Labor Force Participation Rates Research Articles

지역 합계출산율에 영향을 미치는 요인 분석

Purpose - Low fertility rate is a serious problem, and this study analyzes factors affecting total fertility rate using panel data from 16 metropolitan cities and provinces in Korea from 2000 to 2022. Design/methodology/approach - Estimating the SAR model considering the weak cross-sectional dependence that exists in variables related to the regional total fertility rate, and using the DKSE estimation method considering the strong cross-sectional dependence. Findings - Estimation results considering weak and strong cross-sectional dependence were similar, confirming the robustness of the results. Female labor force participation rate has a positive effect on total fertility rate, and employment rate has no effect. However, the interaction term is a negative (-) sign. Crude marriage rate has a positive effect on total fertility rate, and apartment price has a slightly positive effect. Environmental factor has no effect, and policy factor has a negative effect. Research implications or Originality - In order for an increase in the female labor force participation rate to lead to an increase in the total fertility rate, qualitative improvements in female employment must be made. Financial investment policies for childbirth must increase their effectiveness. The problem of low fertility rate requires not only population policy but also social, economic, cultural, environmental, and policy conditions to be considered.

Productive and Decent Work Employment Opportunities: Reflections of Sustainable Development Goal 8

This study measures the impact of seven indicators of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on Goal 8, which is about productive and decent work and employment opportunities in India. The study employs pooled ordinary least squares (POLS) methods to capture the impact of seven indicators— annual growth rate of real GDP per capita, ease of doing business, unemployment rate, labour force participation rate, participation of informal workers, fatal and non-fatal occupation injuries, and banking outlets, on SDG 8, for 2018-2021. The findings reveal that the annual growth rate of real GDP per capita, labour force participation rate, and ease of doing business influence SDG 8’s score positively and significantly. On the contrary, the unemployment rate impacts sustainable score value negatively and significantly. The inferences of the study did not unwrap a significant effect of the percentage of workers in the informal sector, fatal and non-fatal occupation injuries and the number of banking outlets on SDG8. The study recommends reducing unemployment and increasing labour force participation rates in the economy for sustainability. At the same time, policymakers must focus on enhancing the ease of doing business and the annual growth rate of real GDP per capita to realise decent work and employment opportunities. To advance sustainable development goals, especially SDG 8, fostering sustainable and inclusive economic growth is the need of the hour.

Policy Modernization and Novel Economic Indicators Coxswaining Nation on Growth Path

India as a nation witnessing the continuous modernization of Monetary and Fiscal Policies. In the previous subsequent budgets, the allocation of funds on the national development which is gauged on the scales of infrastructure, production and manufacturing index, farming and allied farming index, supply chain and logistics, health, education, employment, rural and women empowerment and national governance has seen considerable progress. On looking at the larger picture, the total expenditure stated in the budget and its impact on the economic growth considering the factor Like GDP, GVA, NR, Per Capita Income, is evident. However, to create a profound understanding and awareness about the policy, changes and implementation of policy, and how its roads to the growth of the nation, we need to prove it with the less revealed, less used economic indicators like, to name a few, Government Debt to GDP, Government Revenue to Spending, Government spending to GDP, PMI to Private sector Credit, Youth Unemployment Rate to Jobless Claims, Labor Force Participation rate, NPA to Loans to Private Sector, Capital flow to Capacity utilization, Business Confidence index, Composite PMI to corporate profits, ZEW Economic Sentiment Index, etc. This research would provide all the hidden spots, blind spots to the leaders who can guide the nation to prosper.

How teleworking adoption is changing the labor market and workforce dynamics?

This article investigates how teleworking adoption influenced the labor market and workforce dynamic using bibliometric methods to overview 86 years of teleworking research [1936-2022]. By grouping the retrieved articles available on the Web of Science (WOS) core collection database, we revealed a holistic and topical view of teleworking literature using clustering and visualization techniques. Our results reflect the situation where the adoption of teleworking in the last three years was accelerated by the pandemic and facilitated by innovation in remote work technologies. We discussed the factors influencing one's decision to join the workforce or a specific company, besides the unintended consequences of the rapid adoption of teleworking. The study can aid organizations in developing adequate teleworking arrangements, enhancing employee outcomes, and improving retention rates. Furthermore, it can help policymakers design more effective policies to support employees, improve labor force participation rates, and improve societal well-being.

