kVA Diesel Research Articles

Fuzzy logic-based simulation and modelling of grid integration renewable energy systems for sustainable energy

Continuous power demand growth due to population and industrial development poses a significant challenge for traditional fossil fuel-based energy production methods. Renewable energy source capacity limitations and the environmental impact associated with carbon emissions necessitate alternative energy sources. This study examines a distributed energy system operating at a voltage level of 34.5 kV. The system comprises 3500W photovoltaic panels, a 1000Ah battery pack, a 5 kVA diesel generator, 4 kW wind energy, and a 10 kW load. A fuzzy logic control system controls and manages the distributed energy system. The performance of wind and photovoltaic renewable energy systems is analyzed under various weather conditions. A maximum power point tracking controller is developed using a perturb and observe algorithm and fuzzy logic controller depending on the performance characteristics. This research aims to propose a hybrid system that integrates wind, photovoltaic, diesel generator, and battery storage devices into the power system. The fuzzy logic control system is implemented to optimize the energy flow between various energy sources and maintain energy balance within the system. The fuzzy logic control algorithm adjusts power distribution according to the dynamic conditions of the system, thereby increasing energy efficiency and ensuring the most effective utilization of energy resources. This study comprehensively overviews distributed energy management and control in 34.5 kV systems. The distributed system is modeled in a simulation program, and the system's performance is analyzed.

Design of International Airport Hybrid Renewable Energy System

This paper presents the design and simulation of a hybrid renewable energy system utilizing solar and wind energy sources with a backup generator. The demand for reliable electric energy in support of investments in large social and economic development activities such as airport operations has been an agenda worldwide. In Tanzania, Mwanza International Airport (MIA) expects to consume about 18 MVA of electric power annually to support its operations for the next 25 years. About 78-80% of the world's commercial energy comes from fossil fuels. Non-renewable fuels and other negative effects contribute to global warming through greenhouse gas emissions and carbon dioxide emissions. Additionally, most centralized conventional power generation methods require transmission systems, adding complexity and poor power quality. Therefore, the proposal to use a mixed-coupled hybrid renewable energy source to power the airport is necessary. The energy mix considered is solar photovoltaic (PV), wind, diesel generator and a battery. There is an average solar irradiation of 5.38 kWh/m2 and a wind speed average of 4.20 m/s that could be converted to electricity by installing a 10-kW wind turbine (this is enough to generate power for MIA). The diesel generator and the battery designed at 140 kVA and 400 Ah, respectively, take the intermittency. The project will be in operation for 25 years; hence its costs are reasonable, and the justification is the potentiality of harvesting that estimated energy output of 18 MVA, which will meet the load for MIA. Some mathematical computations were performed, and, in the end, simulation results displayed different techno-economic Hybrid Renewable Energy Source (HRSE) configurations. The selected system's complete design would include a 78.48 kW PV system comprising 314 pieces of 200 W poly-crystalline modules, 608 batteries of 83.4 Ah, 12 V rating, 140 kVA diesel generator, and 41.64 kVA bidirectional converter. The net present cost of the selected design is US$357,780.8, the energy cost is 0.93US$/kW, and the minimum renewable fraction is 40.2%.

Performance Analysis and Energy Conservation of PV Based Hybrid Power System

The increase in energy consumption due to population expansion and scarcity of fossil fuels is happening simultaneously in developing countries like India. In this regard, commercial buildings are increasingly required to employ renewable energy sources (like PV) and conserve the energy for improving energy efficiency. This research article examines the performance of such PV-based hybrid power system, consists of 11 kV grid supply, 100 kWp PV plant & 200 kVA diesel generator. The results indicate that the addition of 68.34 kVAr shunt capacitor bank to Automatic Power Factor Compensation (APFC) panel, keeps the Power Factor (PF) unity and also eliminates the PF penalties in electricity bills. The maximum demand (MD) saving Rs 54528.00 (INR) on annual basis is achieved after the integration of PV with low voltage (433 V) distribution system and grid supply (11 kV). This integration has also reduced the average transformer loading to 64.73% and improved the transformer life. However the development of high current harmonics (average value 47.10%) must be reduced to ensure the life of the electrical load.

