Kp Values Research Articles

Electromechanical properties of barium titanate-polyvinylidene fluoride cement-based composites

In this study, 40–60 vol% barium titanate (BT) piezoelectric ceramic particles, Portland cement, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, 0–7 vol%) were used to fabricate 0–3 BT cement-based composites. The electromechanical coupling factor (k) and the mechanical quality factor (Qm) of the composites were investigated. Increasing BT and PVDF contents led to a decreased impedance of the composite. Moreover, the impedance peak detected was found to shift to a lower frequency. Broaden impedance peak can be observed when PVDF content increased. The electromechanical coupling factor of thickness mode (kt) and planar mode (kp) increased with increasing BT and PVDF contents. The highest values for kt (16.74%) and kp (16.94%) were found in the composite with 60 vol% BT and 5–7 vol% PVDF. The composite with no PVDF has a higher Qm value than composites with PVDF. The lowest Qm value can be observed at 3 vol% PVDF with all BT content.

Meta-Assessment of Metformin Absorption and Disposition Pharmacokinetics in Nine Species.

The objective of this study was to systematically assess literature datasets and quantitatively analyze metformin PK in plasma and some tissues of nine species. The pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and profiles of metformin in nine species were collected from the literature. Based on a simple allometric scaling, the systemic clearances () of metformin in these species highly correlate with body weight () (R2 = 0.85) and are comparable to renal plasma flow in most species except for rabbit and cat. Reported volumes of distribution () varied appreciably (0.32 to 10.1 L/kg) among species. Using the physiological and anatomical variables for each species, a minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (mPBPK) model consisting of blood and two tissue compartments (Tissues 1 and 2) was used for modeling metformin PK in the nine species. Permeability-limited distribution (low and ) and a single tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient () value for Tissues 1 and 2 were applied in the joint mPBPK fitting. Nonlinear regression analysis for common tissue distribution parameters along with species-specific values reasonably captured the plasma PK profiles of metformin across most species, except for rat and horse with later time deviations. In separate fittings of the mPBPK model to each species, Tissue 2 was considered as slowly-equilibrating compartment consisting of muscle and skin based on in silico calculations of the mean transit times through tissues. The well-fitted mPBPK model parameters for absorption and disposition PK of metformin for each species were compared with in vitro/in vivo results found in the literature with regard to the physiological details and physicochemical properties of metformin. Bioavailability and absorption rates decreased with the increased among the species. Tissues such as muscle dominate metformin distribution with low permeability and partitioning while actual tissue concentrations found in rats and mice show likely transporter-mediated uptake in liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tissues. Metformin has diverse pharmacologic actions, and this assessment revealed allometric relationships in its absorption and renal clearance but considerable variability in actual and modeled tissue distribution probably caused by transporter differences.

Speed control of DC motor using fractional order PID controller based on particle swarm optimization

Due to the required different speeds and important role of direct current (DC) motors in laboratories, production factories and industrial application, speed controlling of these motors becomes an essential matter for proper operation with high efficiency and performance accuracy. This paper presents a new speed controlling technique that is based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm in the optimization process of the parameters for the fractional order proportional–integral–derivative (FOPID) controller. The FOPID is an advanced and modern controlling system in which the two more added parameters (the derivative μ and integral λ orders) are fractional rather than integer. Through the process of minimizing the fitness functions, the obtained results show that the designed controller system can excellently set the best controller parameters due to the fractions of these additional parameters. With respect to the PSO-PID controller, the simulation results for the proposed PSO-FOPID controller show performance improvements of 14%, 21%, 24.5%, 78%, and 19.3% in the values of the parameters Kp, Ki, Kd, Tr, and Ts respectively.