Import Shocks and Gendered Labor Market Responses: Evidence from Mexico

This paper studies gender differences in labor market responses of workers in Mexico to trade liberalization with China. To measure exposure to import competition, I exploit variation in the initial industry structure of Mexican local labor markets. I show that aggregate outcomes mask heterogeneous responses based on gender. Both women and men experience lower growth in employment shares but the change in the labor force participation rate is negatively affected for men and positively affected for women. Further analysis shows that women move into self-employment and that informal employment acts as a “buffer” to attenuate negative employment effects, especially for male workers.

Gender Gap in Indian Labour Market

Gender inequality constitute a shared practice wherein parity between men and women is not upheld. This study endeavours to gauge the extent of gender inequality in the Indian Labour market. Utilizing secondary data sourced from Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFs) 2022-23. The finding reveals a substantial disparity in labour force participation, work involvement, and unemployment rates between females and males.

Economic growth, structural changes and employment linkages in India

PurposeIndia started economic reforms at a rapid pace to catch up the world economy by following the services-led-growth model during the post-liberalisation period. Over the years, the growing unemployment rate posits a re-look into the dynamics of growth model for wider work force participation. In this backdrop, the paper aims to examine the dynamics of structural changes in employment pattern in view of economic growth led by services-led growth model in India.Design/methodology/approachThe study employs a non-linear autoregressive model (NARDL) to examine the effect of the growth rates in three broad economic sectors namely agriculture and allied, services and industry on work force participation representing the employment opportunities in India.FindingsThe results highlight that the rapid expansion of the service sector has not occurred with enough employment opportunities by the same rate. By contrast, the growth in the industrial sector significantly creates employment opportunities in the short and long run. These results support the industry led growth model over the services for sustainable and inclusive economic growth in the country.Research limitations/implicationsThe study relies on combined labour force participation rates rather than gender-specific rates. Further, the regulatory, working conditions and economic incentives may affect the gender-specific engagement of the labour force in three broad sectors.Practical implicationsThe results offer important insight into changing patterns in employment with policy lessons. A wider workforce force participation calls for expansion of manufacturing activities through pro-industry programmes.Originality/valueThe study makes pioneer efforts to examine the dynamics of labour force participation with respect to the growth of three broad economic sectors of the Indian economy. The results provide new insights with policy implications for the changing employment pattern and policy response.

American idle: the relative importance of dispositional and environmental predictors of state labor force participation rates in the USA

This is the first study to determine the capacity of state-level IQ and Big Five personality to predict total, male, and female state labor force participation rates (LFPRs). It is based on residents aged 20–64 years in the 48 contiguous American states from 2013 to 2017. Five state environmental variables—White population percent, urban population percent, per capita personal income, political preference, and age distribution—were statistically controlled. Multiple regression analysis revealed that IQ independently predicted total, male, and female LFPRs with β coefficients of 0.67, 0.71, and 0.59, respectively. Neuroticism also independently predicted total LFPRs and male LFPRs with βs of − 0.20 and − 0.29. As well, lower Openness to Experience and higher liberal political preference were associated with higher female LFPRs, producing βs of − 0.37 and 0.47, respectively. No other variables emerged as independent predictors. Regarding total LFPR variance, the six dispositional variables jointly accounted for 23.0% with the five environmental variables controlled and 74.2% without. Corresponding values were 25.9% and 74.3% for male LFPRs, and 19.6% and 66.5% for female LFPRs. With the six dispositional variables controlled, the five environmental variables together could only account for 11.0% in total LFPRs, 10.8% in male LFPRs, and 16.5% in female LFPRs. Spatial autocorrelation was tested and found to be nonsignificant. These previously overlooked dispositional predictors of state LFPRs are especially important given the salience of LFPRs in economic functioning, declines in American LFPRs since 2000, and the 35th-place standing of the USA on LFPRs among nations by 2022.