Determination and Comparison of CO2 and Air Pollutants Emitted From the Exhaust Gas of Selected Electric Generators

The study is aimed at providing information on the composition of the exhaust gas and concentration of air pollutants that are generated by different commonly used electricity generators in an average Nigerian household. The generators used for this study were a 0.7 kVA petrol engine, a 2.5 kVA petrol engine and an 8.8 kVA diesel engine. The gases include: CO2, CO, SO2, NO2, NO, O3, Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC), Total Suspended Particles (TSP) and respirable and inhalable particulates (PM2.5 and PM10). The mean concentrations of the air pollutants measured for 0.7, 2.5 and 8.8 kVA generators respectively were as follows: NO had a value of 14.84, 15.8 and 21.84 ppm, NO2 had a value of 6.44, 4.14 and 5.54 ppm, NOx had a value of 21.27, 19.94 and 27.37 ppm, The mean concentration of the air pollutants recorded for 0.7, 2.5 and 8.8 kVA generators includes: 98.0, 60.24 and 0.00 ppm for SO2; 1006.67, 1391.54 and 69.80 ppm for CO; 1000.00, 1266.67 and 1733.34 ppm for CO2; 62.67, 362.34, 80.67 µg/m3 for O3 respectively. The mean value for TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 were 844.57, 1288.57 and 1249.00 µg/m3; 510.80, 763.04 and 760.74 µg/m3; and 333.77, 525.54 and 488.27 µg/m3 for 0.7 kVA, 2.5 kVA and 8.8 kVA generators respectively. Due to the high risk of health hazards and ecological impacts associated with the air pollutants, it is advisable to switch to alternative sources of electricity that are clean and environmentally safe.

Performance Test Of Calophyllum Inophyllum Biodiesel On a Small Mono-Cylinder 5 Kva Diesel Generator

Demand of diesel fuel for villagers in rural area of Indonesia is getting higher recently. Electricity and diesel fuel shortage are forcing them to find alternative energy sources for their activities. One of the promising energy sources is Calophyllum inophyllum, which commonly grow in low-land and coastal region. In present work, methyl ester obtained from Calophyllum inophyllum were used on a 5 kVA diesel generator, pure and in 50% blend with commercial diesel fuel which also used pure as reference. A performance test cycle for each fuel was conducted with the aim of taking data of cold and warm start up time, fuel consumption, and exhaust gas emission. In the analysis of cold and warm start up time test result, it revealed that 50% blended of diesel fuel and Calophyllum inophyllum increases both cold and warm start up time when compared to pure diesel fuel and the time got higher for pure Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel. In the result of fuel consumption, 50% blended fuel increases fuel consumption for 10.8% whereas pure biodiesel increases 16.8% fuel consumption. Analysis on the exhaust gas emission resulted that the use of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel and its blend decrease the CO2 emission while CO and HC emission increases. The NOx emission and the opacity of exhaust gas increase for biodiesel blend, similar results were also obtained for pure biodiesel.

Developing a Pilot Biogas-Solar PV System for Farming Communities in Botswana: Case of Palapye

Palapye is one of the fastest growing urban centers in Botswana. The projection of this urbanization shows a subsequent high rate of waste generation in the future with a composition of over 50 % of organic compounds from discarded foods. Several studies show that there is currently no effective waste management system in this town. For this reason, this paper sought to succinctly propose the design of a pilot 9 kW Biogas-Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Hybrid Mini-grid (BSPVHM) as a tool for an effective waste management plan and an alternative energy and agricultural solution for local farming communities. The designed pilot BSPVHM is composed of four sections which are the power generation section (with a 5-kW biogas and a 4 kWp solar PV power units), the power back-up section (with a 5 kVA diesel genset and a 6-kWh lithium-ion battery), the energy management system (EMS) section (with a 4.6 kW inverter and remote and on-site monitoring instruments) and the power supply section (with a low voltage cable). The town of Palapye was selected as the site of the pilot project because of its high waste generation capacity estimated at an average of 0.20 kg/capita/day from various categories of domestic sources. Additionally, the noticeable presence of farming communities and the yearly solar photovoltaic power potential ranging between 1753 - 1899 kWh were other reasons for this selection. Based on these available ressources, it was assumed that BSPVHM will supply at domestic scale, solar power from panels for 12 hours from 6 AM to 6 PM, power from the biogas generator for 6 hours from 6 PM to 12 AM and power from the back up section from 12 AM to 6 AM. The supply of electricity will be done autonomously by the BSPVHM system under a limited physical monitoring.

