Kurdish Language Research Articles

The Influence of the Components of Nation Building on Language, with Reference to the Kurdish Language

The Influence of the Components of Nation Building on Language, with Reference to the Kurdish Language

پاتکردنەوەی لێکسیکی لە نێوان دەقی زانستی و ئەدەبیی زمانی کوردیدا

This research entitled “Lexical Repetition between literal and science texts in Kurdish language”, which is related to the linguistic branch Semantics, deals with the phenomenon of the repetition from the whole levels of language such as writing and speaking. Such phenomenon has been displayed through the thesis which comprises the introduction and two sections. The thesis aims to deal with the Repetition according to the framework of (Hoey’s), and incorporate it into Kurdish language. Since the sample have been chosen randomly in order to manifest the different styles, the researcher decided to select two distinct styles, they are scientific style and literary style. After the type of Repetition of each text was shown in a chart (table) and compared with each other, the thesis came to a comprehensive conclusion. The research is composed of an introduction and two sections. The first section is considered theoretical and the second section practical. More clearly, the concepts and Repetition terms as well as the terms that are relevant to Repetition have been explained. The second section has dealt with Hoey’s perspective as well as the extents of (Science and Literature) and compared to each other.

The Impact of the Kurdish Language on the Components of Nation Building and the Impact of the Components of the Nation Building on the Kurdish language

The Impact of the Kurdish Language on the Components of Nation Building and the Impact of the Components of the Nation Building on the Kurdish language

The Suggestion as an act of speaking in Kurdish language Pragmatic study

The Suggestion as an act of speaking in Kurdish language Pragmatic study

Kurdish Language Learning Tool in Serious Game

In this era, technology has a great impact on the educational system as they have on the other different areas of today’s life, for instance, smartphone devices are the best examples. Software technology vendors moving toward developing tremendous applications in the education field. However, the lack of applications that satisfy the ambition of those wishing to learn the Kurdish language is still an obstacle in this field, specifically the field of smartphone devices technology and gaming industry. Hence smartphone devices become user-friendly and necessary tools in every individuals’ life, as it is a multi-function device. In this paper we designed and implemented a smartphone application to learn the Kurdish language and improve vocabulary via a serious game. The application designed for android devices, enables users to learn and improve the Kurdish language. The application is also suitable for foreign people who desire to learn the Kurdish language. The system proposed in this paper introduces a smartphone application with an acceptable user interface for an exciting, interesting and challenging puzzle game at a time. The main goal is to learn Kurdish vocabulary using crossword puzzle, solving hidden words, find and circle the crossword in the puzzle solution in the context of a serious game.

Shrek and Media Literacy: Five Kurdish Young Women's Perspectives

This study explored how five young Kurdish women perceived the concepts of beauty, self-acceptance, and "princess" in American popular culture through interpretations of the messages from the movie series Shrek. The data were collected through one-on-one interviews via webcam with five young Kurdish women living in Kurdistan and the United Kingdom. The interviews were conducted in the Kurdish language, audiotape-recorded, transcribed, and then translated into the English language. Data analysis focused on comparing the five young women's responses to the interview questions. The results of the study showed that these three issues were interrelated with one another. All five participants believed that one's inner beauty was more important than physical beauty because it would lead a female to accept herself, which, in turn, led to her happiness and being accepted by others. Also, a beautiful soul and self-acceptance were required in a modern princess who should be brave and independent. Inspired by Fiona in the film, the five young women have learned to accept themselves more, think more wisely about their choices in life, and fight for their freedom, if necessary.

Ethnicity and Elections in Eastern Turkey: What do the Kurds Want?

Relying on a survey conducted in 2014 in 12 provinces in eastern Turkey, this article analyses the extent to which (a) ethnicity and religiosity shape Kurds’ electoral choices and (b) the Kurds in the East support the demand for education in Kurdish and the demand for self-rule for Kurds. The findings demonstrate that ethnicity is an important factor in shaping Kurds’ electoral choices and that the demands for education in Kurdish language and self-rule are backed not only by the vast majority of those Kurds who support the pro-Kurdish party but also by a significant number of those Kurds who support the AK Party.

Next word prediction based on the N-gram model for Kurdish Sorani and Kurmanji

Next word prediction is an input technology that simplifies the process of typing by suggesting the next word to a user to select, as typing in a conversation consumes time. A few previous studies have focused on the Kurdish language, including the use of next word prediction. However, the lack of a Kurdish text corpus presents a challenge. Moreover, the lack of a sufficient number of N-grams for the Kurdish language, for instance, five grams, is the reason for the rare use of next Kurdish word prediction. Furthermore, the improper display of several Kurdish letters in the Rstudio software is another problem. This paper provides a Kurdish corpus, creates five, and presents a unique research work on next word prediction for Kurdish Sorani and Kurmanji. The N-gram model has been used for next word prediction to reduce the amount of time while typing in the Kurdish language. In addition, little work has been conducted on next Kurdish word prediction; thus, the N-gram model is utilized to suggest text accurately. To do so, R programming and RStudio are used to build the application. The model is 96.3% accurate.