Measuring the impacts of the two-child policy on industrial structure and economic growth in china using a CGE model

Facing the challenge of population aging and labor force shrinking, the Chinese government has been trying to reform its family planning policy since 2015. This paper analyzes the impacts of China’s Two-child policy on economic growth and industrial structure from 2020 to 2060 using a dynamic Computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. This paper constructs an effective labor input index accounting for changes in educational attainment and labor force participation rates by age and sex to simulate the effects of the demographic changes on labor supply and economic growth, rather than using simple working-age measures. This paper sets two policy scenarios, the One-child policy and the Two-child policy, to simulate the changes in the employment structure, industrial structure, and main macroeconomic indicators under different population policies. The main finding is that under the Two-child policy, the average GDP growth rate is expected to be 0.3% and 1.0% points higher than the One-child policy in the period of 2015–2030, and 2045–2060; the employment growth rates of the manufacturing and service industries are higher than that under the One-child policy; the shift of industrial structure from manufacturing to service industry will be slightly slower than the One-child policy. The positive impacts of the Two-child policy on China’s economic growth are not significant in the short run. From the perspective of the quantity, structure and quality of labor supply, this paper reveals how a more relaxed family planning policy will affect labor supply, and ultimately affect economic structure and growth in a long run.

Empowering Women through Financial Inclusion and Governance: Evidence from 30 Developing Economies

Gender equality is rooted in the capacity of individuals to independently make decisions regarding their social, political, and economic well-being. Unfortunately, women encounter diminished opportunities for engagement in these spheres, particularly evident in developing economies. UN-SDGs has placed gender equality as a 5th goal in the framework. This study aims to elucidate pathways for women empowerment by investigating the moderating influence of governance within the realm of financial inclusion. Panel data analysis has been employed for 30 developing economies for the time of 2004 to 2020.Data sources are World Development Indicators (WDI) and the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG). The labor force participation rate (LFPRF) was employed as a proxy for women empowerment and is treated as dependent variable. Governance and Financial Inclusion were examined as independent variables, with domestic credit to the private sector (DC) representing financial inclusion and governance stability (GS) acting as a proxy for governance. Gross capital formation (GCF) and gross domestic product per capita (GDPPC) were included as control variables. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), FE, and RE regression models were considered appropriate after applying pre diagnostic tests. The study also employed Arellano Bond model for robustness. The Results indicated that 1 % increase in DC increased LFPRF by 1.05%,16%, and 0.16% in OLS, FE, RE respectively. Similarly, 1 % increase in GS increases LFPRF by 2.49% in OLS model and by 0.13% in both FE and RE model. The study also discussed the strategies to promote women empowerment through planned interventions in financial inclusion and governance.

The Impact of Human Development Index, Minimum Wage, Labor Force Participation Rate, and Open Unemployment Rate on Economic Growth

The Impact of Human Development Index, Minimum Wage, Labor Force Participation Rate, and Open Unemployment Rate on Economic Growth

Analisis Pengaruh Tingkat Pendidikan, Tingkat Kesehatan dan Jenis Kelamin Terhadap TPAK di Sumatera Barat

This Study aims to determine and analyze the effect of Education Level,Health Level and Gender on Labor Force Participation Rate in West Sumatera. This research uses panel data from 2017-2021 in 19 regencies/citiesin West Sumatera which are sourced from the central bureau of statistics. Before using the regression, the Chow test and Hausman test were carrid out and the results of the analysis showed that the selected model was the Random Effect Model (REM). The results of the study reveal that : (1) Education Level has a significant effect on the Labor Force Participation Rate in West Sumatera (2) Health Level has no significant effect on the Labor Force Partisipation Rate in west Sumatera (3) Gender has a significaneffect on the Labor force Partisipation Rate in West Sumatera. These finding confirm the role of the labor force is suggested to the Government that it is necessary to increase the ease of access to education for the community. So that in the future there will be an increase in Labor Force Participation Rate in West Sumatera.