Integrated Sustainable Energy for Sub-Saharan Africa: A Case Study of Machinga Boma in Malawi

Nearly 60% of the population of sub-Saharan Africa still live without access to electricity. Comparing the access rate of the countries in the region, Malawi ranks as one of the least electrified, with electricity available to only 14.6% of its population, as of 2018. This issue makes Malawi the case study of this research and poses the research question, “How can the low electricity access rate in Malawi be addressed?”. To address this research question, possible off grid, integrated, sustainable energy systems based on locally available energy resources—solar, wind, and diesel—are proposed. The multiyear and sensitivity analysis function of HOMER Pro microgrid simulation software is used to analyze the off grid performance of the proposed combinations of diesel generators, wind turbines, solar Photovoltaics, and battery storage, in providing power for an estimate of 400 households and nonresidential outlets in Machinga Boma, a community in the Southern region of Malawi. Based on the analysis, the Solar Photovoltaic/Diesel Genset/battery system combination consisting of 750 kWp solar Photovoltaic array, 460 kW (575 kVA) diesel generator and 3000 kWh nominal capacity battery bank is shown to be the most optimal system, with an overall energy cost of $0.339/kWh. Under the imposed design constraints and the sensitivity analysis performed to analyze the impact of changing the base fuel price, varying load growth, changing solar irradiation, and wind levels on the system performance, the most optimal system remained the preferred system choice.

Calibrating synchronous-generator-interfaced DG models in microgrids using multiple event data

Microgrids, consisting of distributed generators (DGs), loads, and energy storage systems, play an important role in future smart grids. In order to evaluate microgrid operations and their dynamic response, it is necessary to develop accurate dynamic models of DGs in microgrids. This paper presents a systematic method to calibrate the model of a synchronous-generator-interfaced DG. Underlying parameters are categorized into two groups, namely, steady-state parameters and time constants, which are estimated in two successive stages using multiple event data. This methodology ensures that the validated model with the estimated parameters are applicable for a set of events. Moreover, assuming that power angle measurements of a synchronous-generator-interfaced DG are unavailable, a modified unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is proposed to facilitate parameter estimation. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated using field test data of a 2600 kVA diesel generator which is part of an operational microgrid.

ELECTRICITY SUPPLY IN NIGERIA: COST COMPARISON BETWEEN GRID POWER TARIFF AND FOSSIL-POWERED GENERATOR

Electricity supply in Nigeria is a huge problem with great economic and political consequences. After unbundling and privatization of generation and distribution companies, not much improvement has been experienced by electricity consumers; this is due to lack of investment in infrastructure. Lack of investment in infrastructure especially from private investors is caused largely by non-cost reflective tariff among other factors highlighted in this study. While many believe tariff has to be controlled such that it does not go beyond the reach of average citizens, many also believe that the average citizens can pay much more than the current tariff. The latter is evident considering the average amount spend on the use of portable gasoline generators by most homes and small enterprises both in rural and urban centers. The whole life cost method is used to show here that it costs a home or business premise that operates a portable gasoline generator for 6 h daily NGN 37,000/ month and costs NGN 157,000 to operate 20 kVA diesel generator. This shows the consumers’ capacity to pay the appropriate tariff that can attract investors to the sector.

