Labor Group Research Articles

Post-Retirement Labor and Non-Retirement Risky Asset Allocation

This article studies how post-retirement labor is related to non-retirement risky asset allocation. By using panel data from the 1992–2018 Health and Retirement Study, this article empirically finds a negative relationship over time between non-retirement risky asset allocation and post-retirement labor. Furthermore, this article explores the forced retirement risk (a type of labor income risk) for the post-retirement labor group. Descriptive findings indicate that members of the post-retirement labor group have a greater risk of being forced to retire, and the trend of forced retirement risk is inversely related to equity returns. This latter finding suggests a potential correlation between forced retirement risk and stock returns. If an individual’s human capital is at greater risk or becomes more stock-like (i.e., labor income risk correlates with stock returns), then investing in fewer risky assets would be justifiable. When both of these findings are accounted for, they corroborate the findings of this article: Post-retirement labor is negatively associated with risky asset allocation. <b>TOPICS:</b>Retirement, risk management, performance measurement, legal/regulatory/public policy <b>Key Findings</b> ▪ Post-retirement labor is negatively associated with non-retirement risky asset allocation. ▪ Forced retirement risk, a labor income risk, may be correlated with equity returns, explaining the current findings in light of previous literature and theory. ▪ Ex-retirees may rely on investment advice that is inherently founded on a view of their human capital as a bond-like asset. However, the risk characteristics of their human capital may differ fundamentally from those of other labor groups, requiring more tailored financial advice.

Musculoskeletal Disorders Associated With Quality of Life and Body Composition in Urban and Rural Public School Teachers.

Introduction: Teachers have been reported to be a labor group with high rates of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), stress, and strong deterioration of quality of life (QoL). However, little information exists about the association between MSD, QoL, and body composition in rural and urban teachers.Objective: The aim was to study the association of MSD with QoL perception and body composition of urban and rural teachers.Participants and Methods: Participants are comprised a representative sample of urban and rural public schoolteachers from the Valparaiso Region, Chile. MSDs were evaluated with the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire for Musculoskeletal Symptoms validated for the Chilean population. QoL perception was evaluated with the 36-Item Short-Form Survey (SF-36). Body composition was measured via bioimpedance. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between MSD, QoL, and body composition, adjusted for age and gender.Results: A total of 88.9% (urban 90%; rural 87%) of teachers felt pain in some body area, 71.2% of them with limitations; 39% of teachers presented body fat obesity, with the highest rate in rural women. The body area with the greatest MSD prevalence was the neck and shoulders (68.6%). Significant differences were observed between teachers with >p75 of MSD (over six pain regions) and those with ≤p75 (six or fewer painful regions; p < 0.05) on six QoL scales and on physical health components (PCSs) and mental health (MCS) in urban teachers. However, rural teachers presented no differences. The association between teachers with >p75 MSD and low QoL perception was significant (p < 0.05) in PCS and MCS. Furthermore, the regression model presents a significant association between rural areas and low PCS perception.Conclusions: Urban and rural teachers present high rates of MSD and obesity. Teachers with higher rates of MSD have their mental and physical QoL affected, making workplace intervention in MSD necessary to prevent teacher health deterioration.

The Effectiveness of Industrial Revolution 4.0 on Labours in Industry Enterprises in Thai Nguyen Province, Viet Nam

The Industrial Revolution 4.0 has much effectiveness both positive and negative sides on labours in Thai Nguyen province; is one of the political, economic and educational centers of the Northern mountainous midland in developing countries like Vietnam. This paper examines the influencing of Industry 4.0 on labours in Industry enterprises by using secondary data. The results show that in the Industrial Revolution 4.0, labour in Thai Nguyen’s Industry enterprises had many new job opportunities, the chance improving their qualifications, skills. But the labours had many challenges such as increasing in inequality between groups of labour at different levels.

