Tartaric Acid Research Articles

Effects of Different Weak Small Organic Acids on Clofazimine Solubility in Aqueous Media

Background/Objectives: Clofazimine (CFZ) is a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) II drug introduced in the US market in 1986 for the treatment of leprosy. However, CFZ was later withdrawn from the market due to its extremely low aqueous solubility and low absorption. In the literature, the intrinsic solubility of CFZ has been estimated to be <0.01 μg/mL, and solubilities of its different salt forms in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids are <10 µg/mL. These are extremely low solubilities for the dissolution of a drug administered orally at 100–200 mg doses. Methods: In the present investigation, seven weak organic acids (adipic, citric, glutaric, maleic, malic, succinic, and tartaric) were tested by determining the aqueous solubility of CFZ as the function of acid concentration to investigate whether any of the acids would lead to the supersolubilization of CFZ. Results: There were only minimal increases in solubilities when concentrations of acids in water were increased up to 2.4 M. The solubilities, however, increased to 0.32, 1.23, and 10.68 mg/mL, respectively, in 5 M solutions of tartaric, malic, and glutaric acids after equilibration for 24 h at 25 °C. Crystalline solids were formed after the equilibration of CFZ with all acids. Apparently, salts or cocrystals were formed with all acids, except for glutaric acid, as their melting endotherms in DSC scans were in the range of 207.6 to 248.5 °C, which were close to that of CFZ itself (224.8 °C). In contrast, the adduct formed with glutaric acid melted at the low temperature of 77 °C, and no other peak was observed at a higher temperature, indicating that the material converted to an amorphous state. Conclusions: The increase in CFZ solubility to >10 mg/mL in the presence of 5 M glutaric acid could be called supersolubilization when compared to the intrinsic solubility of the basic drug. Such an increase in CFZ solubility and the conversion of the glutarate adduct to an amorphous state are being exploited to develop rapidly dissolving dosage forms.

Studies on remediation of neutral red using water insoluble β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) polymers in aqueous solution

The increasing global contamination of dyes in natural waters has highlighted the need for versatile and effective cleanup methods. In this study, water-insoluble β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) polymers, including CA/β-CD, MA/β-CD, and TA/β-CD, were synthesized by cross-linking β-cyclodextrin with three different organic acids: citric acid (CA), tartaric acid (TA), and malic acid (MA). This synthesis aimed to create polymers with distinct properties by incorporating these acids into the β-Cyclodextrin framework. The resulting polymers were characterized using various advanced analytical techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and UV–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometry. The synthesized polymers were then used to adsorb neutral red dye from aqueous solutions. The study explored various conditions for adsorption, including pH, adsorbent mass, dye concentration, temperature, and contact time, as well as adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics. Among the polymers, CA/β-CD, with its higher content of carboxyl groups, showed the highest efficiency in adsorbing neutral red dye under all tested conditions. The CA/β-CD adsorbent achieved 92% removal efficiency, with the dye being attracted to the negatively charged carboxyl ions through electrostatic forces, effectively removing it from water. These findings suggest that water-insoluble cyclodextrin-based polymers could be cost-effective adsorbents for removing dye from aqueous solutions.

Impact of lactic acid bacterial fermentation on the chemical composition, antioxidant capacities and flavor properties of dandelion

Dandelion is a medicinal and food plant with a long history of medicinal use, but its application as a functional food has been limited. In this study, the fermentation characteristics of four lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in dandelion were investigated and aimed to screen out the LAB that can improve the nutrition and flavor of dandelion. The results showed that all strains grew well, with L. plantarum having the lowest pH and highest total acidity after fermentation. Fermented dandelions (FDs) showed significantly higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The antioxidant and hypoglycaemic activities were also enhanced. Lactic and tartaric acids contents increased significantly after fermentation. The three characteristic phenolic acids were differently changed by different LAB strains. L. plantarum-FD had the highest content of chlorogenic acid (17.22 mg/g), and L. casei-FD had the highest content of caffeic and chicoric acids (0.77 mg/g and 14.90 mg/g, respectively). LAB improved the herbal flavor of dandelion by reducing alcohols, increasing acids and altering the concentrations of other volatiles. Aldehydes and esters increased more in the L. plantarum- and L. fermentum-FDs than in the other groups. L. fermentum added pyrazines in particular but also produced unpleasant butanoic acid and methylpyrazine. Overall, L. plantarum fermentation has shown great potential in improving the flavor and enhancing the biological functions of dandelion. It will be beneficial for enriching dandelion products and increasing added value.