Kontrol Kecepatan Motor BLDC dengan PID - Firefly

Conventional DC motors often experience problems that require regular maintenance. The use of conventional DC motors can be replaced with Brushless DC (BLDC) motors. This BLDC motor has good efficiency and durability. Increasing the ability of BLDC motors can be done by speed regulation using the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) method combined with Firefly Algorithm. Testing this method uses matlab 2014a. The firefly algorithm can obtain parameter values of Kp, Ki, and Kd which are then used as PID input. Because of inaccuracies in determining the value of a constant in PID and can cause the length of time to reach the desired speed. BLDC motor speed regulation with the PID method combined with firefly algorithm can make the BLDC motor reach synchronous faster

Perancangan Sistem Kontrol CNC Pengebor PCB Otomatis Berbasis Raspberry PI

<p><em>Circuit</em><em> </em><em>Board (PCB) is a micro-board containing</em><em> </em><em>various components</em><em> </em><em>electronics used in an automatic circuit. In PCB drilling is usually done</em><em> </em><em>human</em><em> </em><em>which takes a lot}when the hole in the PCB is getting more and more. And it takes precision when the eye</em><em> </em><em>touches the PCB board which gives rise to friction force and can cause</em><em> </em><em>drilling. The purpose of this research was the development of tools in the form of automated drills using computers with BCNC software as face-to-face CNC movements. The engine is driven with stepper motor and dc motor as spindle. In this BCNC software the drilling process is done by entering the codes in the form of gcode which can later be read by CNC. The coordinates of the holes in the layout that have been created are obtained by converting the layout into codes called gcode. The process is carried out using PCB designer software. Thoroughness testing on all six axes found an error </em><em>1,2</em><em>% with ten attempts each. PID implementation on DC motor obtained constant value Kp = 54,</em><em> </em><em>Ki = 38 and Kd = 0.9. As well as before drilling, the installation of drill bits must be precise so that at the time of spinning, the drill bits do not shake.</em></p>

Percutaneous penetration and dermal exposure risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins

The widespread occurrence of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in environmental matrices has resulted in a high frequency exposure to CPs via dermal contact. To quantitatively estimate percutaneous penetration of CPs, Episkin® human skin equivalents (HSE) was applied as an in vitro model to evaluate the mechanism of percutaneous penetration of CPs. The co-exposure of CPs mixtures to HSE showed that about 11.7% and 10.2% of short-chain CPs (SCCPs) and medium-chain CPs (MCCPs) could penetrate the HSE and enter the receptor fluid, while no long-chain CPs (LCCPs) (C>17) were able to penetrate the HSE during the 36-h assay period. The experimentally obtained permeability coefficient (Kp) values for CPs were significantly (p < 0.01) negatively correlated with their log octanol–water partition coefficient (log Kow). Furthermore, 24 participants were recruited to assess direct human dermal exposure to CPs in China with the total CPs collected onto hand wipes and forehead wipes being 96,600 and 30,400 ng/person, respectively. The proportion of total SCCPs and MCCPs intake via dermal penetration (skin area investigated in this study) accounting for 2.0% of the total intake of CPs. Considering the total skin surface of human body is around 20 times of the area studied, the total intake of CPs through dermal penetration could be a significant exposure pathway.

Detection of Fe and evidence for TiO in the dayside emission spectrum of WASP-33b

Context. Theoretical studies predict the presence of thermal inversions in the atmosphere of highly irradiated gas giant planets. Recent observations have identified these inversion layers. However, the role of different chemical species in their formation remains unclear. Aims. We search for the signature of the thermal inversion agents TiO and Fe in the dayside emission spectrum of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-33b. Methods. The spectra were obtained with CARMENES and HARPS-N, covering different wavelength ranges. Telluric and stellar absorption lines were removed with SYSREM. We cross-correlated the residual spectra with model spectra to retrieve the signals from the planetary atmosphere. Results. We find evidence for TiO at a significance of 4.9σ with CARMENES. The strength of the TiO signal drops close to the secondary eclipse. No TiO signal is found with HARPS-N. An injection-recovery test suggests that the TiO signal is below the detection level at the wavelengths covered by HARPS-N. The emission signature of Fe is detected with both instruments at significance levels of 5.7σ and 4.5σ, respectively. By combining all observations, we obtain a significance level of 7.3σ for Fe. We find the TiO signal at Kp = 248.0−2.5+2.0 km s−1, which is in disagreement with the Fe detection at Kp = 225.0−3.5+4.0 km s−1. The Kp value for Fe is in agreement with prior investigations. The model spectra require different temperature profiles for TiO and Fe to match the observations. We observe a broader line profile for Fe than for TiO. Conclusions. Our results confirm the existence of a temperature inversion layer in the planetary atmosphere. The observed Kp offset and different strengths of broadening in the line profiles suggest the existence of a TiO-depleted hot spot in the planetary atmosphere.

