Lab Platform Research Articles

Coding learning innovation: Interactive programming experience with virtual lab platform

Information and communication technology development in recent years has brought significant educational changes. Virtual learning environments (VLEs) provide students with interactive and flexible online learning. This study aims to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of the virtual lab platform (VLP) in improving students' programming skills, focusing on aspects of logic and algorithms, syntax and code structure, and variables and functions. The total sample of 64 students was chosen using a purposive sampling technique and was divided into the experimental group (34 students) and the control group (30 students). Data collection in this study involved several methods: programming skill tests, questionnaires, and monitoring VLP activity logs. According to research results, VLP improves students' programming skills more significantly than conventional methods. Data analysis shows significant differences between the experimental group with VLP and the control group with conventional methods, supporting the effectiveness of VLP as an alternative to learning. In addition, students' positive perception of VLP contributes significantly to learning motivation and ease of use, suggesting that learning technologies such as VLP can improve overall learning motivation. This study provides an empirical basis for educational institutions to consider VLP as a teaching strategy to increase students' learning potential in programming.

Deploying an IoT-based remote physics lab platform to enhance experimental physics education in remote regions

Abstract For several years, the educational gap in certain Latin American countries and around the world has become increasingly evident. The limited access to cutting-edge knowledge and technologies to strengthen student training processes has emerged as a significant problem, leading to increased inequality in job opportunities in these regions and progressive setbacks in social and economic development. One way to mitigate this problem has been to provide access to information through telecommunications. However, integration with educational processes has been deficient, especially in the areas of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. This work proposes the development of a remote physics laboratory platform for experimental validation of models explaining certain physical phenomena. This platform is based on the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm, allowing students and teachers to connect with these experiences coveringtopics in mechanics, electricity and magnetism, optics, and thermodynamics from remote regions. These laboratories utilize physical setups in educational institutions that have been modified to provide connectivity and remote control capabilities based on IoT. Finally, a framework for implementing new remote laboratories based on the IoT paradigm through an open-source platform is presented. The system has been tested and validated with high school and early university students to verify its usefulness, showing the potential to enhance educational processes by providing laboratory access to students and teachers from primary education to secondary education and university-level professional programs.

Broadcast/multicast delivery integration in B5G/6G environments

This paper describes the design of a Broadcast Core Network (BCN). The BCN is intended to enable the integration of existing terrestrial broadcast systems into a 5G/6G ecosystem. The existing multimedia content distribution architecture in current broadcast networks and the capabilities of 5G access and core networks (5GC) are analyzed to dissect their limitations. We show, inter alia, how the lack of an equivalent data plane makes it impossible to import a 5GC as a solution. We propose a dynamic model that addresses the necessary structure for integrating a BCN in today’s broadcast networks. The paper then considers the evolution of the BCN up to its integration into a 5G/6G cellular network ecosystem. The required architectural components are described. Detailed definitions of the microservices are included, along with the relationships and message calls to enable relevant use cases. Finally, a simulation and lab prototype were developed to validate the proposal. The lab platform is based on multimedia content broadcasting nodes using ATSC 3.0 and a BCN prototype for its control. The results demonstrate the ability of the proposed solution to maximize spectrum utilization and improve the efficiency of current systems.