1T/2H-MoS2/CdS heterojunction for the co-production of lactic acid photoreforming to hydrogen and value-added chemicals

Solar-driven photoreforming of biomass to obtain green and clean energy H2 and high value-added chemicals is one of the most promising approach to tackle problems concerning energy crisis and environmental pollution. To achieve this goal, the design and synthesis of photocatalysts with efficient photocatalysis and selectivity is a top priority. We synthesized lamellar composition of floral MoS2-modified CdS composites to reform biomass-derived lactic acid efficiently and selectively to tartaric acid derivatives, pyruvic acid and H2. During photocatalysis, there is accumulation of photogenerated electrons on MoS2 as a reduction center for hydrogen-extraction reaction. The holes on CdS activate α-C-H and α-O-H in lactic acid to form the carbon-centered radical ⋅CCH3(OH)COOH and the oxygen-centered radical ⋅OCH(CH3)COOH. ⋅CCH3(OH)COOH was preferentially adopted for the coupling pathway to yield tartaric acid derivatives, and ⋅OCH(CH3)COOH was further dehydrogenated to form pyruvic acid. The liquid phase product of CdS was dominated by tartaric acid derivatives with a maximum selectivity of 75.0%. The liquid phase product of CdS/MoS2-7% was dominated by pyruvic acid with a maximum selectivity of 80.0%.

Electro-optical and thermal characterization of copper tartrate crystals grown in silica gel

Copper Tartrate crystals were grown by Gel Growth technique by single diffusion method. Silica gel of Optimum specific gravity was set with tartaric acid at optimum pH and aging period. Band gap of copper tartrate crystal is determined using to be 5.24 eV. In PL spectra broad peak is observed at nearly 367.44186 nm in the range 287 nm to 458 nm along with the sharp, intense transmission maxima peak at wavelength nearly 505.03876 nm which is characteristic of a material composition and electronic band structure. This shows the transparency of it in UV-Visible region and it as a filter in this range TGA analysis concludes that Copper tartrate has loss of one-half water molecule as crystalline water and is stable up to 85.02 ℃DSC analysis assigns the temperature value 314.5 ℃ as melting point and apparent enthalpy of fusion determined is 10.18 mW.

Preparation, characterization and modification of magnesium hydride for enhanced solid-state hydrogen storage properties

Magnesium–magnesium hydride (Mg–MgH2) system has attracted attention worldwide recently because of its simple hydrogenation-dehydrogenation process, the cost-effectiveness of the raw materials, and relatively high hydrogen storage capacity compared to the other metal-metal hydride systems. The present study deals with the optimization of the process parameters for the synthesis of magnesium hydride (MgH2) in sizable quantities using commercial-grade magnesium powder, characterization with respect to hydrogen storage capacity, by thermal dehydrogenation and pH-controlled aqueous hydrolysis. The thermal hydrogenation-dehydrogenation and mild acidified aqueous dehydrogenation behaviour of MgH2 were studied systematically to compare the decomposition kinetics and storage capacity. The superior catalytic effect of V2O5 on decreasing the onset-dehydrogenation temperature of MgH2 is demonstrated. The MgH2-5 wt. % mesoporous V2O5 sample starts releasing hydrogen at 220 °C, which is substantially less than the as-synthesized un-catalysed MgH2 under identical conditions which starts releasing hydrogen at 430 °C. The dehydrogenated MgH2-5wt. %V2O5 could be completely re-hydrogenated at 150 °C. Hydrolysis of as-synthesized MgH2 was demonstrated using an aqueous solution using tartaric acid and the dehydrogenation behaviour was co-related with the pH of the solution. More than 90% hydrogen yield was achieved by the hydrolysis of MgH2 in a tartaric acid solution of pH-4. Based on the result, a hydrogen gas dispenser using solid-state magnesium hydride as a hydrogen source is proposed for laboratory applications for the supply of ultra-pure hydrogen for various reactions and crystal growth experiments.

