Kurdish Language Research Articles

The role of electronic machines in translation

Translation is one of the important ways to exchange views and information between different peoples and languages. Since ancient times, peoples have resorted to translation to perform their business dealings, commercial treatment, understanding each other, and coexistence between them. Without translation, peoples unable to exchange opinions, goods and information between them. This means that translation is the main modality for the development of peoples and exchange of their civilizations. So, in this research we seek to focus on translation and its types, and the role of electronic devices in this time, which provided many facilities in this field. The necessary point for us as Kurdish peoples is how we can benefit from machine translation to and from Kurdish language by focusing on programs and websites dedicated to this field. To fulfill the purpose, the research is divided into two chapters. In the first chapter, the two researchers discussed the position of automatic translation in linguistics, while the second chapter is about machine translation, each chapter is divided into several sections.

The cross-cultural validation of the technology-enhanced social constructivist learning environment questionnaire in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region

This study’s primary aim is to validate a research instrument in Iraqi Kurdistan middle and secondary schools to explore learners’ perspectives concerning social constructivist learning environments and e-learning outcomes. The research instrument was updated and devised based on Aldridge, Fraser, Taylor, and Chen's (Aldridge et al., International Journal of Science Education 22:37–55, 2000) Constructivist Learning Environment (CLES) Survey. Additionally, it also contains two newly developed rating scales that have been taken from Luckay and Laugksch (Luckay and Laugksch, Research in Science Education 45:1–22, 2015), and a perceived e-learning outcomes scale adopted from Sultan, Woods, and Koo (Sultan et al., Educational Technology and Society 14:149–163, 2011). The instrument included seven prominent social constructivist learning dimensions and plus perceived e-learning outcomes, namely: Respect for Difference, Learner Investigation, Critical Voice, Learner Negotiation, Individual Relevance, Shared Control, Uncertainty and Perceived e-Learning Outcomes. For this study, empirical data were gathered from 1289 upper primary and secondary school students in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region. The research instrument possessed factor structure, discriminant validity, and internal consistency reliability based on the results of data analysis. Consequently, the validity and reliability of Arabic language and Kurdish language versions of the survey were verified. Hence, the principal data are sufficient for additional empirical research involving path model evaluation in order to discern any correlations between the variables included in the research model.

ڕۆڵی ئایکۆنسازی لە ڕیزبوونی پاڕستەی ئاوەڵکاری لە زمانی کوردیدا

This study is an attempt to establish the order of the adverbial clause in the Kurdish language, and to identify the main place of this kind of clause by taking advantage of (iconicity factor) from the functional-typological point of view, which precedes or followers the main clause. Adverbial clauses are the sub-sentences, which appear in complex sentences and describe a part of the main clause or the whole main clause. This type of clause in the Kurdish language is divided into several types, such as adverbial clauses (time, place, causal, conditional, purpose, result, measure, and vice versa), which can be preceded and followed by main clause. In order to determine the main location of the types of adverbial clause from a functional-typological point of view, a number of factors have been taken into account, which is one of the factors (the iconicity factor). According to viewpoints (Diessel: 2005, 2008, 2011) the iconicity factors an important role in ordering and identifying certain types of adverbial clause such as clauses (time, place, conditional, purpose and result). The iconicity factor is the order of events outside the language, which must similarly be order within the language. That is, how the event occurs outside the language, it must be reflected in the language in the same way. If an adverbial clause event occurs before main clause outside the language, it must be reflection the same way inside the language. That is to say, the adverbial clause precedes of the main clause. First, we try to discuss the concept, definition, and types of iconicity, and then discuss the role of this doing factor in the ranking of the types of adverbial clause in the Kurdish language.