지역사회 문제 해결형 바이오헬스케어 분야 디지털 리빙랩의 활용 방안 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study was to understand the importance of the Bio-healthcare Digital Living Lab for solving community problems and to suggest policy improvement so that it can be utilized based on the speci-alized fields of university. Methods From September 1 to October 10, 2022, the survey was conducted on 150 students enrolled in bio-healthcare courses at universities in the Jeonbuk region, as well as faculty and community industrial company related Bio-healthcare department. The collected data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistic ver. 22.0 stat-istical program. Frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, χ-square, independent t-test, and 1-way ANOVA were performed to analyze the data. Results The study showed satisfaction with the community living environment at 3.68 out of 5. By gender, it was higher in men(3.77±0.90) than in women(3.62±0.85), and by age, it was highest in people in their 20s(3.86±0.80), and satisfaction tended to decrease as age increased. Among local issues, ‘culture/leisure’ was recognized as the most important in terms of quality of life(28.2%) and an area in urgent need of improvement(27.6%), and the area expected to have the greatest ripple effect if improved was ‘jobs/start-up’(33.9%). In addition, there was a stat-istical difference in areas requiring urgent improvement and areas with large ripple effects depending on age and status(p<.05). They recognized that the bio-healthcare field would play an important role in resolving local is-sues(52.7%), and that local residents‘ participation was necessary in promoting it(70.4%), but the highest re-sponse was that they would consider their participation depending on the nature and direction of the project (48.8%). And, teenagers showed statistically significantly lowest scores in terms of possibility of solving local is-sues, possibility of improving quality of life, need for resident participation, and willingness to participate (p<.05). Conclusions In process of promoting a digital living lab in the bio-healthcare, an accurate preliminary analysis of the needs of local community residents regarding its nature and direction is necessary. And, in promoting a digital living lab that solves community problems, universities must play a role in building a digital living lab infrastructure specialized in the bio-healthcare field while experimenting with technology, products, and services through com-munity linkage. Lastly, for the expansion and sustainability of community bio-healthcare living labs, it is necessary to plan a living lab platform that considers both the community's needs and the university's specialized fields, and it is need to develop into an infrastructure rather than a project type.

Several genetic SNPs identified in acute appendicitis patients including the HLA-C known to be related to coeliac disease in a Genome-Wide Association Study

Acute Appendicitis (AA) is an inflammatory condition of the vermiform appendix in the caecum of the colon. Genetic polymorphisms have been suggested as risk factors predisposing to AA susceptibility but have remained relatively unknown, due to insufficient sample size in previous analyses. Therefore, the primary research aim was to identify genetic variants associated with AA. It was hypothesised that gene polymorphisms associated with AA will provide a connection to other diet-related inflammatory diseases. Genetic variants associated with AA were studied via a Genome-Wide Association Scan (GWAS) using the Global Biobank Meta-Analysis Initiative (GBMI). The GBMI is a collaborative consortium of 23 biobanks with a publicly released repository of de-identified genetic data linked with digital health records spanning 4 continents with a study population size of over 2.2 million consented individuals of multiple ancestral backgrounds1. A linear regression model was used to estimate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), across the human genome, and AA by each contributing biobank. The results were then meta-analysed with a total of 32,706 cases and 1,075,763 controls. In the present study, the free open-source Complex Traits Genetic Virtual Lab (CTG-VL) platform was used to access, analyse, and visualise the GWAS summary statistics of AA2. Genome-wide significantly associated SNPs (p-value < 5 x 10-8) were further searched for their associations with health-related traits in publicly available GWAS summary statistics. Upon analysis, significantly associated SNPs for AA were identified within or nearby nine genes. HLX, NKX2-3, LTBR, and DLEU1 are genes involved in immune responses; IRF8 associated with maturation of myeloid cells; OSR-1 responsible for transmembrane ion transporter activity; NCALD a regulator of G protein-coupled signal transduction. In addition, based on the hypothesis, the SNP of key clinical importance was the HLA-C rs2524046 (p-value = 2.38 x 10-8), with the AA risk-increasing allele C being also strongly associated with a higher risk of coeliac disease (CD). The CD is an autoimmune condition where gluten, a protein present in grains such as barley, rye, and wheat, elicits an inflammatory response that results in damage to the small intestine lining. Considering how both AA and CD share the same SNP, it is possible to speculate whether gluten initiates a similar pathophysiological mechanism that exacerbates inflammation in the vermiform appendix in AA. In conclusion, the top AA associated SNPs suggests its development could be due to immunological responses influenced by dietary nutrient intake. The HLA-C SNP is common to AA and CD, suggesting that the gluten protein found in certain cereal grains possibly contributes to the pathophysiology of AA like CD. This warrants further investigations into whether dietary gluten could play a key role in AA development.