Current and Voltage Harmonic Analysis of the Oil Production Enterprise with Abruptly Variable Load

The monitoring results of 6 kV diesel power plant mode parameters are presented in the paper. The diesel power plant supplies the drilling unit of the oil production enterprise. The main goal of the paper is to estimate electric power quality indexes connected with voltage unsinusoidality of the monitored off-grid power system, to compare them with specified in State Standard 32144-2013 [1] and to provide high harmonics reduce methods. The real mode parameters measurements of 3600 kVA diesel power plant in different technological processes connected with oil production were used during the research. The MATLAB software and integrated Fourier transform function were applied to elaborate the mode parameters measurements. Based on harmonic analysis generalized results it is obtained that in many technological processes electric power quality indexes fail to meet the requirements of State Standard 32144-2013 [1]. The filter compensating device with reactive power 1350 kvar installed on 6 kV bus doesn’t allow to supply required electric power quality indexes. The DC drive thyristors rectifiers and the frequency converters of the asynchronous motors of the drill unit parts are the main sources of high harmonics in steady-state modes. The harmonic composition essential changes and electric power quality indexes are reduced due to load power dumps and surges. The high harmonics in such modes are caused by transients in synchronous generators providing supply of the considered power system. The quick-operating electric energy storage system with active power filter function [2] has been proposed as a method to reduce the harmonics.

Life-cycle assessment of self-generated electricity in Nigeria and Jatropha biodiesel as an alternative power fuel

Insufficient available energy has limited the economic growth of Nigeria. The country suffers from frequent power outages, and inconvenient black–outs while residents and industries are forced to depend on self-generated electricity. Life-cycle assessment methodology was used to assess the environmental burdens associated with self-generated electricity (SGE) and proposed embedded power generation in Nigeria. The study shows that SGE from 5 kVA diesel generators contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 1625 kg CO2 eq./MWh, along with other environmental burdens. Based on a point estimate of diesel electric generators in Nigeria, SGE can contribute 389 million tonnes CO2 eq. to climate change every year. This can reposition Nigeria as one of the top 20 emitters of CO2 globally. A mandatory diesel fuel displacement with Jatropha biodiesel can reduce annual GHG emissions from SGE by 76% provided combined cycle power plants are adopted for embedded power generation. The magnitude of these benefits would depend on material inputs, seed yield as well as the environmental status of the reference fuel. Minimal use of fertilizers, chemicals and resources and fossil fuel substitution with renewable options can minimize adverse environmental burdens.

Energy management strategy for a battery-diesel stand-alone system with distributed PV generation based on grid frequency modulation

A hybrid PV-battery-diesel configuration is very attractive for stand-alone systems in terms of cost and reliability. In many applications, the battery and the diesel generator are centralized and generate the AC grid while the PV generators and loads are distributed and are connected to the grid. However, in these cases, long communication cables are required in order to reduce the PV power when the battery is fully charged. This paper proposes an energy management strategy which makes it possible to avoid the use of communication cables, rendering the system simpler, cheaper and more reliable. The strategy dictates that should a power reduction be required, the battery inverter increases the grid frequency. This is detected by the PV inverters, which continuously reduce their power in order to prevent the battery from overcharge or over-current. The strategy also optimizes the efficiency and operating life of the diesel generator. Simulation and experimental validation are carried out for a system with 10 kW PV generation, a 5 kVA battery inverter, a 5 kVA diesel generator and a 5 kVA load.

A Novel Numerical Algorithm for Optimal Sizing of a Photovoltaic/Wind/Diesel Generator/Battery Microgrid Using Loss of Load Probability Index

This paper presents a method for determining optimal sizes of PV array, wind turbine, diesel generator, and storage battery installed in a building integrated system. The objective of the proposed optimization is to design the system that can supply a building load demand at minimum cost and maximum availability. The mathematical models for the system components as well as meteorological variables such as solar energy, temperature, and wind speed are employed for this purpose. Moreover, the results showed that the optimum sizing ratios (the daily energy generated by the source to the daily energy demand) for the PV array, wind turbine, diesel generator, and battery for a system located in Sohar, Oman, are 0.737, 0.46, 0.22, and 0.17, respectively. A case study represented by a system consisting of 30 kWp PV array (36%), 18 kWp wind farm (55%), and 5 kVA diesel generator (9%) is presented. This system is supposed to power a 200 kWh/day load demand. It is found that the generated energy share of the PV array, wind farm, and diesel generator is 36%, 55%, and 9%, respectively, while the cost of energy is 0.17 USD/kWh.