Struggling against language shift: Kurdish language education in Turkey

This article, largely based on interviews with language activists, investigates Kurdish language-in-education policy in Turkey since the early 2000s. It attempts to answer the following questions: How has Kurdish language education developed in Turkey from 2004 to 2020? What has been the impact of the educational activities on reversing the language shift from Kurdish to Turkish? I argue that the most important contribution has been on the elite or academic level with a widening of the Kurdish-reading and writing elite. Yet, the language shift from Kurdish to Turkish continues. Abstract in Kurmanji Têkoşîna li hember guhastina ziman: Perwerdehiya zimanê kurdî li Tirkiyeyê Ev gotar, ya ku bi giranî xwe dispêre hevpeyvînên ligel aktîvîstên ziman, ji destpêka salên 2000î û vir ve li Tirkiyeyê li polîtîkaya perwerdehiya zimanê kurdî an jî di nav polîtîkayên perwerdehiyê de li cihê zimanê kurdî vedikole. Gotar, hewl dide bersiv bide van pirsan: Ji sala 2004an heta 2020an li Tirkiyeyê perwerdeya zimanê Kurdî çawa bi pêş ketiye? Bandora çalakiyên perwerdehî yên li ser berovajîkirina guhastina ziman ya ji kurdî bo tirkî çi bûye? Ez nîqaş dikim ku tevkariya herî girîng li ser elîtan an jî asta akademîk bûye bi berfirehbûna elîtên xwîner û nûserên kurdî. Lê guhastina zimên a ji kurdî bo tirkî berdewam e. Abstract in Zazaki Duştê ravurîyayîşê ziwanî de lebitîyayîş: Tirkîya de perwerdeyê kurdkî Bi roportajanê çalakîkeranê ziwanî ra, nê nuşteyî de serê 2000an ra nat polîtîkaya Tirkîya ya perwerdeyê kurdkî ser o cigêrayîş yeno kerdene. Na xebate kena ke cewabê nê persan bido: 2004 ra heta 2020 perwerdeyê bi ziwanê kurdkî Tirkîya de senî aver şîyo? Tesîrê çalakîyanê perwerdeyî yê ke ravurîyayîşê ziwanê kurdkî bi tirkî bêro apeygirewtene, çi bî? Ez ana ver ke tesîro tewr muhîm beşdarîya elîtan yan zî sewîyeya elîtan a akademîk a ke wendoxî û nuştoxîya kurdkî kena hîraye. Ancî, ravurîyayîşê ziwanî yê kurdkî ver bi tirkî hîna dewam keno. Abstract in Sorani Available in Print and PDF versions.

The Basis of Social Networks in Variation within Kurdish Language

The title of this study is (The Basis of Social Networks in Variation within Kurdish Language). This study is within the field of sociolinguistics and is particularly concerned with a descriptive analysis of the term social network and a division of linguistic units based on the social networks of users and their effect on change and variation in Kurdish language. The study comprises of two parts. The first part explains the social network theory, its criteria, its types, and the different viewpoints related to this theory. In addition, the weak and strong ties, which are the driving forces for the development and novelty of language, are presented. The second part is devoted to the practical aspect of the effects of the social network ties on the variation in Kurdish language. In the end, the results are obtained using the SPSS statistics and then analyzed based on the social network theory and descriptive-analysis methodology.

Cohesive devices of Administrative Texts in Kurdish Language

This research paper is entitled ‘’ Cohesive devices of Administrative Texts in Kurdish Language’’. In this paper, the approach of descriptive analysis is followed and cohesion and its types in terms of the model of systematic functional grammar proposed by Halliday are presented. Afterwards, the types of grammatical cohesion (reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunctions) and lexical cohesion (repetition, synonyms, antonyms, collocations…etc.) are discussed. For the data collection, administrative texts are considered as a type of the texts written in the Kurmanji dialect of central Kurdish which directly expresses the change of language ideology for the written administrative text and realizes the language textual function. In this way, the types of cohesive devices of administrative texts are analysed and it is demonstrated that these cohesive devices have had a role in cohesion and coherence of the administrative texts.