Phenome-wide causal associations between osteoarthritis and other complex traits through the latent causal variable analysis

BackgroundIndividuals with osteoarthritis present with comorbidities, and the potential causal associations remain incompletely elucidated. The present study undertook a large-scale investigation about the causality between osteoarthritis and variable traits, using the summary-level data of genome-wide association studies (GWAS).MethodsThe present study included the summary-level GWS data of knee osteoarthritis, hip osteoarthritis, hip or knee osteoarthritis, hand osteoarthritis, and other 1355 traits. Genetic correlation analysis was conducted between osteoarthritis and other traits through cross-trait bivariate linkage disequilibrium score regression. Subsequently, latent causal variable analysis was performed to explore the causal association when there was a significant genetic correlation. Genetic correlation and latent causal variable analysis were conducted on the Complex Traits Genomics Virtual Lab platform (https://vl.genoma.io/).ResultsWe found 133 unique phenotypes showing causal relationships with osteoarthritis. Our results confirmed several well-established risk factors of osteoarthritis, such as obesity, weight, BMI, and meniscus derangement. Additionally, our findings suggested putative causal links between osteoarthritis and multiple factors. Socioeconomic determinants such as occupational exposure to dust and diesel exhaust, extended work hours exceeding 40 per week, and unemployment status were implicated. Furthermore, our analysis revealed causal associations with cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, including heart failure, deep venous thrombosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and elevated cholesterol levels. Soft tissue and musculoskeletal disorders, such as hallux valgus, internal derangement of the knee, and spondylitis, were also identified to be causally related to osteoarthritis. The study also identified the putative causal associations of osteoarthritis with digestive and respiratory diseases, such as Barrett’s esophagus, esophagitis, and asthma, as well as psychiatric conditions including panic attacks and manic or hyperactive episodes. Additionally, we observed osteoarthritis causally related to pharmacological treatments, such as the use of antihypertensive medications, anti-asthmatic drugs, and antidepressants.ConclusionOur study uncovered a wide range of traits causally associated with osteoarthritis. Further studies are needed to validate and illustrate the detailed mechanism of those causal associations.

Real Time Simulation of HVDC and VSC-HVDC models: Application to Algerian – Spanish Power System Interconnection

Most of world’s electric power systems are now widely interconnected involving inter-regional and international connections. The purpose is to achieve better efficiency in generation and transmission of energy. We need these interconnections to take advantage of diversity of loads, availability of sources and fuel price to supply electricity at minimum cost with a required reliability. In addition to the existing interconnections, namely those of the Maghreb, Algeria is Already interconnected to Tunisia (4 connections) and to Morocco (2 connections). But a direct interconnection with European countries around Mediterranean Sea will be open up new opportunities to both partners for economic and technical reasons. Since 2002, Algeria has a new politic to diversify international exchanges. A great number of studies of Interconnection Algerian-Spanish network project have been done by many organisations. Furthermore with the HVDC and VSC-HVDC technology, who allowed DC transport, this interconnection, can be achieved with high reliability. But there is the constraint that Maghreb countries networks are weak in comparison with Spanish one which is robust, and strongly interconnected with European network. In order to give some elements of solution to realise this project, real time simulators of grids are an interesting tool. These simulators are used to simulate grids and electrical equipments with input/output signals to interact with real equipment. In this article, we present different HVDC and VSC-HVDC models, and we will define the best adaptive one to real time simulation, and results obtained with EMEGASIM of the RT LAB platform.

A Secure and Scalable Virtual Lab Platform for Computing Education

With the increasing importance of online teaching and learning, conducting hands-on labs online brings a number of challenges, such as difficulties in setting up and maintaining consistent lab environments across different operating systems and compatibility issues with students’ local software and hardware environment. This paper aims to propose a secure and scalable virtual lab platform using container technology and open-source cloud-native technology. Instructors can configure and deploy customized lab environments in the cloud, and students may use web browsers to gain access to a sandboxed lab environment and live coding environment for online and self-paced learning. With the platform, students no longer need to install custom software on their computers and ensures the compatibility of the lab environment in online teaching and learning activities. A pilot study was conducted with 370 undergraduate and postgraduate students from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. The platform demonstrated good scalability to support large classes of students to complete hands-on lab activities online. The survey results indicated that students perceived the platform as easy to use, helpful for learning online, and intended to continue using it beyond the course.