Association between Influential Factors and Teaching Profession as Career Choice among Undergraduate Student Teachers: A Structural Equation Study

This study investigated the fitness of the Factors Influencing Teaching (FIT) Choice scale in a Kurdish educational setting among undergraduate teacher-training students (N=1335) encompassing nursery, primary and secondary education. The factors motivating this population to become teachers were examined in the Iraqi-Kurdish educational context. The-FIT-Choice scale was translated into the Kurdish language and its reliability and validity were measured. Intrinsic/altruistic and social utility values were found to be the most important factors behind the choice of the teaching profession as a career. Intrinsic career value, social contribution, the experience of prior learning and teaching were also influential motivational factors in this choice, as were social influences and social status factors compared to similar research conducted in Australian and Turkish educational settings, however, fall back career, job security, time for family, job transferability, the opportunity to shape the future of children and enhance social equity did not demonstrate meaningful value as motivational factors in this survey. One of the most important results differentiating this from other studies was that the addition of moral value factors to the original scale revealed that these values played an important role in students’ perceptions towards the teaching profession as a career.

REDUCED CLAUSES IN ENGLISH AND KURDISH

The present research focuses on reduction of clauses .Two types of clause(adjective and adverb clauses) are emphasized on for this purpose. Clause reduction means reducing clauses usually dependent clauses to phrases i.e to shorten clauses by removing some words in the clause to make phrases or shortened clauses. 
 The ways where the reduction is permitted are indicated .The purpose of the study is to mention the differences and similarities in the reduction of the clauses. This is the problem of the research as learners in general may not understand the comparison. The research is significant for those who want to understand English language sentences while some words are missing in the sentences. It is also important for the researchers who want to write researches about a topic of syntax which is ellipsis. The types of clause that can be reduced are mentioned. This is because both can be shortened and reduced to phrases . In this paper reduced clauses in Kurdish language are shed lights on . Attempts are made to deal with the ways where reduction is allowed in both English and Kurdish languages . This is made as a comparison and contrast of reduced clauses between the two languages .

Investigating the Reading Performance of Kurdish Learners of ESL by Using Stroop Test

Stroop test has not been used to examine the reading performance of Kurdish speakers of English as a second language. Therefore, the aim of this study is to use English and Kurdish Stroop tasks to investigate the reading performance of Kurdish Learners of ESL. The six males and three females who participated in this research represent the sample of the study. They read and name Stroop stimuli in each of the six tasks which were divided into two parts; three Kurdish tasks and three English ones. The results of the difference of time and the scores of the Stroop effect show that the time to complete the English tasks was longer than that of the Kurdish tasks, but the Stroop effect is almost equal in both Kurdish and English conditions. Moreover, the overall dominance of Kurdish language affects and facilitates the processing of the Kurdish Stroop tasks. The high reading performance of the participants is also noted and this indicates the suitability of English and Kurdish Stroop tests with Kurdish speakers of English.

Design and Implementation a New Approach for Enhancing Encryption and Decryption Mechanisms

In cryptography, encryption is the process of transforming information to make it unreadable to anyone except those possessing special knowledge, usually referred to as a key. The result of the process is encrypted information. This research is intended to introduce a new approach for encryption is the design and implement Kurdish and English languages cipher system. It uses Kurdish letters and their diacritics for encrypting English messages and vice versa. A pseudo random generator is used to generate integer numbers to represent each character in Kurdish language. The same numbers are used again after sorting them to represent the English characters. The conclusions that are extracted indicate the efficiency of KAELCS system according to security and time performance.

The taboo topic in Kurdish language

The research is entitled (The topic of taboo in Kurdish language), it is an attempt to find the topic of taboo in Kurdish native speakers' mental, in order the most taboo expression to be recognized generally. Consequently, to find taboo and its order in mind, mental lexicon has been applied, which is in relation to being individually or in group has its particular sort. The present research is to explore that information in mental lexicon, which relies on the data and instruments that are uncovered in syntax and morphology of contexts. The study uses analytical descriptive method to analyze the phenomenon and its principle. The instrument of the study is Kurdish language _ slemani Dialect. The findings of the study shoe that the taboos have their own domain and in mental lexicon orders are kept and on the same sorts are expressed.