Carboxylic acid-based fuel mediated sustainable one-pot fabrication of CaFe2O4 with enhanced adsorptive elimination of hazardous dye

The present work successfully demonstrated the morphological variation of CaFe2O4 (CFO) concerning various fuels (carboxylic acid groups contain compounds) using a one-step combustion technique. The SEM analysis of the CFO suggests the formation of sharp-edge rocky crystals to highly agglomerated porous clumps concerning the role of fuel. The x-ray diffraction analysis suggests that all samples of CFO are nanocrystalline orthorhombic structure constituted <50 nm. The BET and EDX analysis discloses that CFO s surface area and element composition is highly depend on the fuel molecule (reducer). The CFO performs efficacious in the adsorptive removal of hazardous dye Acid Fuchsin (AF) from an aqueous medium in a slightly acidic environment (pH 6). The AF removal was engaged with the batch adsorption method and optimized the process’s essential parameters (amount of adsorbent, initial AF concentration, and time) were optimized to achieve the utmost efficiency. The AF adsorption was well described by the Langmuir isotherm with outstanding adsorption capacity in the order of CFO-OA (Oxalic acid) (866) < CFO-TA (Tartaric acid) (1063) < CFO-CA (Citric acid) (1504) < CFO-MA (Malonic acid) (1656 mg/g). The adsorption energies were estimated from the Dubinin-Radushkevich model, indicating that adsorption occurs via the chemical process. The pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model was better at explaining the uptake of AF, and the Intraparticle diffusion model indicated that pore diffusion was the rate-controlling step. The reusability test shows that the CFO has high efficiency up to five regeneration cycles. Thus, the work suggests that CFO could be an eco-friendly, cost-effective alternative adsorbent for wastewater treatment.

Highly Efficient Reduction of Cr (VI) with C4H6O6.

In this paper, tartaric acid (C4H6O6) was used as a reductant to treat chromium (VI)-containing solution. Several independent experimental parameters, including reaction temperature, concentration of H2SO4, concentration of C4H6O6 and reaction time, on the reduction process were studied. The results showed that 100% of the Cr (VI) could be reduced by C4H6O6 in a strong acidic environment under a high reaction temperature. All of the experimental parameters showed positive effects on the reduction process and followed the order [H2SO4] > [C4H6O6] > reaction temperature > reaction time. A higher concentration of tartaric acid and higher reaction temperature could facilitate the reduction process and reduce reaction time.

Crystallization of Cathode Active Material Precursors from Tartaric Acid Solution.

In this study L-(+)-tartaric acid was used to extract metals from either pure cathode material (NMC111) or black mass from spent lithium-ion batteries. The leaching efficiencies of Li, Co, Ni, and Mn from NMC111 are > 87% at 70 °C, with an initial solid to liquid ratio of 17, and > 72.4±1.0% from black mass under corresponding conditions. The metals tend to form mixed phases in antisolvent crystallization and seeding has a minimal effect on the final solid composition. Impurities influence both crystal nucleation and growth. By controlling the antisolvent addition rate crystal growth can be promoted. The theoretical dielectric constant of the solution is shown to correlate excellently to the recovery efficiency across different antisolvents, where a value <52 results in over 95% total transition metal recovery efficiency. The correlation can be a powerful tool for quantitative prediction of optimal solvent composition for effective antisolvent crystallization.

Separation of Copper and Nickel Metal Ions from Electroplating Wastewater by Ultrafiltration with Tartaric Acid and Sodium Citrate Reinforced Sodium Polyacrylate Complexation.

In this study, sodium polyacrylate (PAAS) and ultrafiltration membranes were used to extract and separate Cu2+ and Ni2+ ions from electroplating wastewater. The effects of pH, the P/M ratio (mass ratio of sodium polyacrylate to metal ions), tartaric acid, and sodium citrate on the complexation of Cu2+ and Ni2+ by sodium polyacrylate were investigated. The retention of Cu2+ and Ni2+ by PAAS in single metal solutions with a P/M ratio = 4 and pH = 5 differed by 45.36%. When the complexation system of PAAS with a single metal contained tartaric acid and sodium citrate, the retention of PAAS for Cu2+ and Ni2+ increased to 80.36% and 58.84%. PAAS retention for Ni2+ decreased, but retention for Cu2+ remained the same. All the results indicated that there was competition between tartaric acid, sodium citrate, and PAAS for the adsorption of Cu2+ and Ni2+. Some of the Ni2+ complexed with PAAS were detached from PAAS complexed by tartaric acid and sodium citrate and permeated through the membrane pores, while the Cu2+ complexed with PAAS was not complexed by tartaric acid and sodium citrate and could not permeate through the membrane pores. Therefore, this study helps to provide a theoretical basis for the separation of Cu2+ and Ni2+ in electroplating wastewater.

Chitosan-Based Electronics: The Importance of Acid Strength and Plasticizing Additives on Device Performance.

