Ku-band Applications Research Articles

A Wideband Broadside Coupled Yagi Antenna and Arrays System for Ku Band Applications

A Wideband Broadside Coupled Yagi Antenna and Arrays System for Ku Band Applications

Circularly polarized cup shaped patch antenna for Ku band application

A simple and compact antenna with dual band along with dual circular polarization is designed. The proposed antenna resembles a cup like shape which is actually a semicircle attached to the microstrip feed line in the patch part. From the dual notch frequency band, the first notch is from 12.2 – 13.5 GHz, second notch is from 14.8 – 16.4 GHz.Both the first and second notch bandwidth falls under the Ku band which ranges from 12 – 18 GHz. The proposed antenna also satisfies the circular polarization whose axial ratio bandwidth comes under the range of impedance bandwidth with a frequency range of 12.3 – 13.2 GHz and 15.3 – 16.3 GHz which satisfies the frequency range of Ku band (12-18 GHz). The simulation process is carried out by using the software Ansoft commercial high frequency structure simulator (HFSS ver. 21).

Design of a Miniature Rectangular Patch Antenna for KU Band Applications

A significant portion of communication devices employs microstrip antennas because of their compact size, low profile, and ability to conform to both planar and non-planar surfaces. To achieve this, we present a miniature inset-fed rectangular patch antenna using partial ground plane for Ku band applications. The proposed antenna design used an operating frequency of 15.5 GHz, a FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.3, and a thickness of 1.4 mm. It is fed by a 50 Ω inset feedline. Computer simulation technology (CST) software is used to design, simulate, and analyze. The simulation yields the antenna performance parameters, including return loss (S11), bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, and radiation efficiency. The simulation findings revealed that the proposed antenna resonated at 15.5 GHz, with a return loss of -22.312 dB, a bandwidth of 2.73 GHz (2730 MHz), VSWR of 1.17, a gain of 3.843 dBi, a directivity of 5.926 dBi, and an antenna efficiency of -2.083 dB (61.901%).

Flexible multiband near-field cloaking metasurface for C, X and Ku band applications

Flexible multiband near-field cloaking metasurface for C, X and Ku band applications

A circularly polarized pyramidal horn antenna based on substrate integrated waveguide

A circularly polarized pyramidal horn antenna based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology is proposed and developed for Ku-band applications. The proposed horn antenna is excited by the upper and lower SICL differential feed networks placed vertically to each other, so that two orthogonal waveguide modes with the equal amplitude are generated at the horn aperture. A 90° coupling network based on SICL technology is proposed to achieve a 90° phase difference between the two orthogonal waveguide modes, thus realizing the function of left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) and right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) of the horn antenna. In addition, in order to make the phase distribution of the horn aperture more uniform, a cross metal strip structure at the horn aperture is proposed, thereby improving the radiation efficiency. The proposed horn antenna is manufactured by using low-cost printed circuit boards (PCBs) process. The measured results show that the proposed circularly polarized pyramidal horn operates at center frequency 12.5 GHz, the measured gain is 8.4 dBi, the relative standing wave and axial ratio (AR) bandwidth are approximately 24% and 5%, respectively. And the radiation aperture efficiency is as high as 78.5%. The developed circularly polarized pyramidal horn antenna can be applied in the field of satellite communications.

Ultra-wideband and high-efficiency cross-polarization conversion using a double split ring shaped metasurface for C, X, and Ku-band applications

Polarization converters play an important role in practical applications to manipulate the electromagnetic wave. However, the development of a polarization converter that possesses both high conversion efficiency and a wide frequency band is very challenging due to the trade-off between them. Here, we present an ultra-wideband and high-efficiency cross-polarization converter based on a double split ring shaped metasurface. The performance of the proposed converter is simulated and verified by experiments, showing a good agreement. The proposed polarization converter shows the cross-polarization conversion with a conversion efficiency above 93% in a wide frequency range from 4.0 to 14.0 GHz covering the entire C- and X-bands and a part of the Ku-band due to the combination of multi-modes of magnetic and electric resonances. Compared with other ultra-wideband polarization converters, the proposed converter shows excellent characteristics in terms of high efficiency, wide frequency band, and lightweight design, demonstrating a great potential application in C-, X-, and Ku-bands.

