Koya City Research Articles

Effect of sewage wastewater on the mitotic index of the root tips of Allium cepa in koya city /Kurdistan region of Iraq

The purpose of the experiment was to investigate onion (Allium cepa) root growth, cell division, and mitotic index. The onions were placed into four different water samples (Control water, Azadi bridge, Sar Razan, and Sar Baskan) for 72 hours in beakers. The results showed that the number of divided cells decreased significantly in the sewage water compared with the control water. The control water had a high percentage of divided cells (18%), whereas the Sar Razan sewage water had the least percentage of divided cells (1.3%). The percentage of divided cells in Sar Baskan sewage water was 2%, and the percentage of divided cells in Azadi Bridge was 2.6%. It was found that the mitotic index and the number of divided cells increased in the control water compared to the sewage water. The results showed that sewage water has a greater impact on root growth, cell division, and mitotic index of root tips of Allium cepa.

Spatial distribution pattern and the impact range of healthcare centers in Koya city in 2022

Spatial distribution pattern and the impact range of healthcare centers in Koya city in 2022

The impact of an aerobic exercise rehabilitation program on stroke patients' ability to walk more comfortably and some physiological indicators

Since stroke is the third leading cause of mortality worldwide, numerous studies must be done to attempt and determine what causes it, how to diagnose it quickly, and how to treat it properly to prevent advanced stages or total disability. The list of most frequent neurological system injuries includes stroke, which leaves victims with motor disabilities. Walking is one of the most frequently used motor skills since it is so integral to daily living, and a stroke frequently results in issues with how the body moves generally, such as the ability to walk. As we know, physical exercises, including aerobic exercises, are nothing more than operations to subject the vital systems of the body under the influence of physical exercises that lead to the occurrence of physiological and morphological changes that result in an increase in body efficiency and his ability. The injured person is treated by taking care of the manifestations of weakness of some muscles, ligaments, and joints. The current study sought to determine how an aerobic exercise-based rehabilitation program affected stroke patients' ability to walk and several physiological parameters. The study's findings showed that the rehabilitation program using aerobic exercises affects the improvement of walking skill and some physiological variables among stroke patients. The researchers used the experimental approach in a one group design, and the sample size was ten patients with stroke who were referred to a physiotherapy center in Koya city.

Molecular identification of Candida spp. isolated from women withvulvovaginal candidiasis in Koya District, Iraq

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is the second most common vaginal infection among women of reproductive age. It is an opportunistic mucosal infection. Candida species causes VVC, which affects millions of women annually. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify the species of Candida from married women who had VVC attending Shahid Doctor Khalid Hospital & Haji Qader Health Centre in Koya, Iraq using traditional and molecular methods. This research was carried out, from December 2021 to May 2022; 150 vaginal swabs from married patients with symptoms of VVC were collected. Swabs were microscopically examined, grown on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA), and HiCrome™ Candida Differential agar and Germ Tube Test were used to identify Candida isolates. Next, the results were validated using the molecular method called polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify and detect the ITS region in this study. The chitin synthase gene (CHS1) confirmed all C. albicans isolates. Out of the150 vaginal swabs gathered, 84 (56%) cases were positive for vaginal candidiasis. Ages26-30 were found to have the most significant proportion of positive patients, and Women who were pregnant had a more positive culture than women who were not. Identifying six different species of Candida was accomplished through the application of both traditional and molecular techniques in the study; they are C. albicans (88.1%), C. glabrata (4.8%), C. kefyr (2.4%), C. krusei (2.4%), C. parapsilosis (1.2%), and C. tropicalis (1.2%). Finally, we concluded that VVC was shown to be prevalent in Koya city, with the predominant species as C. albicans among all other species.

Spatial modeling of geotechnical soil parameters: Integrating ground-based data, RS technique, spatial statistics and GWR model

Ensuring the availability of a cost-effective method to predict soil behavior is imperative for newly developed construction sites. This research aims to create a model that can estimate the spatial distribution of soil properties and compaction characteristics using the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and Geographic Weighted Regression (GWR) methods within the study area, specifically in Koya city, situated in Erbil, Iraq. To determine these soil parameters, 27 soil samples were collected from the fields based on stratified random sampling, and then tested and analyzed in the laboratory. The IDW spatial interpolation technique and GWR method were then used to create a spatial distribution map of soil properties and compaction characteristics. In the GWR model, the calculated soil properties and compaction characteristics served as the dependent variable, while the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) derived from the Landsat8 satellite image was the independent variable. This process resulted in a spatial distribution map showing the soil properties and compaction characteristics. The results indicated a strong correlation between the MNDWI water indexes and various soil parameters, including water content, liquid limit, plastic limit, optimum moisture content, and maximum dry density, with respective coefficient of determination (R2) values of 0.91, 0.97, 0.98, 0.95, and 0.96. Additionally, the assessment of the precision in this correlation indicates that the results maintain a satisfactory level of accuracy, as demonstrated by the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values, which are 2.86 for water content, 5.4 for liquid limit, and 3.85 for plastic limit, 2.9 for optimum moisture, and 13.86 for maximum dry density. By integrating satellite-derived MNDWI water indexes with soil parameters, a fast, accurate, and cost-effective method for estimating soil parameters and modeling their spatial distribution in the study area can be developed. Additionally, the findings suggest that the IDW method, implemented using spatial analyst tools, performed exceptionally well for mapping the study area. In conclusion, the results of this research can be utilized by land use planners, municipalities, policymakers, and engineers to develop practical and effective plans.