A Living Lab for Family Centered Knowledge Exchange in Pediatric Rehabilitation and Development Research: A Study Protocol

Background Historically, the experiences and voices of children and youth living with neurodiversity or rehabilitation needs and their families have not been fully represented in health research. Formative research in this context indicates that families value learning from the experiences of other families as well as from empirical research. However, innovative systems are needed to support this imperative. In response, we co-designed a virtual living lab with families and clinicians to support family-centered knowledge exchange in neurodiversity and rehabilitation research. Living labs are collaborative, user-centered, long-term, and multimethod systems with potential to support the exchange of knowledge of lived experience. This proposal outlines a longitudinal arts-based and qualitative research study that incorporates storytelling as a powerful tool to elicit and exchange stories of lived experience through the virtual living lab, and subsequent usability testing of the platform. Methods and Analysis Stage 1- We will conduct an integrated knowledge translation study inclusive of user centered lab design and construction. Stage 2- We will conduct a 6-month longitudinal qualitative storytelling study with 30–40 participants including neurodiverse children and youth ages 5–19 years, their siblings, and parent/guardians, guided by the F-words framework which is based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. Following user-registration within the virtual lab, participants will complete a minimum of 1 story monthly, accompanied by an arts-based component, for 6 months. Conclusion Findings will inform the co-development of an arts-based knowledge translation resource to communicate key findings. Stage 3- A subset of families will be sampled to complete usability testing of the living lab platform and storytelling feature using a sequential explanatory mixed methods design. Usability evaluation will inform future platform refinements and provide indications of acceptability and use across subgroups.

Analysis of Offline Transient Power Oscillation and Its Suppression Method in the Microgrid with Multiple Virtual Synchronous Generators

When multiple Virtual Synchronous Generators (VSGs) operate in parallel in an islanded grid, power and frequency oscillations will occur when one VSG goes offline. However, the existing literature does not cover the related analysis and transient suppression schemes for this scenario. To analyze these complex high-order system dynamics, this paper first establishes an intuitive equivalent circuit model for multiple VSGs, and the frequency domain expressions of the multi-machine VSG system during the VSG offline transient simulation are then derived. Based on the multi-VSG model and its transient oscillations analysis, this paper further proposes a configuration scheme for the equivalent circuit parameters. Equivalently, the virtual inertia, damping coefficient and virtual impedance of the VSGs can be configured. With the proposed parameter configuration scheme, the power oscillation during the VSG offline transient can be eliminated, as verified by experiments with a microgrid lab platform using three VSGs. Compared with the existing multi-VSG studies, the proposed scheme is not only the first attempt to study the transient suppression when a VSG goes offline, but also is more intuitive in analysis and less complicated in the controller parameter tuning.

Building the Campus as a Lab (CaaL) platform

AbstractInternet of Things (IoT) related and IoT enabled education and research are becoming more prevalent in today's academic environment. One of the challenges faced by educators and researchers is the availability of resources to support lab based, hands on learning and research projects. Existing resources are often highly customized, balkanized, and difficult to manage. For new technology areas such as IoT, these environments rarely provide opportunities for resource sharing and interdisciplinary collaboration. In this paper, we describe the development of a multi‐tenant, IoT centric platform, the Environmental Sensing Data Network (ESDN) meant to support plug and play sensor deployment and the tools necessary for data management. The platform turns the University campus into an open platform that can be used to easily set up IoT based labs for education, research, campus infrastructure management and community applications innovation. The paper covers the development of a sensor augmentation module facilitating easy deployment and management. The operational tools and services integration are also described. We believe the platform is an important step in facilitating distance and in person education and research. ESDN is rapidly expanding beyond the multi‐site University campus supporting a growing number of research and community projects.

Development of Simple and Efficient Virtual Lab Platform

Current technologies give us the flexibility to enhance and replace-in person classes with computer-based resources, often referred to as virtual labs. Before the pandemic, offline classes used to provide a practical learning environment for students. Because of the pandemic, it is not possible to arrange labs in-person for students where they can directly interact with the faculties. Nowadays, students prefer education from home as it is safe. Students can easily perform experiments from anywhere if they have proper access to an internet connection. There are many challenges in online to the mode of learning. Virtual Labs aids in conquering those challenges to some extent. Simulation-based study of subjects like physics, chemistry, and biology helps students to understand concepts in a better way. Virtual labs can enhance and increase students ‘problem solving, deep thinking, creativity, imagination understanding, scientific process skills, laboratory skills, interest, perception, and learning outcomes. Therefore, teachers need to apply virtual labs to improve teaching quality and student learning outcomes.