MODELING FACTORS AFFECTING EDUCATED UNEMPLOYMENT ON JAVA ISLAND USING GEOGRAPHICALLY WEIGHTED POISSON REGRESSION MODEL

The eighth goal of the SDGs, which aim to promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all, addresses the problem of unemployment. Indonesia, the fourth-largest country in the world, keeps on dealing with unemployment and its negative consequences. Three provinces on the island of Java have higher unemployment rates for educated people than any other provinces. The purpose of this study is to examine the variables affecting educated unemployment in Java. This study uses cross-sectional data published from BPS-Statistics Indonesia website and the Indonesia Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM) for 119 regencies/cities across six provinces on Java Island in 2021. The predictor variables are Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), investment, labor force participation rate, mean years of schooling, regency/city minimum wage, and inflation. The number of working-age population is used as an exposure measure. Four models were used to analyze the factors affecting educated unemployment on Java Island: Poisson regression model and Geographically Weighted Poisson Regression (GWPR) model, both with and without an exposure. Based on the smallest AIC/AICc, the best model is the GWPR model with an exposure. This model creates 11 groups of locations based on the same predictor variables that significantly affect educated unemployment

Pengaruh Kesehatan Reproduksi Wanita dan Pemberdayaan Wanita Terhadap Tingkat Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja Wanita di Indonesia

This study aims to find out and analyze how the influence of women's reproductive health and women's empowerment on the participation rate of the female workforce in Indonesia. This study used secondary data sourced from the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics with the research variables grouped into two parts, namely the bond variable which in this study was determined as the female labor force participation rate and the independent variables consisting of women's life expectancy, young women's marriage, female mother, female education level, female per capita income and female involvement in parliament. This study uses panel data regression analysis with the selected method, namely the Common Effect Model (CEM). The results showed that women's life expectancy, young women's marriage, women's fertility rates and women's involvement in parliament each had a negative and insignificant effect on women's labor force participation. Women's education level has a negative and significant effect on female labor force participation and women's per capita income has a positive and significant effect on female labor force participation.

Health Capacity to Work among Older Malaysians

This paper uses two methodologies to explore the extent to which greater labor force participation among older Malaysians can expand Malaysia’s labor supply. The Milligan–Wise method estimates the potential to increase the labor force participation rate of older Malaysians by estimating how much they would work if they were to work as much as those with the same mortality rate in the past. The Cutler, Meara, and Richards-Shubik ( 2013 ) method estimates the same potential by estimating how much older Malaysians would work if they worked as much as their younger counterparts in similar health. We made further simulations to quantify the capacity of older Malaysians to work after they are 60 years old. The results show significant additional work capacity among older people in Malaysia, particularly males, urban dwellers, and those with low educational attainment.

MODELING OPEN UNEMPLOYMENT RATE IN KALIMANTAN ISLAND USING NONPARAMETRIC REGRESSION WITH FOURIER SERIES ESTIMATOR

Nonparametric regression is a regression approach that is used to determine the relationship between the response variable and the predictor variable if the shape of the regression curve is unknown. One of the popular estimators used in nonparametric regression is the Fourier series estimator. Fourier series nonparametric regression is generally used when the pattern of the investigated data is unknown and there is a tendency for the pattern to repeat. The purpose of this study is to estimate nonparametric regression using the Fourier series approach and to find out the factors that influence the open unemployment rate on the island of Borneo in 2021. The criteria for the goodness of the model used Generalized Cross Validation (GCV) and the coefficient of determination ( ). Based on the results, it was found that the best nonparametric regression model for the Fourier series was the model with 5 oscillations which indicated a minimum GCV of 10.47 and an of 74.22%. Furthermore, based on the results of parameter significance testing either simultaneously or partially, it shows that all predictor variables have a significant effect on the open unemployment rate. The predictor variables include the labor force participation rate, the average length of schooling, the percentage of poor people, economic growth rate, and total population.

