Kp Values Research Articles

Adaptive Tuning of PID Controller using Crow Search Algorithm for DC motor

The DC motor has been commonly utilized in the industry although its maintenance is costly, more than the induction motor. Consequently, speed control of DC motor has attracted considerable researches and different algorithms have evolved. All the traditional algorithms for the Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller provide initial practical values for (kp, ki, and kd) PID parameters, which are manually tuned to achieving the desired performance. The manual tuning is inaccurate and a hard job, which requests comprehensive experience of the problem domain. in this paper we proposed a new method to adjustment of the PID parameters to improve tracking performance of DC motor, also provides optimal stability through creating a hybrid PID-CSA predictive model for tuning parameters of the PID controller of DC motors based on Crow search algorithm. The empirical results are compared with four type of proposed PID-CSA versions [ Integral Squared Error (ISE), Integral Absolute Error (IAE), Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE), and Integral Time Squared Error (ITSE) ] that based on the type of error indicator functions and with other previously techniques including the Ziegler-Nichols method and PSO Optimization. The PID-CSA is more adapt in improving the steady-state error, the controller step response stability, overshoot, the rising time and settling time this give rise. The performance of the DC motor is not affected by these disturbances.

Voltage control for variable speed wind turbine using buck converter based on PID controller

Currently, energy diversification is needed to overcome the limitations of fossil energy as a fuel for electricity generation. In Indonesia, one source of renewable energy that has great potential is wind energy. Wind energy conversion system is an environmentally friendly electricity generator with unlimited availability. However, the electrical energy produced depends on the fluctuating wind speed so that it produces a fluctuating voltage. Variable speed wind turbine is one of the most widely used wind turbine types because it has better efficiency but requires control to overcome the fluctuations in the voltage generated. This paper presents voltage control on a prototype variable speed wind turbine with a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and buck converter. The output voltage generated by the PMSG will be rectified by a three-phase uncontrolled rectifier. Voltage control is done through the duty cycle settings on the buck converter that is connected to the battery for energy storage. PID controller is used to set the duty cycle of PWM pulses with a switching frequency of 31.5 kHz. The Propotional Integrator Differensiator (PID) controller is embedded in the microcontroller. Based on the test results, the resulting output voltage can be held constant at 14V by providing variations in wind speed changes which are simulated through PMSG speed changes. Transient responses with the fastest settling time of 1.2 s were obtained with the PID controller parameter values Kp = 0.6, Ki = 0.15 and Kd = 0.6.

Desain dan Analisis Pengaruh Parameter PI pada Sistem Kontrol Posisi Prototype Kendaraan Listrik

In electric vehicles using autonomous technology, some use gyroscope and accelerometer sensors to determine the vehicle's position. The two sensors work together to detect vehicles by reading the vehicle's position relative to gravity and horizontal and vertical acceleration, and the reading result can help the controller determine which direction the BLDC motor is rotating. However, if there are problems with both sensors, it may cause the program to run incorrectly or the vehicle may not function properly. The results of the conducted studies show that by changing the value of PI, it is possible to change the response of the position control system on the prototype electric vehicle, especially to the parameters of resistance to overshoot and steady-state error. In the rise time stability parameter, changes in the value of the PI constant and changes in the load do not have a significant effect. In this study, the values Kp = 2 and Ki = 18 showed the best results for all values of the system stability parameter. For example, the lowest error value for steady-state error and overshoot, and the most stable rise time value even when the load changes.

Kinetic and Thermal Study of Ethylene and Propylene Homo Polymerization Catalyzed by ansa-Zirconocene Activated with Alkylaluminum/Borate: Effects of Alkylaluminum on Polymerization Kinetics and Polymer Structure.