Time’s up for chlorpyrifos on food

In a win for environmental and farmworker groups, a federal appeals court ruled April 29 that the US Environmental Protection Agency must, within 60 days, ban all uses of chlorpyrifos on food or establish new residue levels for the insecticide that are safe for children. The decision comes after over a decade of pressure on the agency to address the neurotoxic effects of the organophosphate pesticide on children and farmworkers. The EPA proposed banning chlorpyrifos on food in 2016 in response to a 2007 petition from environmental groups. But the agency reversed that decision in 2017 under the Trump administration. Environmental and labor groups have challenged the EPA on the issue ever since. The court’s ruling in the latest case, filed in 2019 by a coalition of groups represented by the law firm Earthjustice, could finally put an end to the yearslong debate over the safety of the pesticide, which

Targeting inflation targeting: the influence of interest groups

We examine whether sectional interest groups influence monetary policy goals in a manner consistent with their interests as distributive coalitions. In particular, we explore whether bank groups and labor groups are associated with the incidence of inflation targeting by the central bank. Controlling for a variety of economic and institutional factors, our main findings reveal that bank groups are associated with a higher probability that a country is an inflation-targeter while labor groups are associated with a lower probability. The findings are conditional on the level of democracy and on aspects of central bank independence.

Everything Changes, But It All Stays the Same. Labour Market Parties, Corporatism and Norwegian Sick Pay Policies 1978–2014

Since the adoption of a generous and universal sick pay scheme in 1978, the key elements of Norwegian sick pay policies have remained the same. The present study focuses on the gradual developments in welfare corporatism and policymaking during this period, arguing that these changes paved the way for new and surprising strategies and behaviour among the labour market parties. Tracking several retrenchment attempts across decades, the analyses show how policymaking in corporatist committees was gradually replaced by less predictable processes. Successive governments of different colors have tried to bypass the social partners and legislate hierarchically, thus signaling a break with traditional corporatist norms and decision rules. Labour and business groups adapted by negotiating a pact that kept the existing distribution of economic risks in the sick pay scheme off the political agenda, and by backing each other and creating negative attention to government in the media to protect the pact. In sum, although sick pay policies have remained largely unchanged, this is a status quo upheld by processes of welfare policymaking that have changed substantially. The pact between the social partners and the state is currently a new vetopoint for welfare policymaking. But the piecemeal institutional transformation witnessed in this period, together with the need for conflictual media strategies and new alliances to protect the pact, suggest that it could be a fragile veto‐point.

Reimagining solidarity with strawberry farmworkers in the United States

First paragraph: Shortly after finishing Dvera I. Saxton’s The Devil’s Fruit: Farmworkers, Health, and Environ­mental Justice, I awoke to the rare occurrence of farmworkers making national headlines. H.R. 1603, the Farm Workforce Modernization Act of 2021—providing a path to citizenship for undocumented agricultural workers—had just passed the U.S. House of Representatives (for the second time). Supported by agricultural trade organizations and a small handful of farm labor groups as a compro­mise measure (Farmworker Justice, 2021), the bill is also opposed by farmworker advocacy groups such as the Food Chain Workers Alliance for its failure to provide stronger protections (Food Chain Workers Alliance, n.d.). . . .

The Jewish Labor Committee's support of Yiddish culture in early post-Holocaust France (1945–1948)

ABSTRACT As soon as the liberation of Europe began, the New York-based Jewish Labor Committee (JLC) started sending material and cultural aid to Jewish and Socialist victims of Nazism. From 1948 onward, the JLC concentrated its primary efforts on reconstruction in Western Europe, particularly in France, where three quarters of the Jewish population had survived the khurbn and where many Jews from Central and Eastern Europe were settling or passing through on their way to further destinations. The dense correspondence resulting from the JLC's transatlantic work serves as the main source for this research. Through these letters sent on a daily basis, we discover both many of the stakes encountered by Holocaust survivors in their reconstruction process and the practical aspects of transnational relief. This article closely examines the contributions of the JLC to support Yiddish culture. It questions the extent to which the JLC, which was closely aligned with labour, Socialist, and Bundist groups, emphasized the political aspect of Yiddish culture. As such, it focuses on the priorities, possibilities and limits of the JLC in supporting a weakened and displaced Yiddish culture in France in the aftermath of the Holocaust and early Cold War period.