History writing by the Kurdis in Iraq (1958-1968) is among the books printed in Kurdish language.

The issue of writing history by Kurdish authors in Iraq between1958-1968 is analysed and explained which is about those printed books in kurdish written and published by Kurdish authors in Iraq. We have concluded that eight history books were published in Kurdish language from 1958 to 1968. Among them, seven of them were written and published from 1958 to 1962 and only one book was published in 1968. This devision of publishing those books has been due to politicial reasons and the emergence of Ailul revolution in 1961. On the one hand, it was due to the political unrest which was a stumbling block for the writing process for authors. On the other hand, however, it was due to the Aylul revolution that led to the restriction of the writing and publication processes by the Iraqi government. The historeans were peoples of different backgrounds in Kurdistan including politicians, army, religious people, school teachers, poets, and scholars. This show the desire of writing history by peoples of different backgrounds in the Kurdish society. Regarding the academic and scientific quality and the methodology of adopted at that time in writing history books, although it cannot be compared by today’s history books, but it was rather narrative and simple. In addition, very few references were usually used in writing those books. This was due to the fact that the history books authors were not historians.

CATEGORIZATION OF COMPOUND NOUNS IN KURDISH AND ENGLISH

This paper is concerned with the categorization of compound nouns in Kurdish and English. It compares compound nouns of the two languages according to the prototype theory, applying categorization as a cognitive assumption. The paper attempts to achieve the following goals: first, classifying Kurdish compound nouns using morphological and semantic criteria, listing Kurdish compound nouns according to the prototype theory, showing the structure based on which the relationship between the components of a compound noun is represented, comparing the morphological and semantic relations between the components of compound nouns of Kurdish to those of English. The data of the study on the Kurdish language were collected and analyzed based on the fact that the author is a native speaker of Kurdish. The results show that the morphological structure of compound nouns in Kurdish is more complex than the structure of compound nouns in English though they share some structures. Unlike English, the head in Kurdish compound nouns is not always a noun. The categorization of Kurdish compound nouns is different from English ones; it depends on the nature of the languages and the different perspectives of their users. In both languages, there are compound nouns whose meaning needs encyclopedic knowledge of the speakers to interpret them. This point confirms the assumptions of cognitive linguistics namely simplicity, conventionality, and semanticity.DOI: doi.org/10.24071/llt.2020.230108

Praising and Slandering Terms in Selected English and Kurdish Poems

This paper examines praising and slandering terms in three (3) English and three (3) Kurdish poems. It discusses the connections of praising and slandering terms with some others. The study goes further to show the analyses tables which indicate the frequency of these two types of terms in both the English and the Kurdish language poems. The paper concludes that praising terms are used in the English poems more than the slandering ones whereas in the Kurdish ones the slandering terms are used more. In the findings of the study section, the frequency and the percentage of these two types of terms are shown in the both languages.

كرده‌یا داخوازییێ د زمانێ كوردیدا ل دویڤ مودێلا(بلوم-كولكا و ئولشتاین)ى

داخوازى كرده‌یه‌ك ژ كرده‌یێن ئاخڤتنێ و په‌یوه‌ندى ب پراگماتیكا زمانیڤه‌ هه‌یه‌ و ڕۆله‌كێ كارا و ئه‌كتیڤ د ناڤ بوارێ كرده‌یێن ئاخڤتنێدا هه‌یه‌. ئه‌ڤ ڤه‌كۆلینه‌ ب ناڤونیشان(كرده‌یا داخوازییێ د زمانێ كوردیدا)یه‌، كو ل دویڤ مودێلا(بلوم-كولكا و ئولشتاین)ى هاتییه‌ ئه‌نجامدان، كو تێدا هه‌ول هاتییه‌ دان، بهێته‌ دیاركرن، كا خه‌لكێ گۆڤه‌را به‌هدینى ل دویڤ هنده‌ك هه‌لویستێن دیاركرى چه‌وا داخوازییان دكه‌ن و پاشى داتا و ده‌ربڕینێن ئه‌وان هاتینه‌ پۆلینكرن كا سه‌ر ب كیژ ستراتیجیه‌تانڤه‌ و ل دویڤ شێوازێ ئامارى ڕێژه‌یا هه‌ر هه‌لویسته‌كێ كا كیژ ستراتیجى بكارهیاینه‌ هاتینه‌ دیاركرن. ئارمانجا سه‌ره‌كى ژ ئه‌ڤێ ڤه‌كۆلینێ ئه‌وه‌، بهێته‌ دیاركرن، كا خه‌لكێ گۆڤه‌را به‌هدینى چه‌وا داخوازییان دكه‌ن و كیژ ستراتیجیه‌تان بكاردهینن. ئه‌ڤ ڤه‌كۆلینه‌ ژ بلى پێشه‌كى و ئه‌نجامان ژ دوو پشكان پێكدهێت. پشكا ئێكێ ب ناڤونیشان:( كرده‌یێن ئاخڤتنێ و كرده‌یا داخوازییێ )، كو تێدا ب شێوه‌كێ گشتى به‌حسێ تێگه‌هێ كرده‌یێن ئاخڤتنێ ب گشتى و تێگه‌هێ كرده‌یا داخوازییێ ب تایبه‌تى هاتییه‌ كرن. پشكا دووێ یا تایبه‌ته‌ ب (مه‌رج و ستراتیجییێن داخوازییێ )، كو تێدا باس ل مه‌رج و ستراتیجیێن داخوازییێ و پراكتیكرنا ئه‌وان ل سه‌ر ئاخڤتنا گۆڤه‌را به‌هدینى ل دویڤ هنده‌ك هه‌لویستێن دیاركرى هاتییه‌ كرن.