A rise in demand for disposable consumer electronics such as smart packaging, wearable electronics, and single-use point-of-source sensors requires the development of eco-friendly and compostable electronic materials. Chitosan is derived from crustacean waste and offers high dielectric constant values without requiring rigorous purification, making it sustainable for large-scale electronic device manufacturing. When processed in acidic media, the protonated backbone of chitosan pairs with counterions from the acid dissociation to form chitosan thin films with electrical double layers (EDLs) and tunable capacitive properties. We report the importance of the choice of acid when processing chitosan by surveying a series of halogenated and biosourced acids with varying pKa values and solutions with different pH values. Oxalic acid outperforms other acids, with a maximum areal capacitance of 161 nF·mm-2. Tartaric acid and citric acid, despite lower capacitance values, showed promising results with a stable EDL capacitance and high reproducibility, making them optimal for large-area manufacturing. The incorporation of sorbitol as a plasticizer boosts the EDL formation onset of all chitosan-acid combinations to 1 × 103-105 Hz and improves reproducibility. High-performing single-walled carbon nanotube thin film transistors were made using chitosan-based dielectrics treated with different acids with and without sorbitol, leading to transconductance as high as ≈5.2 μS and Ion/Ioff of 105. The capacitors and transistors remain functional after one year of storage in ambient conditions. Overall, this study demonstrates durable high-performance electronics based on chitosan and stresses the importance of processing acid and the use of plasticizing additives, such as sorbitol.

Distinct Pathways Determined by Photocatalytic C─H or O─H Bond Activation for Hydroxyl Compounds Conversion Paired With Hydrogen Production

AbstractSelective control of C─H or O─H bond activation in photocatalytic conversion coupled with hydrogen production is a promising yet challenging goal. Here, an efficient photocatalytic system is reported that can produce high‐valued tartaric acid or formaldehyde and simultaneous producing hydrogen. At optimized conditions, the directional conversion of glycolic acid into tartaric acid is achieved with a selectivity of 76.24%, and the selectivity of methanol oxidation into formaldehyde reaches 88.21%. A high hydrogen production rate of 21.43 mmol·g−1·h−1 is obtained using glycolic acid as substrate. Mechanism studies reveal that α‐C─H bond is preferentially activated in glycolic acid adsorbed on the photocatalyst, while O─H bond is preferentially activated in methanol, forming carbon‐centered radical (•CH(OH)COOH) or oxygen‐centered radical (CH3O•) for subsequent coupling or oxidation reactions. This work demonstrates the selective control of the photocatalytic conversion process of different hydroxyl compounds, providing a new perspective for achieving organic compounds selective activation coupled with hydrogen production.

The Effect of Temperature and UV Manipulation on Anthocyanins, Flavonols, and Hydroxycinnamoyl-Tartrates in cv Nebbiolo Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.).

This research aimed to identify the effects of increased temperature and decreased ultraviolet (UV) exposure on berry characteristics and quality parameters of cv Nebbiolo, identifying the potential risks associated with climate change for the quality of grapes and the identity of Barolo wine. This two-year research (2022 and 2023) was performed in three vineyards, located at different elevations in La Morra (Piedmont, northwestern Italy), monitored from the beginning of veraison to harvest. A split-plot design was set up, applying a passive greenhouse amplifying temperature in the bunch zone ('T' = increased temperature; 'C' = control temperature) and UV-blocking plastics over individual bunches ('1' = full UV exposure; '0' = UV-blocked). Berry weight, skin weight, and juice total soluble solids were measured. Grape skin anthocyanins, flavonols, and hydroxycinnamic acid tartaric esters were analyzed by HPLC-DAD. Both treatments negatively influenced the berry weight but not the skin weight; the increased T had a negative impact on the sugar per berry content. Limited UV and increased temperature negatively impacted total anthocyanins at harvest and on di-hydroxylated anthocyanins. Limited UV-depressed flavonol concentration and high temperature decreased their synthesis. Increased UV promoted cis-p-coumaroyl tartaric acid and decreased trans-p-coumaroyl tartaric acid. The results of this research are valuable for improving the quality production of Nebbiolo through understanding the impacts of increased temperature and alterations to UV exposure expected by climate change.

Toward Sustainable Utilization and Production of Tartaric Acid.