Effects of osmotic pressure on the irreversible electroporation in giant lipid vesicles.

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a nonthermal tumor/cell ablation technique in which a series of high-voltage short pulses are used. As a new approach, we aimed to investigate the rupture of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) using the IRE technique under different osmotic pressures (Π), and estimated the membrane tension due to Π. Two categories of GUVs were used in this study. One was prepared with a mixture of dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and cholesterol (chol) for obtaining more biological relevance while other with a mixture of DOPG and DOPC, with specific molar ratios. We determined the rate constant (kp) of rupture of DOPG/DOPC/chol (46/39/15)-GUVs and DOPG/DOPC (40/60)-GUVs induced by constant electric tension (σc) under different Π. The σc dependent kp values were fitted with a theoretical equation, and the corresponding membrane tension (σoseq) at swelling equilibrium under Π was estimated. The estimated membrane tension agreed well with the theoretical calculation within the experimental error. Interestingly, the values of σoseq were almost same for both types of synthesized GUVs under same osmotic pressure. We also examined the sucrose leakage, due to large osmotic pressure-induced pore formation, from the inside of DOPG/DOPC/chol(46/39/15)-GUVs. The estimated membrane tension due to large Π at which sucrose leaked out was very similar to the electric tension at which GUVs were ruptured without Π. We explained the σc and Π induced pore formation in the lipid membranes of GUVs.

Partitioning and Spatial Distribution of Drugs in Ocular Surface Tissues.

Ocular drug absorption after eye drop instillation has been widely studied, but partitioning phenomena and spatial drug distribution are poorly understood. We investigated partitioning of seven beta-blocking drugs in corneal epithelium, corneal stroma, including endothelium and conjunctiva, using isolated porcine tissues and cultured human corneal epithelial cells. The chosen beta-blocking drugs had a wide range (−1.76–0.79) of n-octanol/buffer solution distribution coefficients at pH 7.4 (Log D7.4). In addition, the ocular surface distribution of three beta-blocking drugs was determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) after their simultaneous application in an eye drop to the rabbits in vivo. Studies with isolated porcine corneas revealed that the distribution coefficient (Kp) between the corneal epithelium and donor solution showed a positive relationship and good correlation with Log D7.4 and about a 50-fold range of Kp values (0.1–5). On the contrary, Kp between corneal stroma and epithelium showed an inverse (negative) relationship and correlation with Log D7.4 based on a seven-fold range of Kp values. In vitro corneal cell uptake showed a high correlation with the ex vivo corneal epithelium/donor Kp values. Partitioning of the drugs into the porcine conjunctiva also showed a positive relationship with lipophilicity, but the range of Kp values was less than with the corneal epithelium. MALDI-IMS allowed simultaneous detection of three compounds in the cornea, showed data in line with other experiments, and revealed uneven spatial drug distribution in the cornea. Our data indicate the importance of lipophilicity in defining the corneal pharmacokinetics and the Kp values are a useful building block in the kinetic simulation models for topical ocular drug administration.

Mobile robot painted dashed lines as road markings

Painting road markings is one of the infrastructure works that can provide road markings on roads. The fuzzy method is used as a value to determine the midpoint of the width of the road and the robot is on the middle side of the road, then produces a velocity value on the robot that is maintained by the PID method. The result is that the robot can detect the sidewalk with an ultrasonic sensor on the difference of the right sensor error 0.2 cm and the left sensor 0.5 cm through comparison of detection by the sensor and the ruler. The robot can maintain speed and the output value produced by fuzzy speed is 30, then used as input by the PID method with constant values Kp = 2.5, Ki = 0, and Kd = 0.8. The process of painting using a roll model paint tool produces a length of painting 29-31 cm and a long line breaking range of 25-27 cm with a white line width of 8.5-9 cm.