The kinetics of ethylene and propylene polymerization catalyzed by homogeneous metallocene were investigated using 2-thiophenecarbonyl chloride followed by quenched-flow methods. The studied metallocene catalysts are: rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind)2ZrCl2 (Mt-I), rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 (Mt-II) activated with ([Me2NPh][B(C6F5)4] (Borate-I), [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] (Borate-II), and were co-catalyzed with different molar ratios of alkylaluminum such as triethylaluminium (TEA) and triisobutylaluminium (TIBA). The change in molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, microstructure and thermal properties of the synthesized polymer are discussed in detail. Interestingly, both Mt-I and Mt-II showed high activity in polyethylene with productivities between 3.17 × 106 g/molMt·h to 5.06 × 106 g/molMt·h, activities were very close to each other with 100% TIBA, but Mt-II/borate-II became more active when TEA was more than 50% in cocatalyst. Similarly, Polypropylene showed the highest activity of 11.07 106 g /molMt·h with Mt-I/Borate-I/TIBA. The effects of alkylaluminum on PE molecular weight were much more complicated; MWD curve changed from mono-modal in Mt-I/borate-I/TIBA to bimodal type when TIBA was replaced by different amounts of TEA. In PE, the active center fractions [C*]/[Zr] of Mt-I/borate were higher than that of Mt-II/borate and average chain propagation rate constant (kp) value slightly decreased with the increase of TEA/TIBA ratio, but the Mt-II/borate systems showed higher kp 1007 kp (L/mol·s). In PP, the Mt-I/borate presented much higher [C*]/[Zr] and kp value than the Mt-II. This work also extend to investigate the mechanistic features of zirconocenes catalyzed olefin polymerizations that addressed the largely unknown issues in zirconocenes in the distribution of the catalyst, between species involved in polymer chain growth and dormant state. In both metallocene systems, chain transfer with alkylaluminum is the dominant way of chain termination. To understand the mechanism of cocatalyst effects on PE Mw and (MWD), the unsaturated chain ends formed via β-H transfer have been investigated by 1H NMR analysis.

High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior of High-Aluminum (Co,Ni)-Based Superalloys for Friction Stir Welding (FSW) Tools

The present investigation focuses on the thermal oxidation of two, Nb- and Ta-alloyed (Ni,Co)-based superalloys having in their microstructures high contents of hard phases and considered potential candidates as a tool for friction stir welding process. The alloys were produced by investment casting using high-purity elements in induction furnace under vacuum atmosphere. The alloys were oxidized pseudo-isothermally up to 1000 h in muffle furnace under laboratory air, and the mass change was monitored manually using an analytical balance. External oxidation products growing on the surface of the oxidized samples were mainly Cr2O3 and Al2O3. At 800 and 900 °C, internal oxidation products were also observed and consist of Al2O3 and AlN. From a kinetic point of view, both superalloys presented the same behavior at 800 and 900 °C with kp values typical of alumina formers. However, Ta-alloyed material exhibited superior oxidation resistance at 1000 °C when compared to the alloy containing Nb.

Oxidation behavior and electrical conductivity of MAXs phase (Ti,Nb)3SiC2 as a novel intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell interconnect material in anode environment

(Ti,Nb)3SiC2 possesses high oxidation resistance and electrical conductivity in cathode side, endowing it potential application as intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC) interconnects. However, the performances of (Ti,Nb)3SiC2 in anode side must be well understood before the application comes true. In this paper, the oxidation resistance and electrical conductivity of (Ti,Nb)3SiC2 in simulated anode reducing atmosphere are systematically investigated. The oxidation kinetics follows parabolic law with a kP value of 7.57 × 10−14 g2 cm−4 s−1. The formed single oxide layer is composed of uniformly distributed Nb-doped rutile TiO2 and amorphous SiO2, without carbon deposition. High partial pressure of H2 and CO in simulated anode reducing atmosphere inhibit the oxidation by H2O and CO2. Nb doping with strengthen the Ti–O bond can also slow down the oxidation rate. ASR of (Ti,Nb)3SiC2 after 605 h cyclic oxidation is 1.6 and 3.7 mΩ cm2 at 800 °C and 500 °C, respectively. The low ASR comes from the induced extra electrons by Nb doping and the dissolution of H2O and H2 in oxide, and the integrated TiO2 conductive network in the scale. (Ti,Nb)3SiC2 exhibits superior performances in simulated anode reducing atmosphere, making it an promising candidate for SOFC interconnect.

Effect of Zr/Ti Ratio on Piezoelectric and Dielectric Propertiesof 0.1Pb[Fe1/2Nb1/2]O3-0.9Pb[ZrxTi(1–x)]O30 Ceramics

This study describes the microstructure, crystal structure, dielectric and piezoelectric behavior of 0.1Pb[Fe1/2Nb1/2]O3-0.9Pb[ZrxTi(1–x)]O3 (x = 0.49-0.55) ceramics synthesized by solid-state reaction. Compositions were sintered at 1180oC for 120 min. Dense and uniform microstructure was seen through microstructural analysis. XRD pattern confirmed the co-existence of tetragonal and rhombohedral perovskite phases in these compositions where 0.51 ≤ x ≤ 0.53. Compositions with 0.51 ≤ x ≤ 0.53 resulted in the optimum values of properties, viz. dielectric constant (ϵrr) of 1150, piezoelectric coefficient (d31 ) of 95x10–12 C/N, piezoelectric voltage constant (g31 ) of 70x10–3 mV/N and the coupling factor (kp ) value of 0.67. Results indicated that this material composition could be suitable for power harvesting and sensor applications.

