectant management (n=942). Main outcome measure was the incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Secondary outcome was the rate of cesarean delivery. Sub-analyses were performed within fresh and frozen embryo transfer groups. ResultsHypertensive disorders of pregnancy developed in 8.1% of patients in the induction of labor group and in 12.4% in the expectant management group (P=.06). This difference was attenuated after controlling for potential confounders (P=.28). For frozen embryo transfers, the unadjusted odds of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were significantly lower with induction of labor compared to expectant management (P=.02) and after adjusting for confounders, the odds ratio neared significance (P=.09). For fresh transfers, there was no difference in the odds of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy between the two groups. The odds of delivering via cesarean section were higher in the induction of labor group, in the total population and in sub-analyses. ConclusionOverall, in IVF conceived pregnancies, induction of labor when compared to expectant management was not associated with a lower incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, it was however, associated with a higher rate of cesarean delivery.

Solidarity and Suppression: The Power Struggle Between Labour and the State in Canada, 1914-24

During and after the First World War, labour groups in Canada mobilized to ameliorate their position as members of the working class. In their struggle to secure better hours, improved working conditions, and the right to collective bargaining, union activists resorted to increasingly radical measures to achieve their goals. These actions, however, were soon met with swift opposition from the state. Through restrictions on unions, crackdowns on strikes, and surveillance of their activities, labour faced formidable opposition from the economic and security apparatus of the state in the immediate postwar years. Since then, the struggle between workers and the state has called into question the collective solidarity of the Canadian labour movement. To answer that question, this article comparatively evaluates the strength of the labour movement to the strength of the state in Canada from 1914 to 1924. In so doing, it demonstrates that while the state was successful in its efforts to suppress labour, the extremity of this reaction testifies to the power that labour ultimately commanded at this time.

Analysis Of The Added Value Of Processing Coffee Beans Into Packaged Coffee Powder

The agricultural sector is the main pillar of Indonesia’s economic development. Coffee is a crop that plays an important role because its demand continues to increase. Processing coffee beans (green beans) into packaged coffee powder is one effort to increase added value so that it has the potential to increase farmers’ income. Research aims to determine the processing process, costs incurred, receipts, revenue, and profits, As well as to determine the added value obtained from the process of processing coffee beans into packaged coffee powder of the Berkah Kopi Tapin brand managed by the Baru Muncul Farmers Group in Asam Randah Village, Hatungun district, carried out from April to May 2024. The research data is primary data obtained from observations and interviews with the heads of the farmers and labor groups who handle the coffee processing process. Secondary data was obtained from literature and previous research. Data analysis used the theory of cost, revenue, income, and profit and used the Hayami method to calculate added value. The results showed that processing 50 kg of robusta coffee green bean produced 400 packages with a price of IDR 15,000 per 100 grams. Total costs amounted to IDR 2,882,214, revenue amounted to IDR 6,000,000, and income amounted to IDR 3,117,786. profit amounted to IDR 3,117,786. The added value obtained was IDR 70,156 per kg of raw material with a value-added ratio of 58%. Labor income of IDR 7,800 per kg of raw material means that the contribution of labor is 10%. The profit level is IDR 62,356 per kg. the margin obtained from the analysis of the added value of coffee bean processing is IDR 80,000 per kg of raw material. The amount of margin on production factors is 9.15% for labor compensation. 12.3% for other input contributions. And 77.94% for the profits of the Baru Muncul Farmer Group.

Study on the Current Situation and Influencing Factors of Kindergarten Teachers’ Emotional Labor

Kindergarten teachers belong to the high emotional labor group. The emotional labor of kindergarten teachers is closely related to the teaching quality, the teachers’ mental health and the satisfaction of teachers’ work. This paper explores the significance, dilemma and influencing factors of kindergarten teachers’ emotional labor, and on this basis, summarizes and puts forward strategies and suggestions to improve kindergarten teachers’ emotional labor, such as standardizing kindergarten teachers’ emotional standards and creating a good working environment, to reduce teachers’ emotional labor pressure and improve their teaching efficiency and work satisfaction.