Leveraging Multilingual News Websites for Building a Kurdish Parallel Corpus

Machine translation has been a major motivation of development in natural language processing. Despite the burgeoning achievements in creating more efficient machine translation systems, thanks to deep learning methods, parallel corpora have remained indispensable for progress in the field. In an attempt to create parallel corpora for the Kurdish language, in this article, we describe our approach in retrieving potentially alignable news articles from multi-language websites and manually align them across dialects and languages based on lexical similarity and transliteration of scripts. We present a corpus containing 12,327 translation pairs in the two major dialects of Kurdish, Sorani and Kurmanji. We also provide 1,797 and 650 translation pairs in English-Kurmanji and English-Sorani. The corpus is publicly available under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. 1

From Dengbêj to Modern Writer: Heritagization of the Kurdish Oral Tradition and Revitalization of the Kurdish Language in the Works of Mehmed Uzun and Mehmet Dicle

AbstractBased on a textual analysis of the selected works of two writers from Turkey, Mehmed Uzun (1953–2007) and Mehmet Dicle (b.1977), as well as interviews with Kurdish writers and folklore collectors, this study focuses on the links between Kurdish folklore and modern Kurdish literature. Following Gregory Ashcroft's take on heritage, I argue that Kurdish writers’ approach to folkloric motives has evolved through the impact of growing literary experience, inspiration from world literature and deepening knowledge of the Kurdish oral tradition. What is more, Kurdish literature can be treated as an example of cultural and language revitalization, which – according to Justyna Olko – is based on acting in and through the heritage language. Following Doreen Massey's concept of a progressive sense of place, I identify Uzun and Dicle's strategy as linking the local to the universal, suggesting that Kurdish literature should be analyzed within the context of a political geography beyond nationalism.

Types of Dictionaries in Kurdish Language

1-Title of the study: Our research is entitled with (Types of Dictionary in Kurdish Language). 2-Limits of the study: The limit of the study is on practical linguistic level, the examples of the study covers Kurdish dictionaries in all dialects and accents, also contains these dictionaries that are between Kurdish and other languages. 3-Methods of the study: The method which is applied on this study is (descriptive analytical method). 4-Reasons of the study: Practical linguistic is an important branch of linguistics, discussing this science especially (dictionary and lexicology) has a close history, that is why although writing and researching is done, it is minimal so we chose this subject to enrich the Kurdish library. 5-Problems of the study: Unfortunately, the selection of dictionary types has not been shown in this extensive way as we applied in this study, but the sources have talked about them intermittently and incompletely, which has taken us a long time trying to show all kinds of dictionaries in Kurdish as an example of Kurdish dictionary. 6-Materials of the study: For this study, we have resorted to identifying the majority of Kurdish dictionaries, especially those published in regular books or electronic books. 7-Research content and research plan: The study consists of an introduction and two chapters: Chapter One: which is titled (dictionary), contains these sections: (term and definition of dictionary, dictionary term, dictionary definition, dictionary benefits, basic dictionary letters order). Chapter Two: which is titled (dictionary types), contains these sections: (dictionary types in terms of features, dictionary types in terms of content, dictionary types in terms of size, dictionary types in terms of style, dictionary types in terms of language numbers, dictionary types in terms of quantity, dictionary types in terms of subjectivity). Finally, the results of the study and the list of references, with the abstract of the study presented in Arabic and Englishز

Gemination In Kurdish Language

This study, entitled (Gemination In Kurdish Language(A Statical Analysis Study)), into the phenomenon of the formation of two similar consonants. It goes into the field of phonology and has utilized descriptive statistics. The study wants to answer the question of how and how many forms this phenomenon manifests itself in the Kurdish language. For this purpose, the study, besides introduction, results and bibliography, will be divided into two parts: In the first part, we introduce the phenomenon of germination and is types, and in the second part, we analyze and show the statistics of gemination in Kurdish.