Autotuning Fuzzy PID Controller for Speed Control of BLDC Motor

The PID control system is widely used for industrial machine control processes. The success of PID control is determined by tuning PID parameters. In PID control the tuning is carried out offline without taking into account changes that occur in the plant and the disturbances that arise. This study aims to optimize PID parameters online by taking into account the changes that occur in the plant and the disturbances that arise using fuzzy logic-based controls and tested on a BLDC motor which is a non-linear system. Set PID parameters with fuzzy logic using a combination of 49 if-then rules. To set proper PID parameters in real time, a two-level control system was built. The first level to define PID parameters by finding the minimum and maximum values of kp, ki and kd by the reaction method curve. The second level is designing the Fuzzy system to automatically set the PID parameters, then formulating a combination of 49 fuzzy if-then rules to get the value kp, ki, kd, error and change in delta error value. Testing of set point changes at BLDC Motor loads with no load and 0.5kg load and changes in speed get a response from the PID control system with an average value of 0.025 seconds rise time, 0.1625 seconds preset time, and 15.98% overshoot. While the Fuzzy PID control produces an average rise time value of 0.0025 seconds, preset time 0.057 seconds, overshoot of 5.42%.

Dependence on Humidity and Aerosol Composition of the Gas-particle Partitioning of Weakly and Moderately Polar VOCs

ABSTRACT Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) dominate the class of pollutants that accumulate in the atmosphere and indoors. Assessing the gas-particle partitioning of VOCs is important to determine their fate, transport, and adverse health impacts. This work is a companion to our earlier study on the temperature dependence of VOC partitioning. Here, we report our measurement of the gas-particle partition coefficient (Kp) for weakly polar (trichloroethylene, TCE) and moderately polar (n-butanol, n-BuOH) VOCs under varying relative humidity (RH) levels onto organic and inorganic aerosols. Kp of TCE was four to five orders of magnitude lower than those of n-BuOH. Results suggest preferential sorption of the VOCs onto inorganic aerosol particles than onto organic aerosol particles. Kp values for both TCE and n-BuOH decreased as RH levels increased; the Kp for both VOCs declined sharply at an RH > 35% onto inorganic aerosol particles, whereas the Kp declined slowly onto organic aerosol particles. Partitioning of the VOCs onto organic aerosol particles was less dependent on RH levels while partitioning onto inorganic aerosol particles was important only at low RH levels. At lower RH, partitioning proceeded by adsorbing onto the aerosol particles. In contrast, at higher RH, the extremely low mass fraction of the VOCs, absorbed onto the aerosol particle’s bulk by dissolving into the aqueous phase. For organic aerosol particles, partitioning may be dominated by adsorption at all RH levels. At increasing RH levels, both VOCs partitioning onto in/organic aerosol particles exhibited similar behavior (exponential) consistent to those observed for 1,2-dichlorobenzene, therefore, insensitive to the polarity. However, at a similar RH level, polarity affects the mass fraction of the VOCs that sorbed onto the aerosol particles.

Evaluation of Prediction Accuracy for Volume of Distribution in Rat and Human Using InVitro, InVivo, PBPK and QSAR Methods.

Volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) is an important pharmacokinetic parameter of a drug candidate. In this study, Vss prediction accuracy was evaluated by using: (1) seven methods for rat with 56 compounds, (2) four methods for human with 1276 compounds, and (3) four invivo methods and three Kp (partition coefficient) scalar methods from scaling of three preclinical species with 125 compounds. The results showed that the global QSAR models outperformed the PBPK methods. Tissue fraction unbound (fu,t) method with adipose and muscle also provided high Vss prediction accuracy. Overall, the high performing methods for human Vss prediction are the global QSAR models, Øie-Tozer and equivalency methods from scaling of preclinical species, as well as PBPK methods with Kp scalar from preclinical species. Certain input parameter ranges rendered PBPK models inaccurate due to mass balance issues. These were addressed using appropriate theoretical limit checks. Prediction accuracy of tissue Kp were also examined. The fu,t method predicted Kp values more accurately than the PBPK methods for adipose, heart and muscle. All the methods overpredicted brain Kp and underpredicted liver Kp due to transporter effects. Successful Vss prediction involves strategic integration of in silico, invitro and invivo approaches.