Compact dual-band rectangular T E10 mode to circular TM01 mode converter for telemetry/telecommand applications in satellite communication: design, equivalent circuit modeling, mode level measurement technique and 3d printed manufacturing

In this study, the design of a dual-band mode converter, which provides transition from rectangular waveguide T E10 mode to circular waveguide TM01 mode and operates simultaneously in telemetry/telecommand (TT&C) frequencies, is presented along with its equivalent circuit and a mode level measurement technique. This dual-band converter is designed to uniformly excite TT&C slot antennas used in satellite communication with symmetric circular TM01 mode. The structure can work as a transceiver due to having one common rectangular waveguide feed. As a Ku-band application, a converter giving high purity TM01 mode at circular waveguide at 11.75 GHz/TX and 13.75 GHz/RX center frequencies is designed and manufactured with 3D printing technology. Approximate equivalent circuit models of the designed structure are extracted by using lumped elements from simulated S-parameter results. In addition, a measurement technique to detect the normalized power levels of different propagation modes in dual-band mode converter is applied on the manufactured structures to obtain transmission levels of circular TM01 mode and suppression levels of circular T E11 mode. It is revealed from the measurement results that while the designed structure gives more than 17.5 dB return loss and suppression of T E11 mode, and less than 0.6 dB insertion loss of TM01 mode within 500 MHz bandwidth at TX band, it gives more than 23 dB return loss and suppression of T E11 mode, and less than 0.3 dB insertion loss of T M01 mode within 900 MHz bandwidth at RX band.

Cold-sintered NaCa2Mg2V3O12–Li2MoO4 microwave dielectrics for the design and fabrication of high-bandwidth antennas

Preparation of (1 – x)NaCa2Mg2V3O12–xLi2MoO4 (NCMVO-LMO; x = 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7) composites via cold sintering technique under 200 °C using uniaxial pressure of 450 MPa for 50 min is reported in this article. Microstructures of these composites suggest their enhanced densification with increased LMO concentration. Relative permittivity (εr) of (1 – x) NCMVO–xLMO ceramics varies from 7 to 8, and the quality factor (Qu × f) changes from 7000 to 13,500 GHz. A cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA) and a microstrip patch antenna (MPA) were outlined, fabricated, and tried using the 0.4NCMVO–0.6LMO composite. CDRA and MPA exhibit excellent performance with centre frequencies of 13.24 and 5.48 GHz, maximum return losses of –36 and –31 dB, and maximum impedance bandwidths of 0.77 and 1.4 GHz, respectively. These values suggest that the fabricated antennas hold the potential to be a key component in future microwave communication systems, especially for 5G and Ku-band applications.

Bridged concentric circular microstrip patch antenna for C, X and Ku band applications

In this paper compact, novel, low profile, low cost, high speed and miniaturized slotted circular Microstrip patch antenna is proposed and designed with defected ground. The antenna’s dimensions are 30 mm*30 mm as length*width. The patch is using microstrip feed line as it is simple and it provides better results. Microstrip feed is always taken in the middle of the aerial but in this design its effect on shifting is analyzed. FR-4 (εr = 4.4.) has been chosen to design proposed antenna and substrate thickness as 1.59 mm. Proposed aerial has extra two band in lower frequency which are at 3.34 GHz to 3.63 GHz and 5.48 GHz to 18.91 GHz. The antenna’s characteristics have been calculated using CST Studio Suite. Partial C band is covered i.e. 5.48 GHz onwards. As maximum value of return loss of more than −60 dB is achieved in this band. Aerial has multiple bands which are located on partial C, X and Ku bands. Detailed parametric studies of the antenna have been carried out.

Compact design of first‐order microwave integrator for Ku band applications

AbstractThis article demonstrates the design and implementation of a stable wideband first‐order microwave integrator. The proposed design is attained by the cascading of eight equal‐length serial transmission lines. The meta‐heuristic optimization algorithms namely real‐coded genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and sine–cosine algorithm are applied to attain the characteristic impedance of serial lines. Further, the proposed integrator, fabricated on RT/Duroid 5880 substrate with permittivity () = 2.2 and height = 0.762 mm. The results are measured using a vector network analyzer, show its conformity with the simulated and ideal result within the frequency range of 4–18 GHz in MATLAB environment, and confirm its eligibility for Ku‐band application, which is compact in size.