Global efforts toward establishing a circular carbon economy have guided research interests towards exploring renewable technologies that can replace environmentally harmful fossil fuel-based production routes. In this context, sugar-based bio-derived substrates have been identified as renewable molecules for future implementation in chemical industries. Tartaric acid, a special C4 bio-compound with two hydroxyl and carboxylic groups in the structure, displays great potential for the food, polymer, and pharmaceutical industries due to its unique biological reactivity and performance-enhancing properties. To this point, there has yet to be a comprehensive literature review and perspective on the applications and synthesis of tartaric acid. As such, we have conducted a detailed and thorough outlook and discussion in terms of biological activity, organic synthesis, catalysis, structural characterization and synthetic routes. Lastly, we provide a critical discussion on the applications and synthesis of tartaric acid to give our insights into developing sustainable chemical technologies for the future.

Construction of Chiral Covalent Organic Frameworks Through a Linker Decomposition Chiral Induction Strategy for Circularly Polarized Light Detection

AbstractExploring new strategies for construction of chiral covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is of paramount importance yet remains a challenge. Herein, we report the rational design and construction of chiral COFs through a linker decomposition chiral induction (LDCI) strategy. Three pairs of azine‐linked chiral COFs are successfully synthesized by the condensation reactions of C3‐symmetric 4,4′,4′′‐(1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4,6‐triyl)tribenzaldehyde (Tz) with flexible chiral dihydrazide linkers derived from malic acid, aspartic acid and tartaric acid, respectively. Remarkably, upon complete or partial decomposition from flexible chiral dihydrazides to hydrazine during COF synthesis, the homochirality of these COFs, originating from the single‐handedness conformation of propeller‐like Tz cores, is well preserved. Such a stereoselective chiral memory realized via the LDCI strategy is confirmed by time‐dependent powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) and diffuse reflectance circular dichroism (DRCD). Moreover, the resultant azine‐linked chiral COFs are used as the active materials to fabricate photodetectors to directly distinguish circularly polarized light (CPL), showing impressive recognition performances on the identification of left‐handed circularly (LHC) and right‐handed circularly (RHC) polarized lights. Notably, the residual undecomposed flexible chiral linkers within the COFs are found to be conducive to improving the polarization discrimination ratio. This work highlights LDCI as a new and effective strategy for constructing homochiral COFs with promising future in chiral optical application.

Construction of Chiral Covalent Organic Frameworks Through a Linker Decomposition Chiral Induction Strategy for Circularly Polarized Light Detection

AbstractExploring new strategies for construction of chiral covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is of paramount importance yet remains a challenge. Herein, we report the rational design and construction of chiral COFs through a linker decomposition chiral induction (LDCI) strategy. Three pairs of azine‐linked chiral COFs are successfully synthesized by the condensation reactions of C3‐symmetric 4,4′,4′′‐(1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4,6‐triyl)tribenzaldehyde (Tz) with flexible chiral dihydrazide linkers derived from malic acid, aspartic acid and tartaric acid, respectively. Remarkably, upon complete or partial decomposition from flexible chiral dihydrazides to hydrazine during COF synthesis, the homochirality of these COFs, originating from the single‐handedness conformation of propeller‐like Tz cores, is well preserved. Such a stereoselective chiral memory realized via the LDCI strategy is confirmed by time‐dependent powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) and diffuse reflectance circular dichroism (DRCD). Moreover, the resultant azine‐linked chiral COFs are used as the active materials to fabricate photodetectors to directly distinguish circularly polarized light (CPL), showing impressive recognition performances on the identification of left‐handed circularly (LHC) and right‐handed circularly (RHC) polarized lights. Notably, the residual undecomposed flexible chiral linkers within the COFs are found to be conducive to improving the polarization discrimination ratio. This work highlights LDCI as a new and effective strategy for constructing homochiral COFs with promising future in chiral optical application.

Boosting activation of S2O82− by Fe3+-tartaric acid complex for rapid carbamazepine degradation via photo-Fenton mechanism

Activation of S2O82− by Fe2+ is suppressed under non-acidic pH conditions, strongly hindering its application for water purification. To this end, this study reported an efficient photo-Fenton activation of S2O82− by Fe3+-tartaric acid complex at circumneutral pH. The results showed that UVA irradiation induced a rapid photogeneration of Fe2+ from Fe3+-tartaric acid complex at circumneutral pH, by which efficient photo-Fenton activation of S2O82− was obtained to generate sulfate radical (SO4•-), as evidenced by radical quenching study in combination with electron spin resonance measurement. The process efficiency was optimized in terms of the tartaric acid:Fe3+ ratio, Fe3+-tartaric acid complex dosage, S2O82− dosage and UV fluence. Notably, the photo-Fenton catalytic efficiency of Fe3+-tartaric acid (1:1) complex for S2O82− was comparable to the Fe3+-EDDS (1:1) and Fe3+-citric acid (1:1) complexes, and more efficient than the Fe3+-NTA (1:1), Fe3+-EDTA (1:1), Fe3+-oxalic acid (1:1) and Fe3+-malonic acid (1:1) complexes. It is noticed that the process efficiency can be hindered by the presence of humic acid, phytic acid and HCO3−. Nevertheless, almost complete degradation of carbamazepine in actual secondary effluents at environmental relevant concentration was obtained under the optimal conditions of 100 μM Fe3+-tartaric acid (1:1) complex, 2 mM S2O82−, pH 5.0–6.0, 25 °C and UV fluence of 5.0 J cm−2. By considering the promising photo-Fenton catalytic efficiency and environmentally benign manner of Fe3+-tartaric acid complex, it has large potential application for the treatment of emerging micropollutant in water.