Challenging Petro-Nationalism: Another Canada Is Possible?

Canada’s fossil fuel industry and its supporters have developed robust, aggressive, and affectively powerful forms of petro-nationalism to promote extractivism as a public good and demonize critics as anti-Canadian. This article investigates how industry critics and pipeline opponents have responded to this appropriation and instrumentalization of Canadian national identity. It conducts a multi-modal survey of the Facebook communication strategies of a broad spectrum of progressive English-Canadian civil society groups (political parties, environmental groups, Indigenous organizations, think tanks, labour groups, and alternative media) with a focus upon how Canada is represented. While some groups develop alternative accounts of the nation, they tend to be technocratic and depoliticized. Conversely, more politicized organizations that cultivate left-populist mobilization against extractivism and its state and corporate elites generally avoid framing their communication around ideas of the nation and signifiers of national identity. The article concludes by speculating upon the value and prospects of scaling up left-populist narratives around energy and climate in mounting a stronger challenge to petro-nationalism.

Enterprising and lost: Professional lives of programmer interns

Programmer interns are a distinctive group of precarious laborers. They undertake the same jobs as junior programmers with formal employment, while suffering from high pressure and earning low pay. Still, they are convinced that only a long-term internship can keep them on the right track of professional career development. We explore their consent-making through six months of fieldwork in an internet company, and propose the “enterprising-self” game to explain their subjective orientations. In the enterprising-self game, programmer interns become accustomed to identifying themselves with a particular type of quantifiable labor product, for instance, the positioning of “their” sticky notes on company whiteboards and the expected “T-levels” that represent their employability in the industry, by which their enterprising self is a by-product. Programmer interns seems to believe that, rather than higher education, state-owned enterprises, or multinational enterprises, only domestic internet companies can help them attain their enterprising selves. Even though the supervisor–intern relationship and the “gender game” of masculinity performance constitute part of the programmer interns’ enterprising-self game, the essence of the game has never been challenged and in some ways is only being reinforced. Though only a few lucky employees can win the game by attaining promotion to the senior engineer or management level, most of them still get lost in the “periodic” and “imperceptible” time of life as a programmer, which is characterized by full devotion to the company, until the “35-year-old crisis”.

The Effect Of Mixed Juiced Of Young Green Coconut And Date Fruits On The Duration Of Active Phase Of Labor

Background: The delivery process need a lot of energy from food. Juice preparation is one of the recommended food forms during labor. This study was purposed to analyze the effect of giving mixed juices of young green coconut and dates on the duration of the active phase of the first stage of labor. Methods: A quasi-experiment with a post-test only with control group design include 18 pregnant women (10 intervention and 8 control. Purposive sampling was used, respondents were multigravida (P2-P4) in active phase of labor, without previous section caesarean, no augmentation with oxytocin, estimated birth weight was 2500-4000 gr, singleton pregnancy, aterm labor, and without any other complication during delivery at Alian Public Health Center, Kebumen Regency in October - December 2020. The intervention group given 500 mL of mixed juice of young green coconut and dates during the first stage of labor and control group received standard care. Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze median difference between two groups. Results: There was no difference in the duration of the active phase of the first stage of labor between the intervention and control group (P-value 0,756). There was no difference of the rate of cervix dilatation between the two groups (P-value 0,408). The median of the active phase of the first stage of labor was 197,5 minutes and 147,5 minutes respectively. The median of rate cervix dilatation in the intervention group was 1,96 cm per hour and 1,94 cm per hour respectively. The rate of cervix dilatation in both groups was in normal category. Respondent in standard group was not forbidden eating and drinking, so both groups received enough energy and hydration during labor. Conclusion: Mixed juice of young green coconut and dates can be given during labor to fulfill the energy need during labor.