Health-conscious energy management strategy for battery/fuel cell electric vehicles considering power sources dynamics

This paper presents a new multi-stage power management strategy aimed at enhancing the security and performance of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The proposed strategy is designed to protect sensitive vehicle power sources, such as fuel cells (FCs), from potential damages caused by abrupt load variations. This is achieved through the implementation of a model-based coordinated switching strategy that utilizes transition functions that are tailored to the transient dynamics of power sources. The power flow in HEVs is managed using a fuzzy energy management approach that allows safe and predefined operation of FCs at multiple operating points. To ensure reliable and uninterrupted HEV operation, fault detection algorithms have been integrated into the second stage of the power management strategy to detect and correct any power source failures. Simulation results indicate that the proposed fuzzy energy management strategy provides efficient usage and precise control over FC power, while the coordinated switching strategy compensates for the sluggishness of FCs and reduces transient power ripples and fluctuations in the DC bus voltage during FC operating point variations. The efficiency of the proposed multi-stage power management strategy has been validated through simulations performed on the RT LAB platform and the obtained results were deemed satisfactory.

Design of virtual electrical laboratories for performing steady state and transient response of R-L, R-C and R-L-C circuit

This paper delves into the concept of virtual electrical laboratories, offering a comprehensive exploration of their design and functionality. A user-centered perspective is employed to analyze existing limitations and underscore the critical need for improved usability in virtual lab design. The study proposes practical applications aimed at swiftly enhancing the efficacy of these virtual environments, focusing on experiments involving R-L-C, R-L, and R-C circuits for both steadystate and transient responses. Using JavaScript, Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), the paper introduces a validated methodology through real-time experiments conducted in the laboratory and on the proposed virtual lab platform. The versatility of this approach positions it as a viable solution for implementation in various domains, including electric machines, power systems, and circuit theory labs. In alignment with the growing trend of long-distance education, where students seek engagement in diverse experiments from their homes, this paper contributes to the evolution of virtual electrical laboratories.

A Living Lab Platform for Testing Additive Manufacturing Agent-Based Manufacturing Strategies

Distributed manufacturing systems are seeing increased investment by manufacturers looking for a more responsive, robust, and sustainable means to meet product demand amid market fragility, mass-customisation, sustainability, supply chain uncertainty, national security, Net Zero and the Circular Economy. One such system is Additive Manufacturing farms where numerous machines are housed in warehouses across the globe. The realisation of these systems in industry is offering the opportunity to exploit research in agent-based manufacturing strategies for the brokering and coordination of jobs. Until now, much of the underpinning research has been numerical and validation via empirical study is required to provide confidence in deploying the strategies in an industrial setting. To provide this validation, this paper presents an Opensource Living Lab platform that can be used to evaluate agent-based manufacturing strategies.

Circulating Current Generating Mechanism and Suppression Control of HMMC

Hexagonal modular multilevel converter (HMMC) is a full-bridge ac/ac converter, and it can achieve the interconnection between the ac grid and the low frequency system. However, the coupling of input and output on the branches causes the large fluctuation both in dc voltage of submodules (SMs) and branch currents. Moreover, the internal circulating current in branch current comprises large dc component and ac components, which causes an increase in current stress. The traditional circulating current control of HMMC adopts circulating current injection for dc voltage stability, which cannot decrease the current stress. Therefore, basing on dc voltage fluctuation analysis, the circulating current generating mechanism is analyzed. According to the influence mechanism of circulating current, a circulating current suppression control (CCSC) is proposed to decrease the current stress. Eventually, the CCSC is verified in the real-time (RT)-lab platform.

A Case Study on Living Labs of the Disaster Safety Sector: Police Lab and Firefighting Living Lab

Recently, Living Labs that are environments for involving users in innovation and development have been introduced and operated in various fields. This study conducted a case analysis of Police Lab and Firefighting Living Lab, representative Living Labs of disaster safety sector. This study examined the stages of Living Labs, such as preparation and exploration of alternatives, implementation, co-creation, evaluation, and dissemination of achievements, establishing an analytic framework centered on the major issues of each stage, including vision, conditions, participants, governors, experiments, management of performance, and sustainability. Thus, this study compared and analyzed Police Lab and Firefighting Living Lab and derived their characteristics and problems to find implications and improvement plans. According to the results of this study, several factors need to be actively considered for the effective operation of Living Labs in the future, including clarifying the roles of participants, enhancing participants' understanding of the Living Labs, reinforcing the role and function of mediators to mediate conflicts between participants such as users and researchers, improving performance indicators and gender management system, and building and operating the Living Lab platform.