The Attempts of Kurdish Parliamentarians in Iraqi Government to Achieve Education and Literacy in Native Language During(1925-1933)

After the foundation of Iraq in 1921, Kurds tried to achieve their own ethnic right within this new country. Although a part of South Kurdistan (Sulaimania and its suburbs) was not a part of this new government, British authorities made their best to enhance the relationship between Kurds and Iraqi authorities; and as a consequence of Britain insistence and the support of League of Nations, Mosul province was attached to Iraqi government on 16th December 1925, After conducting the election for the foundation assembly, Kurdish representatives made their effort to enjoy formally the right of education in their native language, but this demand was strongly rejected by the majority of the Arab members.
 Kurdish representatives in the Iraqi House of Representatives, through discussions on the council or by memorandum, called for an improvement in the situation of Kurdish education, and the most notable memorandum that Kurdish representatives presented to the Ministry of Education in June 1928, which called for the reopening of the school that they needed and formed committees to set up books and translate schools into Kurdish, but Ma'arif officials rejected their requests, believing that the curriculum was better in Arabic, and they described the Kurdish language as a weak language. Although under Article (16) of Iraq’s Constitution and Article (9) of the Local Language Act of 1931, education in primary schools with a majority of Kurdish population should have been in Kurdish, however the rules have not been implemented as necessary.
 The main objective of this research is to demonstrate the efforts of Kurdish representatives to improve the education situation in the Kurdish region, and the research method is to determine the historical truth that Kurdish representatives have requested for Kurdish studies, except for the small number, and many Arabs in parliament have rejected their requests.

Investigation of the Hyponym and Meronym Relation Based on the Theory of Semantic Features

Semantic is an important level of language, in this context, semantic relation within the framework of this level are the main and creators of this branch of language, each of Hyponym And Meronym, as two semantic relations, have taken on a significant role in the dictionary, each of those relations has been investigated from different perspectives. The purpose of this research is to show and investigate those two relations based on feature theory, as an important theory of meaning analysis study, which means that these relations are analyzed through the features. The tittle of our research is (investigation of the hyponym and Meronym relation based on the theory of semantic features) which is goes to the field of symmetric. The method of the research: the method of analysis description used for the research, for analyzing and investigating of the relations. The method hypothesis: this research works on the base of hypothesis, that how and in which way we shows the hyponym and Meronym of a words feature. The material and example of this research: the Kurdish language of The dialect of middle Karmanji is in the. The content of the research: research, beside of the introduction, results and the list of resources, is consist of two parts: the first part: it contains, origin of semantic features and the theory in the analysis of meaning, as well as showing the basis and the form of features and the importance of the theory in analyzing of meanings. Part Two: it is consist of each of the meaning relations of Hyponym and Meronym, as well as the type of each of these relations and analysis and investigation of each of them according to the theories of the semantic features. In the end of the research, the results and the list of resources and the summary of the research have been revealed.

Intertextuality in the Novel (Koykha Swi) by (Aziz Mullah Rash)

The novel (Kwekha Sewe), which means (Sheikha Siwi), by the creative Kurdish writer and novelist (Aziz Mulla Rash), which was issued and printed in 1986 AD, is considered one of those rare novels at the time that caused gossip and wrote research and articles about it at that time. The reason, as we can see, is due to the fact that it was written and narrated in an easy and simple Kurdish language and an fluent and eloquent Kurdish tongue, which emerged from the depth of its culture and popular heritage which is full of wisdom and sayings of the ancients, in which the Kurdish heritage and folklore were used in a clear and clear way Which is unprecedented in the Kurdish novel, this novel is considered the initiative and the vanguard in this field. The writer (Aziz Mulla Rash), as an original writer with a rich background in the Kurdish folk culture and heritage, benefited greatly in his narration of the novel from the literary elements of folklore, customs and social traditions of the Kurdish community. the novel. With this, the writer was able to accomplish two goals and two aims at the same time, he was able to protect part of the Kurdish folklore and preserve it from damage and loss first, and secondly, he made his narration more coordinated and more tasting. Therefore, in order to reward the writer for his venerable attempts and generous effort in this regard, we consider it necessary to do this research in this field in honor of his generous effort and the protection and preservation of the Kurdish folk culture and heritage.