The Association between Parathyroid Hormone and Preterm Labor

Abstract Background Preterm labor represents the main cause of both neonatal mortality and the childhood mortality as it accounts for (35% of 2.8 million neonatal deaths) and (17% of 6.3 million childhood deaths) worldwide. Parathyroid hormone regulates feto-placental mineral homeostasis and stimulates placental calcium transfer. Myometrial activity is directly related to cytoplasmic free calcium, and reduced calcium concentrations inhibit contractions. Aim of the Work We aim to explore the possible association between PTH, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus & albumin levels and preterm labor. Thus, it might be used as a predictor to help prophylaxis, early diagnosis or add another diagnostic tool for preterm labor and further management. Patients and Methods At Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital we conducted a case control on one hundred pregnant women who were recruited from the outpatient clinic and labor ward assessed for eligibility and were enrolled in this study and classified into two groups. Group A: Cases: 50 women who were having established preterm labor and Group B: Controls: 50 matched pregnant women with gestational age (28-36 weeks). Results Mean parathyroid hormone in preterm in labor group was 42.13 while in other preterm not in labor was 50.77 and mean albumin in preterm in labor group 4.02 was while it 4.36 was in the other group so the results shows that there is no statistically-significant difference between the two studied groups regarding the laboratory data except a very small variability between the mean of albumin that can't make any difference to our conclusion. Conclusion We found that there is no obvious association between parathyroid hormone and preterm labor.

FARM LABORERS TOWARDS THE MIDDLE CLASS: THE AMAK AWAK GROUP IN NAGARI LABUAH GUNUANG KEC. LAREH SAGO HALABAN, WEST SUMATRA 1980-2015

The emergence of farm laborers in Nagari Labuah Gunuang has been going on since early 1949. Their presence was related to the lack of agricultural production, which affected the economic survival of their families. From 1960 to 1966, the survival of the laborers' families was tested again. Women who were previously engaged in the domestic sector, then shared work with their husbands by doing labor. The method used in this research is the historical method which consists of heuristics (data collection), source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The purpose of this research is to see the activities and influence of the Amak Awak group in family resilience. The results of the research obtained that the women's labor group formed since 1980, then legalized as Amak Awak (2011) had an impact on the economic conditions of their families. They initially only worked in the agricultural sector, but also in animal husbandry. In fact, from their labor activities, they were able to buy 1 hectare of land, which they cultivated and enjoyed the results for the common good. They are no longer in the lower class, but have entered the middle class.

ANALYSIS OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MOBBERS INVOLVED IN MOBBING IN AN ENTERPRISE

Mobbing is a process of psychological pressure that can occur in all labor groups. Every employee working in any institution has a risk of entering the mobbing process. There is no specific reason why mobbing occurs in the workplace, and there can be many reasons why mobbing occurs. One of the main reasons for mobbing is the individual psychological characteristics of the mobster and the mobbed person, and these characteristics play a key role in the emergence of the mobbing problem. In this regard, examining and analyzing the individual psychological characteristics of the parties who play a role in mobbing will enable a more accurate analysis of the nature of the problem.

Determinants of factors affecting farmer’s participation in exchange labour in Olamaboro Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria

The study examined the determinants of exchange labour participation in Olamaboro Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria. A purposive and simple random sampling of the respondents was used with descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution, tables, percentages, mean and probit models as tools of analysis. Data for the study was collected from primary sources through the use of a well-structured questionnaire to elicit information from the respondents. The results on socio-economic characteristics revealed that the mean age of participants in exchange labour was 34 years and mostly males (60.83%). Most were of active age, married and mean household size of 4 persons, they had one form of education or the other (89.17%). They were small-scale farmers with a mean farm size of 2 hectares and mean exchange labour farming experience of 6 years. Access to extension contact is low and the farmers have an annual farm income of N137,837.5. The results of the probit model analysis revealed that access to credit and marital status were the significant variables that influence the probability of participation in exchange labour. These have coefficients that were significant at 5 and 10% level of probability respectively. The study concludes that exchange labour could be a means of increasing the probability of labour through adequate credit. It was recommended that exchange labour group members should create awareness to rural farmers for more membership, government support in the form of credit to boost production and farm income is important.