Cesarean section rates in a tertiary referral hospital in Beirut from 2018 to 2020: Our experience using the Robson Classification.

To evaluate the cesarean section rate using the Robson Classification for the first time in Lebanon, at Hôtel-Dieu de France University Hospital, a tertiary referral center in Beirut. Routine medical record data that included all live births from January 1, 2018 to September 30, 2020 was investigated. The overall cesarean section rate was recorded, and the size, cesarean section rate, and absolute and relative contributions were calculated within each group. The overall cesarean section rate was 56.8%. The highest relative contribution to this rate came from Robson groups 5, 2 and 10, respectively. A decrease in cesarean section rate was noted in 2020 among women admitted for induction of labor (groups 2 and 4) following the implementation of new department policies and the restrictions caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. More than 50% of the deliveries in our department were by cesarean sections (CS). Strategies to reduce this rate should include stricter departmental policies for avoidance of unindicated primary CS and raising practitioners' and patients' awareness about trial of labor after cesarean section.

How Do Firms Respond to Reduced Labor Costs? Evidence from the 2007 Swedish Payroll Tax Reform

One way for policymakers to reduce labor costs and stimulate the recruitment of marginalized groups of labor in a highly unionized economy is to lower payroll taxes. However, the efficiency of this policy instrument has been questioned, and previous evaluations have mostly found small employment effects for such reforms. We investigate the effects of a payroll tax cut in Sweden that decreased firms’ labor costs in relation to the number of young employees that they had employed when the reform was implemented in 2007. We find that most firms received small labor cost savings as a result of the reform, but those that received larger cost savings increased their number of employees significantly more than firms that received no, or minor, labor cost savings. Our findings also suggest that the payroll tax cut increased the total wages paid to incumbent workers, but the wage effect was too small to offset the positive extensive-margin employment effect of the reform. In total, we find that the Swedish payroll tax reform created 18,100 jobs over the period 2006–2008; most of these jobs were within the targeted group of young employees.

Trade Shocks and Labor Market Adjustment

We develop a framework to analyze the impact of trade shocks on a range of labor market adjustment margins in economies with a large number of sectors and labor groups. We provide analytic results characterizing equilibria. We show that labor groups earning a greater share of wage income in sectors with relative price declines experience a relative increase in unemployment and nonparticipation and decrease in wages and welfare. Our framework provides a guide for quantitative and empirical investigations into the labor market impacts of trade shocks. (JEL F16, J22, J31, J64)

AN ANALYSIS OF UNORGANIZED LABOR CLASS: DURING COVID 19 A STUDY WITH REFERENCE TO SELECT SEGMENT IN BANGALORE

An attempt has been made in this paper regarding impact on life of unorganized group of laborers and migrants in the city of Bangalore, especially during the present situation of disaster COVID19 epidemic. Even after being necessary element of the informal part of the economy. These workers are often invisible from the point of view of societal, cultural and political main stream of this global city. The migrant laborers in the city are marginalized from the conventional urban prospect. In this regard analysis of this section was felt essential. A few essential aspects must be taken to tackle for survival during the epidemic COVID19 deadly disease by the government. From the point of view these workers who are unskilled, semi skilled specially their job depend on contractual or which is in the form of unorganized laborers primarily they are working in automotive, manufacturing, construction industries, and also in hotels, street vendors, auto rickshaw drivers, gardeners and household helpers. The data gathered from personal experiences i.e. primary and from news reports, magazines and other secondary sources to analyze conditions of unorganized labors community in Bangalore city.