Quantification of Drugs in Distinctly Separated Ocular Substructures of Albino and Pigmented Rats.

The rat is a commonly used species in ocular drug research. Detailed methods of separating rat ocular tissues have not been described in literature. To understand the intraocular drug distribution, we developed a robust method for the separation of individual anterior and posterior substructures of pigmented Brown Norway (BN) and albino Wistar Han (WH) rat eyes, followed by quantification of drug concentration in these substructures. A short formalin incubation, which did not interfere with drug quantification, enabled the preservation of individual tissue sections while minimizing cross-tissue contamination, as demonstrated by histological analysis. Following oral administration, we applied the tissue separation method, in order to determine the ocular concentrations of dexamethasone and levofloxacin, as well as two in-house molecules BI 113823 and BI 1026706, compounds differing in their melanin binding. The inter-individual variability in tissue partitioning coefficients (Kp) was low, demonstrating the reproducibility of the separation method. Kp values of individual tissues varied up to 100-fold in WH and up to 46,000-fold in BN rats highlighting the importance of measuring concentration directly from the ocular tissue of interest. Additionally, clear differences were observed in the BN rat tissue partitioning compared to the WH rat. Overall, the developed method enables a reliable determination of small molecule drug concentrations in ocular tissues to support ocular drug research and development.

HuskinDB, a database for skin permeation of xenobiotics

Skin permeation is an essential biological property of small organic compounds our body is exposed to, such as drugs in topic formulations, cosmetics, and environmental toxins. Despite the limited availability of experimental data, there is a lack of systematic analysis and structure. We present a novel resource on skin permeation data that collects all measurements available in the literature and systematically structures experimental conditions. Besides the skin permeation value kp, it includes experimental protocols such as skin source site, skin layer used, preparation technique, storage conditions, as well as test conditions such as temperature, pH as well as the type of donor and acceptor solution. It is important to include these parameters in the assessment of the skin permeation data. In addition, we provide an analysis of physicochemical properties and chemical space coverage, laying the basis for applicability domain determination of insights drawn from the collected data points. The database is freely accessible under https://huskindb.drug-design.de or https://doi.org/10.7303/syn21998881.

Pengembangan Electronic Load Controller untuk Self-Excited Induction Generator Berbasis Penyearah Tiga Fase Menggunakan Raspberry Pi

A self-excited induction generator (SEIG) could provide electricity for isolated areas appropriately. An electronic load controller (ELC) with Raspberry Pi is designed to overcome the voltage and frequency changing of SEIG caused by load changing, while ab le to support distributed system trend with Framework for Distributed Industrial Automation and Control (4DIAC). The ELC design is based on the characteristics of SEIG and Indonesian electricity system standards. The design is then implemented, and the characteristics are identified. The output of SEIG is regulated at frequency of 50 Hz and terminal voltage of 294 V. A voltage sensor is designed with a transformer, filters, rectifier, and ADC. The actuator consisted of a three-phase rectifier, dump load, optocoupler driver, and IGBT. A PI-controller based on Python is applied in Raspberry Pi Zero with experimentally tuned Kp and Ki values both of 5.0. The output changing of SEIG caused by load changing could be regulated within the Indonesian electricity frequency standard in its steady state. The maximum voltage deviation from the nominal value is -12.24%, while the maximum frequency deviation is +3.2%, and the longest settling time is 832 ms. Keywords : induction generator, electronic load controller and Raspberry Pi.

An Equation of the State and Surface Properties of Amorphous Iron

It has been shown that three singular points related to an amorphous state can be distinguished in the dependence of the first coordination number kn on packing coefficient kp in the structure of a unicomponent material. The equation of state and properties of iron for both these three amorphous structures and the crystal state are calculated on the basis of the Mie–Lennard-Jones pair interatomic potential. It is shown that the chemical potential becomes minimal at kp = 0.45556 and kn = 6.2793; that is, this packing can be assigned to a thermodynamically stable amorphous structure corresponding to a liquid phase. A point that is energetically equivalent to this phase and has the same value of kn but another value of kp (0.6237) is a thermodynamically unstable amorphous structure corresponding to a solid phase. It was shown that the specific surface energy of an amorphous solid metal is higher than that of the amorphous liquid phase but is lower than the specific surface energy of a crystalline metal. This should lead to the fact that the surface of a crystalline metal will tend to amorphization.