The appearance of (o) and (3) as short vowels in Kurdish classic poetry and Jzerri and Nali as an example

In Kurdish language both vowel sounds/o:/ and /3:/ are treated as two long vowels. they both occur at the end of the syllable. They lengthen the syllable to an open one. This research paper which is entitled as (The appearance of (o) and (3) as short vowels in Kurdish classic poetry and Jzerri and Nali as an example) is a practical analytical research paper. It is an attempt to prove that sometimes these two vowels may appear as short ones. This justify that the classical Kurdish poetry has its own poetic rhythm and the rhythm is linked to both short and long syllables. While researching about Kurdish classical training balance state of the musical rhythm of their poems, they consider these two sounds as short ones. For the pompous, the researcher has taken two famous classical poets:(Jizeeri and Nali) as samples to justify that these two sounds can appear in the sound lab to short vowels. For proving that these poets have used clear and balanced musical rhythm, the researcher has chosen certain Betts in both Jizeeri and Nali's poems. That clarifies how they have treated with these two vowels as short ones, and the texts are read as rhythmical one and recorded if PRAAT program is applied on. This program is specific for analysis the physical appearance of the sound of the language so that to see how the length and shortened of these two sounds arise in other place that are used by these two poets and through this program sound how the shortness of both vowels arises in their poems. This research paper consists of an introduction and two sections. In the introduction part, lights are shed on the vowel sounds and PRAAT program reveals how the sounds of Language are analyzed. The first Section presents the cases where the vowel /o:/ appears and short vowel by Nali and Jzeeri and purpose behind this phenom are explained similarity section to explain the case where the vowel /3:/ appears as a short vowel with the two poets. Finally, a number of concluding points are introduced.

Primary Textbooks in the North of Kurdistan and ThThe Language of the Textbooks

Because, after First World War, Kurdish home was distributed among surrounding countries, there was an attempt to annihilate them. They started from language as it was prohibited in most of the fields such as Education and Teaching. So, as a reaction, there have been a lot of tries by intellectuals to make the Kurdish language a medium of instruction in the south of Kurdistan. At first, in the second decade of the last century, the effort was very slow, and it passed through some stages. This study is devoted to this subject, and it tries to state the methods of setting the textbooks according to the educational elements. It also shows the positive aspects and weaknesses of the methods. The first stages of studying are gradually determined, with the quality and method of setting the primary textbooks in detail. Later, some texts of the primary textbooks are analyzed.

A New Interpretation to Form and Meaning of Words in Kurdish Language - Preparation of Reading and Writing Methods for Kindergarden

Throughout the history of language philosophy, most philosophers have had different views on language and the way of creation, which has seen itself in different theories, according different eras, the philosopher’s views of the field of language has changed and their theories about form and meaning have changed. Primary by the Greeks particularly (Plato and Aristotle) and then in the medieval and later ages, until the twentieth century, especially the Austrian and British Philosopher (Ludwig Wittgenstein), who emphasis more on word form more than meaning, so he is considered the founder of image theory in language philosophy, as well in the contemporary century, different theories and views were presented, most of them stressing the importance of form for language learning, particularly children in the kindergarten stage. The research benefits from the visual theory of language philosophy with preparation and implementation on the education system in the Kurdistan Region. Under the light of these meaning theories in the research, the first side of the word, called (form), has been given a new explanation for this important side of the word and a new scientific understanding has been created, by practising the theoretical side of meaning within the practical linguistics. Which are related to child education. Using this new method at the age of four and enriching their in- mental lexicon with the embodiment of other forms of the word and using images of surrounding things until their level of expression and use in daily life, then familiarizing them at the age of five and introducing the (abstract) side of words in the form of writing language sounds that are made up of letters, which is considered the most important stage in the development of children’s mind, makes children better prepared to learn at school.