Efficient NO Removal from Diesel Exhausts Gases by a Combination of Ozone Injection and Exhaust Gas Recirculation

AbstractIn order to remove NO from diesel exhaust gas, non-thermal plasma methods have been expected so far. However it is known that one of the problems is a relatively large energy consumption of the De-NOx process. In this paper, we tried to solve this problem by using a combination method of exhaust gas recirculation and ozone injection. Using a 2.4kVA diesel engine generator, we investigated that how effective is the exhaust gas recirculation to reduce the NO concentration. NO removal experiments were carried out using ozone injecttion method, and a great reduction of discharge energy of De-NOx was confirmed. The optimal recirculation rate was discussed by evaluating the total energy consumption, and we obtained a conclusion that optimal recirculation rate is about 10%.

Determination of trace metal levels in used lubricating oil in aqueous medium using atomic absorption spectrometry

Used lubricating oil samples from a 125 kVA diesel power generator were put into aqueous solution by carbornization using fuming H2SO4 followed by heat - assisted digestion in a mixture of Caro's acid (peroxymonosulfuric acid) and concentrated H2SO4. Flame atomic absorption spectrometric (AAS) analysis of the resulting solutions revealed a linear increase of Mg, Zn and Cr concentrations with the time of running the machine. This is consistent with the normal wear of the moving parts of a machine and the loss of quality of the lube oil with time. This trend is further confirmed by the result of analysis of fresh lube oil samples from the same batch. Unlike the other metals, Cu concentration was found to remain practically constant in both used and unused samples, indicating this element as an additive or a contaminant in the oil. This digestion method was found to be fast (6 samples digested within 1 hour) and effective in eliminating wear particle size effects commonly encountered in this sort of study. An excellent precision was also achieved (up to 0.2 %) through the obvious elimination of chemical interferences and viscosity - induced inaccuracies often associated with direct AAS analysis of oil samples. KeyWords: Lube Oils, Wear Metals, Peroxymonosulfuric Acid, Aqueous Solutions, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. (Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences: 2003 9(2): 249-254)

Design and Testing of a Prototype De-NOx System for 100 kVA Diesel Engine Generator using a Silent Discharge Reactor

In order to establish a design rule of the plasma reactors, a fundamental investigation was carried out. The results show that important points of the design criteria were flow speed of gas and power input to the discharge tubes. An engineering model of plasma reactor for 100 kVA diesel engine generating system was designed, constructed and tested. The reactor is composed of 3 blocks, 30 discharge tubes with 1 m long and they are driven by a high voltage inverter power source. The test results show that the fundamental data were applicable to the engineering model reactor and the required energy yield of NO oxidation process was almost attained. A scale up rule has also been confirmed

Development of a sugarcane leaf gasifier for electricity generation

This study reports the development of a gasifier running on sugarcane leaves. A 15 kVA diesel generator set was operated for over 200 h using this gasifier. The gas flow rate and calorific value were 3–4 Nm 3 kWh −1 and 3.5-5.0 MJ Nm −3, respectively. The cold gas efficiency was 35–60% over the entire range of loads tested (3.5–11.3 kW). The diesel saving (DS) was nearly independent of the load and was 70–93% at a pressure drop ( ΔP) of 40 cm water gauge (WG); it reduced to 50–70% at ΔP > 50 cm WG. The indicated thermal efficiency reduced from 18–29% at 3.5–11.3 kW loads, respectively, in the diesel-alone mode, to 16–26% at the corresponding loads in the dual-fuel mode. About 15–28% by weight of the fuel was converted into char with a calorific value of ∼19 MJ kg −1. This char, when mixed with a suitable binder and briquetted, formed an excellent fuel for wood stoves. An economic analysis using the Levelised Annual Cost (LAC) method showed that such gasifiers are more suited for direct heat applications than for shaft power applications at the present level of technology.

Wear and tear studies of oil‐lubricated machines using energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry

AbstractThe wear of oil‐lubricated machines was monitored by establishing a correlation between the wear rate of the machine and the concentration of heavy metal contaminants in the lubricating oils used. The concentrations of heavy metal contaminants in the oil were determined using energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry. To obtain a representative sample, the procedure for sample collection and preparation was standardized. Samples were collected from a 30 KVA diesel generator set at BARC‐NRL at regular intervals. The concentrations of Fe, Cr and Ni were found to increase with increase in the number of hours in service.