High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Conventional and Nb-Modified MAR-M246 Ni-Based Superalloy

The present investigations focused on the thermal oxidation of two variants of MAR-M246 alloy having the same contents of Ta and Nb in at. pct, considering the effects of total replacement of Ta by Nb. The alloys were produced by investment casting using high purity elements in induction furnace under vacuum atmosphere. The alloys were oxidized pseudo-isothermally at 800 °C, 900 °C and 1000 °C up to 1000 hours under lab air. Protective oxidation products growing on the surface of the oxidized samples were mainly Al2O3, Cr2O3. Other less protective oxide such as spinels (NiCr2O4 and CoCr2O4) and TiO2 were also detected as oxidation products. The conventional alloy exhibited slight internal oxidation at 800 °C and an enhanced resistance at 900 °C and 1000 °C. The Nb-modified alloy presented an exacerbated internal oxidation and nitridation at 900 °C and 1000 °C and an enhanced resistance at 800 °C. At 1000 °C, Nb-modified alloy was particularly affected by excessive spalling as the main damage mechanisms. From a kinetic point of view, both alloys exhibit the same behavior at 800 °C and 900 °C, with kp values typical of alumina forming alloys (2 × 10−14 to 3.6 × 10−13 g2 cm−4 s−1). However, Ta modified alloys exhibited superior oxidation resistance at 1000 °C when compared to the Nb modified alloy due to better adherence of the protective oxide scale.

PI Fuzzy Controller of Synchronous Boost Converter for Drug Storage Thermoelectric Cooler

Medicines should be stored in a room at a suitable temperature if the inappropriate affect the quality of the drug. Therefore we need a control that can control the temperature in the room so that it is constant in accordance with the rules for room temperature in drug storage, which is 25 degrees Celsius. The following paperwork presents a simulation controller between PI controller and PI-Fuzzy logic controller in adjusting the voltage to match the set of point. Where the fuzzy logic controller automatically searches for the Kp value so that the voltage output of the converter match the desired set of point. Then the converter used is synchronoust boost converter as voltage regulator and peltier as a DC load which functions as a cooler. in this research, the system using PI controller was able to adjust the voltage to match the set point with Kp is 0.14089 and Ki is 124.6738 then settling time is 0.016 s. While the system using PI-Fuzzy logic controller,it was able to adjust the voltage to match the set point with Kp is 0.08112 and Ki is 125.6738 then settling time is 0.014 s.

PLP-SEC Investigation of the Influence of Electrostatic Interactions on the Radical Propagation Rate Coefficients of Cationic Monomers TMAEMC and MAPTAC

The decisive role of counterions on the propagation mechanism in the radical polymerization of ionized monomers is comprehensively studied. Propagation rate coefficients, kp, were obtained for cationic monomers [2-(methacryloyloxyethyl)]trimethylammonium chloride (TMAEMC) and [3-(methacryloylaminopropyl)]trimethylammonium chloride (MAPTAC) in aqueous solution by pulsed-laser polymerization combined with size-exclusion chromatography over broad ranges of monomer concentration (1–40 wt %), temperature (5–90 °C), pH (2–12), and salts selected to provide a molar counterion concentration, ccounterion, between 0.05 and 3 mol·L–1. Both monomers behave similarly under conditions at which repulsive electrostatic interactions between a polymer chain and a reacting monomer dominate (ccounterion < 0.2 mol·L–1). The kp values increase linearly with ccounterion above this value due to screening of the repulsive interactions and follow the family behavior of nonionized methacrylate and methacrylamide monomers manifested by a higher kp for TMAEMC than for MAPTAC. The hydration of the polyelectrolyte chain is considered as an additional factor contributing to higher kp values for cationic TMAEMC at high ccounterion values compared to its nonionized analogue 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate. The extensive set of kp data can be represented using average activation energies of 14.4 ± 2.7 and 14.7 ± 2.0 kJ·mol–1 for TMAEMC and MAPTAC, respectively, and a preexponential factor that increases with ccounterion. The batch polymerization of MAPTAC compared to that of TMAEMC reflects the differences in kp behavior for these monomers.