Novel miniaturized arrow linked figure of eight square loop FSS-based multiband linear-circular and linear-cross reflective microwave polarizer

AbstractThis work demonstrates a novel, reflective-type, dual-polarized multiband polarization transformer for various C to Ku band applications. The design constitutes a top FSS printed on a thin FR-4 grounded dielectric substrate. A y/x-polarized incident wave experiences linear-circular conversion from 4.61 to 4.71 GHz (right-hand circular polarized (RHCP)/left-hand circular polarized (LHCP)), 5.44 to 7.68 GHz (LHCP/RHCP), 10.13 to 14.98 GHz (RHCP/LHCP), and 16.68 to 17.19 GHz (LHCP/RHCP) with 3.41, 34.15, 38.63, and 3.01% FBW, respectively. In addition, it performs linear-cross conversions with a minimum 90% polarization conversion ratio (PCR) from 4.92 to 5.18 GHz, 8.32 to 9.41 GHz, and 15.56 to 16.25 GHz with 5.15, 12.30, and 4.34% FBW. Multiple surface plasmonic resonances are responsible for these polarization conversions in different bands. The device performance is angular stable for both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) incidences. The design novelty lies in compacted periodicity 0.112λL, low-profile thickness 0.037λL with a multi-conversion (switching the orthogonal circular rotation in consecutive bands), and stable angular response, which can potentially be used in real-time applications.

Wideband low-RCS circularly polarized antenna with metasurface combining wave diffusion and polarization conversion

A novel and simple low-profile high-gain wideband circularly polarized (CP) slot antenna with low radar cross section (RCS) is presented. The proposed antenna is composed of a traditional linearly polarized (LP) slot antenna and an integrated metasurface-based superstrate. The superstrate consists of a center array with metasurface (MS) unit cells and four surrounding arrays with 4×4 MS unit cells. On the one hand, a wideband and high-gain CP radiation in the frequency band of 5.27-6.18 GHz (a relative bandwidth of 15.9%) is achieved by the polarization conversion property of the MS and four surrounding arrays. On the other hand, a broadband RCS reduction in the frequency band of 4.5-20 GHz (a relative bandwidth of 126.5%) is obtained by the combination of two electromagnetic wave diffusion principles. Inspired by C-band, X-band and Ku-band radar applications, a low-cost stealthy prototype with broadband low RCS and CP radiation is realized.

Asymmetric polarization converting metasurface for microwave applications

In this paper, a triple-band polarization converting metasurface for X and K u band applications is investigated. The unit cell consists of an asymmetric circular ring, terminated with a T-shaped stub, printed on FR-4 substrate, and backed by copper cladding. The triple-band polarization convertibility of the metasurface results from the proper engineering and anisotropy along the x- and y-axis. The metasurface has three plasmonic resonances with a polarization conversion ratio (PCR) of almost 100% in the lower two frequencies bands and 95% in the higher frequency band. The plasmonic resonances at 8.2 and 13.6 GHz are due to magnetic dipole moment while response at 19 GHz is due to electric dipole moment. Cross linear polarization conversion, linear to circular polarization conversion, and circular to circular polarization conversion are observed, both for normal and oblique wave incidences. Measured and simulation results are in good agreement with an excellent polarization conversion in three frequency bands, i.e., 7.7 to 9.2 GHz, 10.8 to 15.5 GHz, and 17.5 to 19.2 GHz. The polarization conversion response of the metasurface is same for both x- and y-polarized waves and is quite stable under oblique incidence of the impinging wave. The metasurface dominates the merits of multi-band resonances, angle sensitivity, and higher PCR, and thus has eminent values for application in polarization-control appliances.

Investigation of a Near-Perfect Quad-Band Polarization-Insensitive Metamaterial Absorber Based on Dual-T Circular Shaped Resonator Array Designed on a Silicon Substrate for C-, X- and Ku-bands Applications

Investigation of a Near-Perfect Quad-Band Polarization-Insensitive Metamaterial Absorber Based on Dual-T Circular Shaped Resonator Array Designed on a Silicon Substrate for C-, X- and Ku-bands Applications

High Gain and Bandwidth Array Antenna for Satellite Application

A MIMO array antenna with a resonance frequency of 12.29 GHz is proposed for Ku-band applications. An 8-element antenna array is proposed and parameters like as return loss, VSWR, gain, directivity, and radiated power are utilized to validate model and test findings. The proposed antenna array has a bandwidth of 136.4MHz and the maximum gain in the Ku Band at a resonance frequency of 12.29GHz. It also has a gain of 8.89 dBi and a radiation efficiency of 100%.