Effect of devitalization techniques on the lipid, protein, antioxidant, and chitin fractions of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae

The emergence of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) as one among the vital tools for generating circular economy has enabled its use in several applications such as biorefining, valorization of waste management, treatment of industrial by-products, and bioconversion of agro-industrial residues. The ability of BSFL to assimilate chemical constituents of interest from the feed substrate and easily recover them from the insect matrix gives it a bio-reactor like characteristic. The primary unit operation after insect harvesting is the devitalization technique employed, and further processing of BSFL depends on the end application of the insect product. Conventional drying, microwave drying, scalding, blanching, microwave-assisted subcritical condition, and freezing as devitalization techniques to euthanize BSFL was executed. The impact of the devitalization techniques on the BSFL oil, protein, antioxidant, and chitin fractions was evaluated. The crude lipid yield, fatty acid profile and lipid class composition were investigated. The fatty acid profile was uniform for BSFL fractions devitalized by different techniques, and triacylglycerides were the primary lipid class in the oil fraction. The protein solubility of the defatted BSFL flour in different pH was determined. The protein quality parameters such as protein dispersibility index, urease activity index, and molecular weight distribution of the soluble protein fractions were analyzed. The frozen BSFL fraction displayed the highest protein solubility in all pH range considered, protein dispersibility index (PDI) and protein solubility (PS) was 52.86 ± 2.99% and 83.94 ± 2.96%, respectively. The aminogram of dry defatted BSFL flour, BSFL concentrate and isolate were recorded and the nitrogen-to-protein conversion (Kp) value was determined for these fractions. The antioxidant capacity of water-soluble bioactive compounds of BSFL was evaluated. Radical scavenging capacity and total polyphenol content of the BSFL fraction devitalized by microwave-assisted subcritical treatment and freezing displayed higher values when compared to other BSFL fractions. The chitin fractions were characterized by determining the degree of acetylation. Devitalization techniques strongly influence and impact the major BSFL constituents except for chitin and selection of the method should depend on the end application of the insect product. The microwave-assisted subcritical treatment proved to be an efficient devitalization technique. Whereas, freezing being a non-thermal treatment has a few limitations. Graphic abstract

Particle Swarm Optimization based PID controller for Extrusion Process

The process called extrusion was used for making objects of fixed cross-sectional profile by pushing or pulling the material through the die of the preferred cross-section. The extrusion process was a nonlinear process in which the quality of the product relies on various parameters such as temperature, extrusion speed, etc.; hence there should be a controller working in an optimized manner required to maintain these parameters properly suitable for the system, thereby producing the quality product without any defects. A PID controller is designed and tuned for the extrusion process using the transfer function model of the system. The controller parameters such as Kp, Ki, and Kd values are optimized using Particle Swarm Optimization technique. The performance indices such as ISE, IAE, ITAE, and ITSE for the normal PID controller as well as PSO optimized PID controller were compared and the output has been produced using MATLAB/SIMULINK model. Moreover, NARMA-L2 controller is also tuned and the output is produced. Keywords: Controller, model, MATLAB, NARMA-L2, optimization, PID, PSO

Analysis and Simulation of PI and PID Control Systems Using Xcos Scilab

Research has been conducted to analysis and simulation of PI and PID control systems using Xcos-Scilab. It focused on the constant value of kp, ki, and kd in the P, PI and PID control system simulation. The system output was set into a step signal so it will be analyzed with transient response method. For comparison, the PID control system with the Ziegler-Nichols tuning method was also used. It has been done in order to find out whether the Trial and error method is more appropriate to use in the in the PID control system simulation or not. The plant used is the Servo Motor Model with transfer function . The results from the analysis of the variation of simulated control system constants, the best parameters are: P (P variation): Kp = 7, PI (P Variation): Kp = 8; Ki = 2, PI (I Variation): Kp = 5; Ki = 5, PID (P Variation): Kp = 60; Ki = 5; Kd = 2, PID (I Variation): Kp = 50; Ki = 1; Kd = 5, PID (D Variation): Kp = 50; Ki = 10; Kd = 2.