How does the dramatic rise of nonresponse in the Current Population Survey impact labor market indicators?

SummaryWithin a decade, the share of households refusing to participate in the Current Population Survey (CPS) tripled. We show households that refuse 1 month but respond in an adjacent month account for an important part of the rise. Leveraging the labor force status of survey participants in the months surrounding their nonresponse, we find that rising refusals suppressed the measured labor force participation rate and employment–population ratio but had little effect on the unemployment rate. Notably, nonresponse bias accounts for at least 10% of the reported decline in the labor force participation rate from 2000 to 2020.

THE ROLE OF POPULATION GROWTH, EDUCATION LEVEL, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE ON POVERTY LEVEL IN INDONESIA

Background: The problem of poverty is very urgent and does not have clear boundaries. This is due not only to its continuing upward trend but also to its impact that goes beyond the economic realm, encompassing social aspects and even threatening political stability in the country. Most countries with large populations also tend to have higher poverty rates compared to countries with smaller populations. Likewise with the level of education and the level of labor force participation which in many communities with low economies, opportunities for Getting adequate education, from basic to higher levels, is often limited. Furthermore, if the labor force participation rate increases this can have a positive impact on economic growth. Objective: This research aims to analyze the relationship between population growth and poverty. Education level is the average number of years of schooling against poverty and the labor force participation rate against poverty. Method: This research uses time series data with population growth variables, education level, labor force participation rate, and poverty level in the last 10 years, namely 2013-2023 so the number of observations is 35 observation points. Results: Based on the results of data processing and simultaneous testing, it shows that population growth, education level, and labor force participation rate simultaneously influence Indonesia. Population growth has a negative and significant effect on poverty. Education level is the average number of years of school with a negative and insignificant effect on poverty. The labor force participation rate) has a negative and significant effect on poverty.

Golden tears: A cross-country study of crying in the Olympics.

This article studies tears of joy by exploring data on the behavior of gold medalists of all 450 individual events at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympic Games at the end of the medalists' respective competitions and during the medal ceremonies. We find that women cry more than men, older athletes cry more than younger athletes, athletes from the host country cry more at the end of the competition, and athletes cry more when they receive information on their victory immediately after completing their task. When looking at the socioeconomic characteristics of athletes' countries, we find that men from countries with larger female labor force participation rates cry more than men from countries with lower female labor force participation, and athletes from countries with higher religious fractionalization cry less than those from countries with lower fractionalization. Finally, we find no relationship between the wealth of a country and the propensity of its athletes of any gender to cry. We discuss possible mechanisms that drive our results and suggest future directions for observational studies on emotions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Does access to assistive technologies enhance labour force participation amongst the disabled population? Evidence from India

PurposePersons with disabilities (PwD) are generally less likely to be employed than the general population. The paper aims to investigate whether access to assistive technologies (AT) impacts labour force participation in the disabled population.Design/methodology/approachThe study utilises the nationally representative survey on disability in India conducted in 2018 through multi-stage sampling by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI), Government of India. The instrumental variable (IV) approach has been employed to infer causality between AT and labour market participation.FindingsThe study found that the labour force participation rate (LFPR) in India amongst the disabled population was 29% in the age group of 15–65 years in 2017–2018, as compared to 52% in the general population. Around two-thirds of the PwD respondents who were advised to acquire aid appliances acquired them, implying limited access to AT. The probability of LFPR in disabled population increases by 26.6% with access to AT particularly in urban areas.Practical implicationsPersistent issues such as lack of adequate amenities, poor literacy and a lack of vocational skills need to be addressed to improve labour market outcomes for the disabled population in rural areas.Originality/valueDespite its role in promoting distributive justice and inclusive development, research on equity gaps in access to AT and its impact on labour market outcomes is scant. This is the first paper that provides empirical evidence on the impact of access to AT on LFPR in the context of low- and middle-income countries.