Evaluation of cesarean delivery rates in different levels of hospitals in Jiangsu Province, China, using the 10-Group classification system

Objective To compare cesarean delivery (CD) rates in referral and non-referral hospitals in Maternal Safety Collaboration in Jiangsu province, China. Methods Sixteen participants (4 referral hospitals, 12 non-referral hospitals) from Drum Tower Hospital Collaboration for Maternal Safety reported CD rates in 2019 using ten-group classification system and maternal/neonatal morbidity and mortality. Results A total of 22,676 CDs were performed among 52,499 deliveries and the average CD rate was 43.2% (range 34.8–69.6%). CD rate in non-referral hospitals (44.7%) was significantly higher than it was in referral hospitals (40.4%, p < .001). Term singleton cephalic nulliparous women with spontaneous labor (Group 1) or induced labor (Group 2a) had higher CD rates if they were cared in non-referral hospitals compared with those in referral hospitals (Group 1: 11.8% vs. 4.4%, p < .001; Group 2a: 29.1% vs. 21.3%, p < .001). In non-referral hospitals, CD rate in Group 5 and the proportion of Group 5 to the overall population were also significantly higher than those in referral hospitals (98.5% vs. 92.5%, p < .001; and 21.0% vs. 14.5%, p < .001). Conclusion To decrease the CD rate, we need to take efforts in decreasing unnecessary operations for term singleton cephalic nulliparous women and increasing the rate of trial of labor after CD.

Prolonged second stage effect on pelvic floor dysfunction: a follow up survey to a randomized controlled trial

Background Pelvic floor dysfunction is a group of disorders that can significantly impact quality of life due to persistent urinary and anal incontinence. Data evaluating the effect of prolonged second stage of labor and postpartum pelvic floor dysfunction is heterogenous and limited. Objective To evaluate whether extending the length of labor in nulliparous women with prolonged second stage affects the presence of self-reported pelvic floor dysfunction after a randomized controlled trial of prolonged second stage. Study design We conducted a planned follow up survey to our randomized controlled trial of prolonged second stage of labor using the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 (PFDI-20). The primary outcome was the PFDI-20 summary score. Secondary outcomes included urinary and fecal incontinence, prolapse, and patient satisfaction. Women surveyed were nulliparous patients with epidural anesthesia, previously enrolled in a randomized controlled trial that assigned them to extended labor, at least 1 additional hour in the second stage if they were undelivered after three hours, or to usual labor, defined as expedited delivery after three hours in the second stage. Women were surveyed at 12 − 36 months postpartum. Results Thirty-four of the seventy-eight women responded to the survey (43.6%). 17 women (50.0%) were from the extended labor group and 17 from the usual labor group (50.0%). Maternal demographic data were not significantly different between groups. The PFDI-20 summary score was 13.8 ± 23.3 in the extended labor group and 13.1 ± 20.9 in the usual labor group (p = 0.9). The Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory-6 was 1.2 ± 2.9 in the extended labor group and 2.7 ± 6.4 in the usual labor group (p = 0.4). The Colorectal-Anal Distress Inventory-8 was 0.8 ± 2.8 in the extended labor group and 2.1 ± 4.0 in the usual labor group (p = 0.6). The Urinary Distress Inventory-6 was 11.8 ± 21.1 in the extended labor group and 8.3 ± 14.5 in the usual labor group (p = 0.6). Maternal and neonatal outcomes, as well as patient satisfaction, were not statistically significantly different between groups. Conclusion Extending the length of labor in nulliparas with singleton gestations, epidural anesthesia, and prolonged second stage did not have an impact on PFDI-20 scores at 12–36 months postpartum. However, our study was underpowered to detect small, but potentially clinically important, differences. Clinical Trial Number NCT02101515 (Study Registration Date March 28, 2014) https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02101515

A Comparison of NCAA FBS Head Coaches Salary Determination From New and Modified Contracts

Previous research examines head football coaches’ salary only using aggregate athletic department revenues. Using detailed football program fixed and variable revenues provided in the NCAA Membership Financial Reporting System data, head football coaches signing either new and modified contracts are able to capture both variable and fixed revenues when negotiating salaries. Additionally, for the two other labor groups (student athletes and assistant head coaches), assistant head coaches salary is positive and statistically significant with respect to head coaches’ salary, while student athletes aid is statistically insignificant, possibly due to the cap imposed on student athletic aid during this time period.