Interaction of Pc4 ULF waves with solar wind velocity and its dependence on Kp values

Background/Objectives: Magnetic Pulsations recorded on the ground in the earth are produced by processes inside the magnetosphere and solar wind. These processes produce a wide variety of ULF hydromagnetic wave type which can be categorized on the ground as either Pi or Pc pulsations (irregular or continuous). Methods: Distinctive regions of the magnetosphere originate different frequencies of waves. Digital Dynamic Spectra (DDS) for the northsouth (X), east-west (Y) and vertical (Z) components of the recorded data were constructed for every day for 365 days (January 1 to December 31, 2005) in the station order PON, HAN and NAG respectively. Pc4 geomagnetic pulsations are quasi-sinusoidal fluctuations in the earth’s magnetic field in the length range 45-150 seconds. The magnitude of these pulsations ranges from fraction of a Nano Tesla (nT) to several nT. The monthly variation of Pc4 occurrence has a Kp dependence range of 0 to 9-. However, Pc4 occurrence was reported for Kp values, yet the major Pc4 events occurred for rage 5+ &lt;Kp&lt; 8+. The magnitudes of intervals of Pc4 occurrence decreased in the station order PON, HAN and NAG respectively. Analysis of the data for the whole year 2005 provided similar patterns of Pc4 occurrence for Vsw at all the three stations. Although Pc4 ULF wave occurrence become reported for Vsw ranging from 250 to 1000 Km/s, yet the major Pc4 event recorded for a Vsw range of 300-700 Km/sec. Findings: The current study is undertaken for describing the interaction of Pc4 ULF waves with solar wind speed and its dependence on Kp values. The results suggest that the solar wind control Pc4 occurrence through a mechanism in which Pc4 wave energy is convected through the magnetosheath and coupled to the standing oscillations of the magnetospheric field lines. PACS Nos: 94.30.cq; 96.50.Tf Keywords: Geomagnetic micropulsations; MHD waves and instabilities; Solar wind-control of Pc4 pulsation

Enhancement of the brain delivery of methotrexate with administration of mid-chain ester prodrugs: In vitro and in vivo studies

In the present study, with the aim of improving the permeability of methotrexate (MTX) to the brain, the lipophilic MTX prodrugs containing the ester functional moiety were synthesized. The chemical structure of synthesized prodrugs was characterized and confirmed by FT-IR, NMR and mass spectral studies. Based on the results of in vitro cytotoxic studies, all of the synthesized prodrugs led to decrease in the IC50 in 72 h on U87 cancer cell line and the best result was observed for dihexyl methotrexate (MTX-DH) in comparison with free MTX, which led to decrease the IC50 amount up to 6 folds. In addition, in vivo toxicity on Artemia salina (A. salina) showed that the lipophilic MTX prodrugs have been able to partially mask the toxic profile of free MTX, at the same concentrations. These findings were also in compliance with hemolysis assay results, which confirm that the conjugates has not made the drug more toxic. Furthermore, in vivo study in rat model, was employed to determine the simultaneous drug concentration in brain and plasma. According to the obtained results, the brain-to-plasma concentration ratios (Kp values) of MTX-DH and dioctyl methotrexate (MTX-DO) groups were significantly higher compared with free MTX. Moreover, the uptake clearance of MTX by brain parenchyma increased significantly (3.85 and 9.08-time increased for MTX-DH and MTX-DO prodrugs, respectively). These findings indicate that the synthesized lipophilic MTX prodrugs are non-toxic and able to enhance brain penetration of MTX.

A hybrid MFO‐GHNN tuned self‐adaptive FOPID controller for ALFC of renewable energy integrated hybrid power system

This paper proposes a hybrid moth flame optimization–generalized Hopfield neural network (MFO-GHNN) optimized self-adaptive fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controller for automatic load frequency control of multi-area hybrid power system (HPS). The control problem is formulated with an objective function of area control error associated with unknown parameters such as Kp, Ki, Kd, λ and μ of FOPID controller. The fractional order of differentiator and integrator terms, and the initial values of Kp, Ki and Kd, are drawn from MFO algorithm. Then, the Kp, Ki and Kd are fine-tuned by solving the dynamic equations governing the behaviour of GHNN under system uncertainties. To test the practicability and effectiveness of the proposed controller, the multi-area HPS is studied with uncertain change in load demand, system parameters, solar and wind power generation. The proposed method is modelled using MATLAB/Simulink. The results showed that the steady state and transient performance indices of proposed FOPID controller are significantly enhanced than the PID, MFO-FOPID and GHNN-PID controllers. In addition, the stability of non-linear dynamic HPS is analysed using Matignon's theorem of stability. Further, the performance of controller is validated using real time digital simulator run in hardware-in-the loop environment.