Determination of optimal PID control parameters by response surface methodology

Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controllers are the most widely used systems in industrial applications and in academic research regarding control engineering. In this study, the optimal PID control parameters of a liquid level control system were determined with Response Surface Methodology. Dynamic analysis was carried out on the liquid level control system to prepare the reaction curve. Accordingly, dead time, time constant and process gain values were determined as 16s, 261s and 0.842, respectively. Based on the dynamic analysis, PID parameters were calculated in accordance with the Cohen-Coon, Ziegler-Nichols, Yuwana-Seborg methods, which are the commonly used tuning methods. The Kp, τI, τD parameters were calculated as 30.77, 29.15 and 5.4 with the Cohen-Coon method, as 0.453, 30.0 and 7.5 with the Ziegler-Nichols method and as 1.63, 686.3 and 117.7 with the Yuwana-Seborg method, respectively. The PID control parameters applied for the 40cm, 50cm and 60cm set points and ISE and IAE control performance values after experiments were calculated. The Kp, τI and τD values were selected as the independent parameters, while the ISE and IAE values were chosen as the dependent variables. The numerical values of the responses for the runs in the design matrices were determined with a closed-loop PID controller with the liquid level system block diagram that was designed in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulations proposed by the trial version of Design Expert 7.0 program were performed in order and the IAE and ISE values were calculated after the simulations were processed. In this study, minimum ISE and IAE values were selected to determine the best PID parameters of a liquid level control system. The optimal PID control parameters of the liquid level system required to obtain the lowest ISE and IAE values were determined as 23.14, 28.31 and 11.50 for Kp, τI and τD, respectively.

The Influence of Paracetamol on the Penetration of Sorafenib and Sorafenib N-Oxide Through the Blood-Brain Barrier in Rats.

Background and ObjectiveSorafenib is an oral, multikinase inhibitor with established single-agent activity in several tumor types. Sorafenib was moderately transported by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and more efficiently by breast cancer resistance protein. The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor involved in P-gp regulation in the brain microvasculature. Paracetamol is a CAR activator. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of paracetamol on the brain uptake of sorafenib and sorafenib N-oxide.MethodsThe rats were assigned to two groups—rats receiving oral paracetamol 100 mg/kg and sorafenib 100 mg/kg (n = 42, ISR+PA) and rats receiving oral vehicle and sorafenib 100 mg/kg (n = 42, IISR). The sorafenib and sorafenib N-oxide concentrations in blood plasma and brain tissue were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet detection. Brain-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp) was calculated as a ratio of the area under the curve from zero to 24 h (AUC) in the brain and plasma. A drug targeting index (DTI) was estimated as the group ISR+PA Kp to group IISR Kp ratio.ResultsPharmacokinetic analysis revealed increased brain exposure to sorafenib and sorafenib N-oxide after co-administration of paracetamol. The brain maximum concentration (Cmax) and the AUC of the parent drug in the ISR+PA group compared with the IISR group were greater by 49.5 and 77.8%, respectively, and the same parameters for the metabolite were higher by 51.4 and 50.9%. However, the Kp values of sorafenib and sorafenib N-oxide did not differ significantly between the two animal groups and the DTI values were close to 1.ConclusionParacetamol increases exposure to sorafenib and sorafenib N-oxide in the brain, likely due to increased exposure in plasma.

PI Controller Untuk Mengatur Kecepatan Motor Induksi 1 Fasa

Induction motors are widely used in the industrial world, home-based businesses as well as in households. Currently in the process of making tofu an induction motor is used as a motor to drive soy blending blades. At this time the use of induction motors is still manually by requiring the operator to regulate the speed of the motor. To reduce operator work, it is necessary to apply PI control as a motor speed controller so that a constant motor rotation is obtained. 1 phase induction motor can be adjusted with variable speed drive (VSD) 0.75KW 1 phase. Blending blade drive uses 0.5HP 1 phase induction motor. In the application of PI control requires some hardware namely Arduino Uno as a minimum system that gives PWM circuit input commands. And the speed sensor as a motor blending speed reader. PI tuning values obtained from the application of the Ziegerl-Nichols I method with the best Kp and Ki tuning values are 1.35 and 0.02673. This research was conducted with 3 speed variables namely 1400 rpm, 1300 and 1200 rpm. From the application of Kp and Ki tuning values, the smallest error value is 4.08% at 1400 rpm with the system response time peak (tp) 5s, rise time (tr) 3s faster, delay time (td) 3s, and settling time (ts) 9s , and a maximum overshoot of 9.8%.