Optimizing geographical traceability models of Chinese Lycium barbarum: Investigating effects of region, cultivar, and harvest year on nutrients, bioactives, elements and stable isotope composition

Lycium barbarum is a type of “medicine-food homology” whose geographical origin has attracted strong interest from consumers due to different regional quality characteristics. A sophisticated OPLS-DA model to verify Lycium barbarum origin was developed using 266 samples gathered from five cultivars in two regions between 2020 and 2022, which was based on 67 indices, including nutrients, bioactives, elements and stable isotopes. Twelve variables (fructose, δ2H, glucose, tartaric acid, Mo, Na, Sr, His, Phe, Mn, Lys and Rb) were selected to refine models that could distinguish Lycium barbarum origin without being impacted by cultivar or year. The model of training set and testing set samples had discrimination rates of 100 % and 94.71 % to 98.28 %, suggesting an optimized multi-variate analysis strategy using OPLS-DA model could correctly predict the origin of blind Lycium barbarum samples. This study provides new evidence for constructing a reliable traceability model for the geographical origins of Lycium barbarum.

Effects of low molecular weight organic acids on adsorption of Cd(II) by Auricularia auricula spent substrate-derived biochar: Types and reaction sequence

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most mobile and toxic heavy metals that seriously deteriorates crop quality and threatens human health. It is considered an effective means to stabilize Cd in soil and reduce plant uptake by the application of biochar. However, the interactions and mechanisms between biochar and Cd in the rhizospheric soil are blurred due to the involvement of low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs). In this study, four different reaction sequences were established to simulate the chemical interactions between LMWOAs and cadmium (Cd) in the rhizospheric soil with biochar. In terms of adsorption patterns, the results show that, LMWOAs not only slow down the adsorption of Cd ions onto biochar, but also desorb the adsorbed Cd ions from biochar. Tartaric acid (TA) makes adsorption easier, while citric acid (CA) and malic acid (MA) make it more difficult. In terms of adsorption mechanism, the functional groups of MA and CA on biochar the vary wtih reaction sequence, thereby affecting the Cd adsorption onto biochar. The functional groups of TA participate in the adsorption to the greatest extent, and its impact on adsorption is rarely influenced by the reaction sequence. The reaction sequence does not affect the types of Cd-crystals, but affects dissolvement or attachment to the surface of biochar. This study provides chemical insights for further understanding the impact of LMWOAs on the interaction between biochar and heavy metals in soil.

The Effects and Mechanisms of Chrysosplenetin in Targeting RANKL-Induced NF-κB Signaling and NFATc1 Activation to Protect Bone Density in Osteolytic Diseases.

Chrysosplenetin (CHR), an O-methylated flavonol from Chamomilla recutita and Laggera pterodonta, has previously demonstrated efficacy in enhancing osteoblast differentiation for treating postmenopausal osteoporosis. This study aims to evaluate CHR's potential to inhibit osteoclastogenesis and prevent bone deterioration in both in vitro and in vivo models. Using tartaric acid-resistant acid phosphatase staining and hydroxyapatite resorption assays, we examined the impact of CHR on RANKL-induced osteoclasts derived from mouse bone marrow monocytes. Additionally, Western blot analysis and qRT-PCR were utilized to assess the protein and gene expressions within the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, as well as the NFATc1 pathway. In vivo, CHR's effects were validated using micro-CT and histomorphometry in an ovariectomized mouse model, showing significant reduction in osteoclast activity and bone loss. The study confirms CHR's inhibition of osteoclastogenesis through interference with RANKL-mediated signaling pathways, suggesting its potential as a novel therapeutic agent for osteolytic conditions related to osteoclast-osteoblast dysregulation.