Self-Compassion and Its Relationship to Body Image Among Refugee Students in Schools in Koya City in Period Covid-19

Self-Compassion and Its Relationship to Body Image Among Refugee Students in Schools in Koya City in Period Covid-19

MAGNETIC WATER EFFECTS ON GROWTH AND SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PAULOWNIA TOMENTOSA THUNB UNDER CADMIUM STRESS CONDITIONS

Paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa) is considered as one of the world's fastest-growing species of trees and most widely used for commercial. This research was done as a factorial experiment in Koya city, Erbil, Iraq during 2021-2022 to study the effects of magnetic water (MW) at (0, 500,1000, 1500 and 2000) gauss and cadmium chloride (Cd) at (0, 3.33, 6.66 and 10 mg Kg-1soil) on some growth, physiological and biochemical properties of this plant. Results demonstrate that MW had non-significant differ regarding the survived and the velocity of cutting outgrowth compare to using tap water, whereas Cd application increased the velocity of cutting outgrowth. At least one of MW powers increased significantly each of plant leaf-area, stem diameter, shoot and root fresh weight and dry matter content, as well as all Cd concentrations increased the plants leaves number, leaf-area, stem diameter. Cd had more effects on roots than plant shoots, where it has non-significant effects on shoot high or dry matter, whereas it increased each of shoot and root fresh weight significantly compared to the control treatment. Low power MW (500 and 1000) gauss performed better than high powers (1500 and 2000) gauss in increasing the content of photosynthesis pigments. Utilizing magnetic water greatly enhanced total carotenoids and chlorophyll a, b, regardless to device power. Chlorophyll (a and b) were both significantly reduced by high Cd concentrations; however it was significantly increased at low concentrations as compared to other treatments. High power MW decreased significantly peroxidase enzyme activity and proline content whereas it decreased the percent of total carbohydrate compared to other treatments. Cd application decreased each of peroxidase enzyme activity, percent of total carbohydrate content, increased ascorbic acid and proline significantly in comparing to the control.

Influence of pH, agitation speed, and temperature on growth of fungi isolated from Koya, Iraq

Fungi are intensely affected by physical and physicochemical factors that affect their growth rate. The present study investigates the influence of different pH values, agitation speeds, and temperature ranges (ºC) on fungi growth rates by measuring their fresh and dry weight. Several fungi were isolated from different sites of Koya city, Iraq. After being cultured in a potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium, their measurements were taken. The results of the study showed growth of isolated fungi in all factors. Furthermore, the maximum growth is determined at pH 6, agitation speed of 70 ​rpm, and 25 ​°C. The p-value was calculated based on the correlation between the “fresh” and “dry” values for each of the fungi based on the effect of varying pH levels, agitation speeds, and temperatures (p ​= ​0.028277, 0.00065, and 0.016806, respectively). The statistical analysis revealed that there was statistically significant (p ​> ​0.05) difference in fungi growth rates based on the variations in pH, agitation speeds, and temperature. The study concluded that different growth circumstances had an impact on biomass growth in different species of fungi and optimal growth was shown by Fusarium begonia, Mucor spp, and Cladosporium spp.

Adaptive Reuse of Historical Buildings Using ARP Model: The Case of Qishla Castle in Koya City

Preserving historical buildings is a very essential aspect as these buildings represent sociocultural indicators of the past. Historic buildings may lose their function during their life stages and become deserted. Adaptive reuse is a way to sustain a building by changing its function according to its area needs and current context. Qishla Castle is one of Koya, Iraq’s most important historical buildings. In addition to its historical and cultural status, it has an important geographic location in the city center. This paper aims to test the potentiality of reusing this historical building. The Adaptive Reuse Potentiality ARP model was applied to the Qishla Castle in Koya. To apply this model to the Qishla area, a working paper was prepared, including a set of questions to estimate building obsolescence attributes, these questions were answered based on a survey and interviews with experts. Results obtained from experts showed that the building was constructed solidly and to a high level of quality despite its obsolescence. Building physical life is estimated at 250 years, the building age is 152 years, the useful life is estimated at 161 years, ARP value is 62.24%, that is, the Qishla building has a high potential for adaptive reuse.