Model Predictive Direct Torque Control and Fuzzy Logic Energy Management for Multi Power Source Electric Vehicles.

This paper proposes a novel Fuzzy-MPDTC control applied to a fuel cell battery electric vehicle whose traction is ensured using a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). On the traction side, model predictive direct torque control (MPDTC) is used to control PMSM torque, and guarantee minimum torque and current ripples while ensuring satisfactory speed tracking. On the sources side, an energy management strategy (EMS) based on fuzzy logic is proposed, it aims to distribute power over energy sources rationally and satisfy the load power demand. To assess these techniques, a driving cycle under different operating modes, namely cruising, acceleration, idling and regenerative braking is proposed. Real-time simulation is developed using the RT LAB platform and the obtained results match those obtained in numerical simulation using MATLAB/Simulink. The results show a good performance of the whole system, where the proposed MPDTC minimized the torque and flux ripples with 54.54% and 77%, respectively, compared to the conventional DTC and reduced the THD of the PMSM current with 53.37%. Furthermore, the proposed EMS based on fuzzy logic shows good performance and keeps the battery SOC within safe limits under the proposed speed profile and international NYCC driving cycle. These aforementioned results confirm the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed control techniques.

Universal Virtual Lab: A Fast and Accurate Simulation Tool for Wideband Nonlinear DWDM Systems

We introduce the concept of the universal virtual lab, an extension to the virtual lab platform of [Golani <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">et al.</i> 2016], enabling a fast and accurate simulation of wideband nonlinear DWDM systems. The universal virtual lab is compliant with non-ideal transmitter and receiver architectures, distributed optical filters in the optical link, inter-channel stimulated Raman scattering, and it provides accurate performance predictions even when adaptive equalization methods are applied. In comparison with the conventional full-bandwidth split step Fourier transform method, we show with different test scenarios that the universal virtual lab provides accuracy errors below 0.1 dBQ and 0.09 bit/4D-symb in Q-factor and GMI assessments respectively, with runtime speedup factors exceeding 1000. We also report performance assessments in an ultra-wideband (11 THz) C+L system and discuss equalization gain under different compensation scenarios. The estimated speedup factor with respect to the full-bandwidth split step Fourier transform method is assessed to be greater than 35,000.

Genomics-driven screening for causal determinants of suicide attempt.

Each year, around one million people die by suicide. Despite its recognition as a public health concern, large-scale research on causal determinants of suicide attempt risk is scarce. Here, we leverage results from a recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) of suicide attempt to perform a data-driven screening of traits causally associated with suicide attempt. We performed a hypothesis-generating phenome-wide screening of causal relationships between suicide attempt risk and 1520 traits, which have been systematically aggregated on the Complex-Traits Genomics Virtual Lab platform. We employed the latent causal variable (LCV) method, which uses results from GWAS to assess whether a causal relationship can explain a genetic correlation between two traits. If a trait causally influences another one, the genetic variants that increase risk for the causal trait will also increase the risk for the outcome inducing a genetic correlation. Nonetheless, a genetic correlation can also be observed when traits share common pathways. The LCV method can assess whether the pattern of genetic effects for two genetically correlated traits support a causal association rather than a shared aetiology. Our approach identified 62 traits that increased risk for suicide attempt. Risk factors identified can be broadly classified into (1) physical health disorders, including oesophagitis, fibromyalgia, hernia and cancer; (2) mental health-related traits, such as depression, substance use disorders and anxiety; and (3) lifestyle traits including being involved in combat or exposure to a war zone, and specific job categories such as being a truck driver or machine operator. Suicide attempt risk is likely explained by a combination of behavioural phenotypes and risk for both physical and psychiatric disorders. Our results also suggest that substance use behaviours and pain-related conditions are associated with an increased suicide attempt risk, elucidating important causal mechanisms that underpin this significant public health problem.