The Impact of the Strategy (be aware) in the Reading Comprehension of the Second Stage Students in the Kurdish Language Department

يرمي هذا البحث للتعرُّفِ على أثر استراتيجية (كُن يقظاً) في الفهم القرائي عند طلبة المرحلة الثانية في قسم اللغة الكردية، ولتحقيق ذلك، اختارت الباحثة بطريقة قصدية طلبة المرحلةِ الثانية في قسم اللغة الكردية/كلية التربية– ابن رشد للعلوم الإنسانية/جامعة بغداد لتكون ميداناً لتطبيق تجربتها، اشتملت عينة البحث على (61) طالباً وطالبة , وزعوا عشوائياً على مجموعتين بواقع (31) طالباً وطالبة من المجموعة التجريبية التي درست مادة القراءة والصوت على وفق استراتيجية (كُن يقظاً)، و(30) طالباً وطالبة في المجموعة الضابطة التي درست المادة نفسها على وفق الطريقة التقليدية، وكافأت الباحثة بين مجموعتي البحث في متغيرات (الذكاء، ودرجات مادة القراءة والصوت للعام السابق، واختبار القدرة اللغوية).
 وحددت الباحثة موضوع المادة العلمية التي ستدرسها في أثناء مدة التجربة بـ (7) موضوعات، وصاغت الأهداف السلوكية، وأعدت الخطط التدريسية لها، كما أعدت اختباراً للفهم القرائي تكوَّن من (30) فقرة إختبارية من نوع الاختيار من متعدد، والمزاوجة والتكميل والترتيب وعرضتها على الخبراء والمتخصصين وتحققت الباحثة من صدقه وثباته.
 استمرت التجربة فصلاً دراسياً كاملاً طبقت في نهايتها اختبار الفهم القرائي على طلبة مجموعتي البحث التجريبية والضابطة واستعملت الباحثة الاختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين (t-test) لمعرفة دلالة الفرق عند مستوى (0.05) بين مجموعتي البحث فاتضح وجود فرق ذي دلالة إحصائية بين متوسط درجات طلبة مجموعتي البحث في الفهم القرائي لمصلحة المجموعة التجريبية الذين درسوا مادة القراءة والصوت باستراتيجية (كُن يقظاً).

Cultural Differences in Back-channeling Contents between English and Kurdish Languages

Cultural Differences in Back-channeling Contents between English and Kurdish Languages

An Optimal Feature Parameter Set Based on Gated Recurrent Unit Recurrent Neural Networks for Speech Segment Detection

Speech segment detection based on gated recurrent unit (GRU) recurrent neural networks for the Kurdish language was investigated in the present study. The novelties of the current research are the utilization of a GRU in Kurdish speech segment detection, creation of a unique database from the Kurdish language, and optimization of processing parameters for Kurdish speech segmentation. This study is the first attempt to find the optimal feature parameters of the model and to form a large Kurdish vocabulary dataset for a speech segment detection based on consonant, vowel, and silence (C/V/S) discrimination. For this purpose, four window sizes and three window types with three hybrid feature vector techniques were used to describe the phoneme boundaries. Identification of the phoneme boundaries using a GRU recurrent neural network was performed with six different classification algorithms for the C/V/S discrimination. We have demonstrated that the GRU model has achieved outstanding speech segmentation performance for characterizing Kurdish acoustic signals. The experimental findings of the present study show the significance of the segment detection of speech signals by effectively utilizing hybrid features, window sizes, window types, and classification models for Kurdish speech.