Reshaping the tourist movement in historical urban areas for enhancing architecture conservation: Historical district of Koya city as a case study

AbstractArchitectural strategy in the conservation field should be on both levels, tangible and intangible. The conservation of the non‐tangible part includes signs and symbols. It transmits in various ways, like oral, artistic, and literary forms of expression. The visitor of historical places can participate in non‐tangible conservation if the architect makes the visitor attracted to the sites. To make the visitor see the values of the sites, the visitor should move to different parts in different directions instead of seeing a few buildings and monuments. The study aims to increase visitor activity to promote non‐physical conservation. Many places like Koya city have a very high architectural value but it is still neglected and uncovered by visitors. Researchers made observations to demonstrate the general characteristics of the district, then designed a questionnaire to collect the required data, specifying the locations they mostly visit, determining the paths they have taken, defining the areas visitors rarely visit, and alleys they do not go through for various reasons, gradually becoming a neglected place. Finally, the study conducted space syntax analysis based on pedestrian movement to reshape the visitor's movement. Based on the findings, the study will design strategies to enhance tourist movement and conserve non‐tangibles.

Effect Of Using Brainstorm Strategy on Decision-Making Ability of Ninth Grade Students and Their Academic Achievement in Social Subjects in Koya City Center

The main purpose of this research was to determine the effect of using brain storm strategies on academic achievement and decision-making ability in social subjects among ninth grade students. For this purpose, two main zero assumptions were made: There is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the mean zeros of the experimental group taught by brain storm and the mean scores of the controlled group taught by conventional method in their overall academic achievement. There is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the mean zeros of the experimental group taught by brain storm and the mean scores of the controlled group taught by the normal method in their overall decision-making ability. The method used in this study was semi-experimental, with back-ground testing of study achievement, fore-ground and back-ground testing of decision-making ability. The sample consisted of 21 students. The researcher obtained 85% of the experts' votes to ensure the apparent honesty. Then, on an initial test group consisting of 50 male and female students, to eliminate doubt, the fixture was 87, which is a high and appropriate. To measure the decision-making ability of the students, the researcher took a scale that consisted of 26 items, A fixture was found, which equal to (85). The results showed that the brain storm path has a positive effect on both academic achievement and decision-making ability, after analyzing the results, the researcher made some recommendations and Suggestions.

Koya Christians and their situation during the 1963 Haras Qawmi attack

The Christian of Koya and Harmota are considered as one of the most important and main components of Koya city, through out history there was a strong relationship between Muslims and Christians of Koya and Harmota and there was the least problems and conflicts emerged between them. They saw each other from the eye of respect and brotherhood in a way that the religious intolerance has no effect on their relationship. They were always inseparable part of Koya's people. As a consequence, in almost all of the political events like wise the Muslims they shared in achievements and losses. Proceeding the Coup events of February 8th 1963, the Bahsists came to power, a militia force labeled as Haras Qawmi has been made out of som Arab tribes. On June 1,1963 Haras Qawmi attacked Koya and surroundings and left a lot of material and human life losses to the city. Christians of Koya were not deprived from those attacks and lootings. The village of Harmota and Christians have undergone those attacks and its people were displeased and some of them have been killed. Despite of these, all their animals and precious instruments were stolen and conqured. This research composes of an introduction and two parts. The first part is about a brief history of Christians of Koya and Harmota. The second part deals with the Christians of Koya and Harmota during the attacks of the Haras Qawmi in 1963.

Identification of DNA methylation change in TCF7L2 gene in the blood of type 2 diabetes mellitus as a predictive biomarker in Iraq Kurdistan region by using methylation-specific PCR.

Objective. Nowadays, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is the most common chronic endocrine disorder affecting an estimated 5-10% of adults worldwide, and this disease also rapidly increased among the population in the Kurdistan region. This research aims to identify DNA methylation change in the TCF7L2 gene as a possible predictive T2D biomarker. Methods. One hundred and thirteen participants were divided into three groups: diabetic (47), prediabetic (36), and control (30). The study was carried out in patients who visited the private clinical sector between August and December 2021 in Koya city (Iraq Kurdistan region) to determine DNA methylation status using a methylation-specific PCR (MSP) with paired primers for each methylated and non-methylated region. In addition, the X2 Kruskal-Wallis statistical and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used, p<0.05 was considered significant. Results. The results showed hypermethylation of DNA in the promoter region in diabetic and prediabetic groups compared to the healthy controls. Different factors affected the DNA methylation level, including body max index, alcohol consumption, family history, and physical activity with the positive Coronavirus. Conclusion. The results obtained indicate that DNA methylation changes in the TCF7L2 promoter region may be used as a potential predictive biomarker of the T2D diagnosis. However, the findings obtained in this study should be supported by additional data.