Performance analysis of PID control in DC Brushless motor using trial and error method

This research presents an overview of the performance of the PID control technique applied to the Brushless DC motor to regulate the speed using the Arduino microcontroller and LabView software. Brushless DC motors are chosen because they have high efficiency both in performance and longer durability. Kp, Ti and Td parameter tuning techniques use the Trial and error method and the results obtained from the value of Kp = 0.050, Ti = 0.001 and Td = 0.001 indicate a minimum error compared to controls without using PID. The percentage of overshoot still exists but the rise time and settling time indicate a faster response speed to the setpoint.

Analysis and Simulation of Proportional Derivative and Proportional Integral Derivative Control Systems Using Xcos Scilab

PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) control is a popular control in the industry and aims to improve the performance of a system. This control has controlling parameters, namely Kp, Ki, and Kd which will have a control effect on the overall system response. In this research, P, PD, and PID control simulations with the transfer function of the mass-damper spring as a plant using Xcos Scilab. The method used is the trial and error method by setting and varying the values of the control constants Kp, Ki, and Kd to produce the desired system response. The value adjustment of system control parameters is carried out with several variations, namely Kp control variation, Kp variation to constant Kd, Kd variation to constant Kp, Kp variation to Ki, constant Kd, variation of Ki to Kp, constant Kd and variation of Kd to Kp, Ki constant. The second method is automatic tuning which is done through mathematical calculations to obtain PID control constants, namely Zieglar Nichols PID tuning with the oscillation method. From the system simulation results, the best parameter is obtained through the Zieglar Nichols PID tuning process based on the results of the transient response analysis, namely when the proportional gain value (Kp) is 50. The system performance characteristics produced in the tuning process are 3.994 seconds of settling time at 2.36 seconds research time. resulting in a maximum overshoot value of 3.6% and a peaktime value of 3.994 seconds

Wall Following Control System with PID Control and Ultrasonic Sensor for KRAI 2018 Robot

Indonesian Abu Robot Contest (KRAI) in 2018 with the theme "Throwing a Blessing Ball". The main purpose of this robot is to be able to navigate automatically in an area that is bordered by walls to complete the mission. The main problem with the robot is the navigation system. The application of PID control in the wall following system has been able to make robot movements smooth, responsive, and fast. In this study, PID control aims to smooth the movement of the robot while walking along the wall in the race arena. The PID parameter is obtained from the results of tuning with the trial and error method, the values of KP = 3, KI = 0, and KD = 5. At the PWM 150 set point the value of the ultrasonic sensor distance reading to the object in the form of a wall with an average error of 4.4. cm. At the PWM 200 set point the value of the ultrasonic sensor distance reading to the object in the form of a wall with an average error of 0.4 cm. At the PWM 250 set point the value of the ultrasonic sensor distance reading to the object in the form of a wall with an average error of 0.8 cm. This error does not have an effect on the performance of the wall following system, because the system only uses the distance value reading data with a decimal value in front of the comma. So it can be concluded that the wall following system which is designed using ultrasonic sensors with measurement error that occurs is zero.

Implementation of DC Motor PID Control On Conveyor for Separating Potato Seeds by Weight

Dieng area is a mountainous area, dieng has land with high fertility levels so that they are increasingly high in the agricultural sector, especially potatoes. During the time, the technology for sorting potato seeds was still manual with humans, so it was less effective. The conveyor here is very useful as this device which will later work with loadcell as a weigher, and this device will be driven using a dc motor then the speed stabilization uses the PID algorithm with trial and error methods and this tool is supported using ultrasonic sensors and two servo sorting. This device works with 1 cycle, namely with 1 command with a value of KP 55, KI 20 and KD 0.001. The conveyor movement is quite stable with an average error value of 0.276 load cell with a standard deviation of 0.211877 with an achievement level of 80%.