Low-Profile High-Aperture-Efficiency Air-Filled Substrate Integrated Cavity Antenna Array

A cavity antenna array with low-profile and favorable aperture efficiency for Ku-band mobile satellite communication applications (10.9–12.5 GHz) is presented in this letter. Key features are the much reduced loss of the feed network and miniaturized aperture size of the array element, and therefore, the high aperture efficiency of the array. The antenna element operates under an odd mode of a fundamental frequency, miniaturized by about a half compared with the conventional cavity antenna. The waveguide-microstrip (WG-MS) hybrid network is employed for the element feeding. Especially, a corners-shorted patch and stepped-length slot are introduced in the WG-MS transition for better transmission, lowering the loss by about 20% according to simulation. For verification, an antenna array is implemented and tested. The results show aperture efficiency up to 86.1% and a maximum gain of 28.8 dBi in the operation band. Besides, this array achieves a wide bandwidth from 10.5 to 13 GHz (20.8%) based on the standard of voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$&lt; 2$</tex-math></inline-formula> , entirely covering the desired band of 10.9–12.5 GHz.

Design and Analysis of Multi-Layer and Cuboid Coding Metamaterials for Radar Cross-Section Reduction

This research aimed to develop coding metamaterials to reduce the Radar Cross-Section (RCS) values in C- and Ku-band applications. Metamaterials on the macroscopic scale are commonly defined by effective medium parameters and are categorized as analogue. Therefore, coding metamaterials with various multi-layer and cuboid designs were proposed and investigated. A high-frequency electromagnetic simulator known as computer simulation technology was utilised throughout a simulation process. A one-bit coding metamaterial concept was adopted throughout this research that possesses ‘0’ and ‘1’ elements with 0 and π phase responses. Analytical simulation analyses were performed by utilising well-known Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. Moreover, a validation was executed via a comparison of the phase-response properties of both elements with the analytical data from the High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software. As a result, promising outcomes wherein several one-bit coding designs for multi-layer or coding metamaterials manifested unique results, which almost reached 0 dBm2 RCS reduction values. Meanwhile, coding metamaterial designs with larger lattices exhibited optimised results and can be utilised for larger-scale applications. Moreover, the coding metamaterials were validated by performing several framework and optimal characteristic analyses in C- and Ku-band applications. Due to the ability of coding metamaterials to manipulate electromagnetic waves to obtain different functionalities, it has a high potential to be applied to a wide range of applications. Overall, the very interesting coding metamaterials with many different sizes and shapes help to achieve a unique RCS-reduction performance.

Tri-Band Bidirectional Antenna for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN and Ku-Band Applications

A compact tri-band, low profile, and lightweight antenna is proposed for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN and Ku-band applications. The antenna geometry was a radiating rectangular patch surrounded by a wide circular slot with an inverted-L strip connected to one side of the slot. It was mounted on a copper layer of a single side FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.3 and a height of 1.6 mm. It was fed by a 50-Ω coplanar waveguide. This design was very compact (40 × 40 × 1.6 mm3). Simulated and actual measurements of an antenna setup in the laboratory verified that the antenna’s bidirectional radiation pattern completely covered the three transmission bands: 2.4–2.485 GHz, 5.15–5.825 GHz and 13.4–17.7 GHz with less than 10-dB return loss and maximum gains of 2.35 dBi, 4.41 dBi and 4.71 dBi, respectively. Wireless communication for the self-navigated vehicle, for one example, is fully supported by this single antenna.

Super wideband high gain hybrid microstrip patch antenna

A super wideband hybrid microstrip patch antenna with high gain is presented in this research work. The electrical dimension of the presented antenna is 0.273λ × 0.213λ × 0.01λ, where λ is the wavelength of the lowest operating frequency (2 GHz). The patch consists of one rectangle overlapping with two ellipses loaded by two notches and it looks like a two dimensional “MEDICAL PILL”. Simulation result of the designed antenna exhibits −10 dB impedance bandwidth from 2 GHz to beyond 95 GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 192%. The measured results exhibit −10 dB impedance bandwidth of more than 38 GHz (2 GHz to above 40 GHz) with a fractional bandwidth of more than 180%, BDR of larger than 3095 and bandwidth ratio of more than 10:1. Also a measured peak gain of 7.4 dBi is achieved at 26.5 GHz. An equivalent RLC circuit of the proposed antenna is developed using ADS software and the result is compared with simulated and measured results. This proposed antenna can be used for S band (2 GHz-4 GHz), UWB band (3.1 GHz–10.6 GHz), X band (8 GHz–12 GHz), Ku band (12 GHz–18 GHz), K band (18 GHz–27 GHz) and 5G technology band (24.25 GHz–29.5 GHz) applications.

Miniaturization of dual bands fractal-based microstrip patch fractal antenna for X and Ku bands applications

Miniaturization of dual bands fractal-based microstrip patch fractal antenna for X and Ku bands applications