Oxytocin use in trial of labor after cesarean and its relationship with risk of uterine rupture in women with one previous cesarean section: a meta-analysis of observational studies.

BackgroundTrial of labor after a previous cesarean delivery (TOLAC) has reduced the rate of cesarean sections (CS). Nevertheless, the widespread use of TOLAC has been limited by an increase in adverse outcomes, the most serious one being the risk of symptomatic uterine rupture, which is possibly associated with oxytocin. In this meta-analysis, we explored the risk association between oxytocin use and uterine rupture in TOLAC.MethodsMultiple electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) were searched for cross-sectional studies reporting on TOLAC, oxytocin and uterine rupture, which were published between January 1986 and October 2019. The bias-corrected Hedge’s g was calculated as the effect size using the random-effects model. A two-sample Z test was used to compare the differences in synthetic rates between groups. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to evaluate the risk of bias. Quality of the evidence was assessed with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) certainty ratings system.ResultsA total of 14 studies, which included 48,457 women who underwent TOLAC, met the inclusion criteria. The pooled rate of vaginal birth after a cesarean section (VBAC) and the rate of uterine rupture in spontaneous labor were 74.3 and 0.7%, respectively. In addition, the pooled rate of VBAC and the rate of uterine rupture in the induction labor group was 60.7 and 2.2%, respectively. The women who had spontaneous labor had a significantly higher rate of VBAC (p = 0.001) and a lower rate of uterine rupture (p = 0.0003) compared to induced labor. The pooled rates of uterine rupture in women using oxytocin and women not using oxytocin in TOLAC were 1.4% and 0.5%, respectively, and the difference was significant (p = 0.0002). Also, the synthetic rate of uterine rupture in oxytocin augmentation among women with spontaneous labor and women who had a successful induction of labor were 1.7% and 2.2%, respectively, without significant difference (p = 0.443).ConclusionsWomen with induced labor had a higher risk of uterine rupture compared to women with spontaneous labor following TOLAC. Oxytocin use may increase this risk, which could be influenced by the process of induction or individual cervix condition. Consequently, simplified and standardized intrapartum management, precise protocol, and cautious monitoring of oxytocin use in TOLAC are necessary.

Comparison between Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-1 Level and Bishop Score as Predictor of Successful Labor Induction in Full Term Pregnancy with Preeclampsia

Introduction: preeclampsia/eclampsia contributed to 30% of maternal mortality in RSUP Dr. Kariadi. Pre-induction bishop score assessment is a standard for cervical maturity estimation. Other predictors currently being developed, including insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1). However, there is no cut-off point for IGFBP-1 examination in full term pregnancy, especially with preeclampsia and its complications. Objective: to find IGFBP-1 levels and Bishop Score differences in preeclampsia women with induction labor.Methods: this prospective observational cohort study was conducted in preeclampsia women with gestational age ≥37 weeks planned labor induction at Obstetrics and Gynecology Ward RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang and networking hospital during study period (n=66). History taking, physical examination, proteinuria, cervical mucus IGFBP-1, and bishop score calculation was performed. Statistical analysis was performed with paired-t test, followed by ROC for cut-off value of successful induction prediction, and logistic regression to determine confounding variables effect on IGFBP-1 levels.Results: The average Bishop score of 66 subjects was 2.5±1.81 and 2.6±1.8 for women who deliver ≤24 labor and in labor for ≤12 hours, respectively. Although the bishop score was higher in the successful labor group, there was no significant difference between groups. Mean IGFBP-1 value was 8.29±5.033 mcg/L with median value of 10.8 mcg/L. Successful induction had significant higher IGFBP-1 levels with area-under-curve (AUC) 0.76 and 8.145 cutoff value (p=0.002, RR=5.1).Conclusion: IGFBP-1 level with cutoff point 8.145 can be used as predictor of successful labor induction in term pregnancy with preeclampsia.