Social Expressions in the Balance of Linguistics - Social conversation for example

This research entitled (Social Expressions in the Balance of Linguistics -Social conversation for example), is one of the important topics in the field of social linguistics which is a branch of applied linguistics, and due to the lack of previous studies on this topic, we decided to go into it to reach goals New and clear than ever before. The research includes two chapters, in the first chapter we talked briefly about the stages of the history of linguistics, then we discussed the theory of linguistics and speech for the linguistic world, Ferdinand Desucer, as an independent and sophisticated theory separating the fields of language and speech, then we dealt with the relationship of terms of social norms, social laws, and official laws That theory. The second chapter is devoted to the analysis of social norms that include: economic norms, military norms, formalities ... etc, in the light of the theory of linguistics and speech of Ferdinand Desucer. Then we talked about the details of linguistic arguments in the form of social conversations of their implications, and at the same time we talked about the differences between social norms and the official laws of the Kurdish language, and we touched on the issue of (prohibited / taboo-breaking the taboo) that was not given great importance in previous studies on it, Indicating the research with the most important results that we reached and the most important of them: that the language names and speech extends the connotations of those names in light of the verbal conversations.

The Vowel of "H" in Kurdish Language, Alphabetic, and Writing

The research consists of one chapter, represented in several topics and axes, taking from distractions such as "voice, voice and character" in Kurdish language and writing as a material for this study. After the introduction we talked about the existence of more than one alphabet in the Kurdish writing, and the historical indications that indicate the presence of the alphabet in the Kurdish language BC.
 Then we talked about distraction as one of the reasons that create the difference between Kurdish dialects, because of the deletion or conversion to another voice in some dialects and survival in the other. This, of course, prevents the unification or approximation of these dialects, but when the mentioned sound is returned to the structures of the original words, the difference factor is eliminated.
 This is a step on the road to the establishment of the official language or standard Kurdish, but in terms of writing, a distraction has different Allographs at the beginning and center and the end of the words, which raises the problem is the end Allograph, so we proposed two forms to take one as the end of the end and remove the problem When reading.
 We conclude the research with some results and a list of sources, and a summary in Arabic and English.

Adjective in Linguistic Schools: Traditional, Generative, Cognitive

The research is titled (Adjective in linguistic schools - traditional, generative, Cognitive). The research aims to study the adjective in the Kurdish language as a linguistic category. The types of adjectives were classified according to the linguistic schools, based on many principles. The traditional school concerned with the semantic principle to determine the class of adjectives. In the Generative school, the principle of position and function were two basic principles for defining an adjective. In the Cognitive theory, the principles of the adjective-noun relationship, the position of the adjective from the noun, and how the characteristics of nouns are presented through adjectives, were basic principles for defining the adjective and its types. The research is divided into three parts, the first section includes a review and a historical presentation of the researchers’concerns in classifying adjectives and their forms in the Kurdish language. In the second section of the research, examples of adjectives in the Kurdish language are presented from the perspective of the generative theory. Especially on the principle of syntactic case and the X-bar theory. In the third section, I dealt with the classification of adjectives in the Kurdish language from the perspective of Cognitive grammar.

The Pronoun in Kurdish and Arabic Languages: A Contrastive Study

This contrastive study aims at ferreting out the differences and similarities between the Kurdish languages and the Arabic in term of the pronoun. The study is considered of high importance since pronopuns which consred one of the most misleading element to the language learners. The research will be under the farme work of (Contrastive study). The study revealed that there are some areas of differences and other areas of similarities between these two languages in the pronouns. The research aims to study the contrasting between the two languages with specific attempts at reviewing the use of pronouns and in a bid to draw on the differences. The study consists of introduction and four chapters. In the first chapter, we have briefly explained the aspects of the contrastive study. In second chapter; we have studied the pronouns of the Kurdish language, in third chapter; we have studied the pronouns of the Arabic language. In fourth chapter, we have shown the similarities and differences in the subject of pronouns between the two languages. Conclusion, the research ends with a result of the material of chapters been shown in the research.