Level of Using Social Networking and its Relationship with Learning Motivation and Positive Thinking

The aim of this study was discovering the relationship between the use of social Networking, learning motivation and Positive Thinking among high school students in Koya city, in addition, discovering the level of using Social Networks, learning motivation and Positive Thinking in general, and also according to gender variable, finally which kind of Social Networks platforms are most used by students. The researcher used a descriptive (correlation) method as a method of the research. The population consisted of all high school students in koya city which their number were (2969).The sample consisted of(300)male and female students. The researcher used Social Networks and Positive Thinking Measurement; which prepared by the researcher,and Learning Motivation Measurement which is designed by Yusuf al Qatami, after finding validity and reliability the measurement was applied. The researcher used these techniques in IBM SPSS (Mean,Std-deviation, T-Test and Pearson).The results indicated that there is a low degree inverse relationship between using social networks, learning motivation and Positive Thinking, and using social networks was low among students, there were significant differences between genders in favor of males, and also the results showed the level of learning motivation was high and there were significant differences between genders in favor of females. the results showed the level of Positive Thinking was high, The first platform the most used among students was Snap Chat, and secondly, was Facebook, in the light of results the researcher make some recommendations and suggestions.

Identification DNA Methylation Change of ABCC8 Gene in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as Predictive Biomarkers

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common chronic endocrine disorder that affecting 5%–10% of adults globally. Recently, the disease has rapidly spread throughout the Kurdistan Region. This study investigates DNA methylation status in the ABCC8 gene among the study population, and it possibly used as a biomarker. One hundred and thirteen individuals were included in this study, and they were divided into three categories (47 diabetes, 36 prediabetic, and 30 controls). Blood samples were collected to investigate DNA methylation status in patients who attended private clinical sectors in Koya city, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, between August and December 2021. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) uses paired primers for each methylated and unmethylated region. In addition, the X2 Kruskal–Wallis statistical and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were run with a significance level of p 0.05. In comparison to the healthy group, hypermethylation of DNA is detected in the promoter region of diabetes and prediabetes. In addition, age, gender, BMI, alcohol use, family history, and physical activity all influence the degree of DNA methylation in people who have had coronavirus illness. The abovementioned findings suggest that DNA methylation alterations in the ABCC8 promoter region might be exploited as a possible predictive biomarker for type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis.

Comparative Quality Analysis between Tap Water and Bottled Water

Recently, bottled water consumption has been increasing significantly, even when the quality of tap water is considered excellent, which contributes to plastic pollution. Besides, reducing the use of plastic generally is recommended world widely, as its consumption is in an alarming rate. Therefore, this study aims to compare the tap and bottled water and manifest the reasons behind choosing the bottled water, which is less comfortable and often more expensive over the tap water. In this study, samples have been taken from both bottled and tap water in Koya city from November 2020 to May 2021 to test their quality using PH, DO, EC, and TDS meter, hardness was determined by complexometric titration method at 21°C, and XRF spectrometers. According to the quality standards, most of the variables were in a permissible range, except for dissolved oxygen and Aluminum content in both types of water and TDS for two types of bottled water. However, the quality of tap water was much safer to be used, as compared with the bottled water.

SCN5A p.R965C in Brugada Syndrome: Effect of Nanomolecular Change

This study is based on an analysis of drinking water at Koya city, Kurdistan-Iraq. Since the source of tap water comes either from Dokan Lake or from groundwater resources. Therefore, ten samples from houses tab water of Koya city and ten samples from well-known brands of bottled water were collected. Concentrations of the metals in such water samples were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence and compared with WHO water quality standards for minerals. The experimental results show that most elements detected in this study were within the guidelines given by WHO for drinking water, while four elements of Ca, Al, Mg, and Cr were identified as risky elements in developing diseases since their level exceed the WHO standard levels. Positive relationships between risky elements and some serious diseases were discussed. Statistical work shows that elements; Ca, Al, and Cr have a high risk while Mg has a low risk.

Risk Elements in Drinking Water of Koya City

Leaves of Annona muricata are commonly used for treating diabetes. This study was conducted to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the antidiabetic properties of leaves of Annona muricata. Leaves of Annona muricata were extracted separately with H2O, hydromethanol (50% methanol), methanol, ethylacetate, and n-butanol. Chemical characterization of the extracts was performed by spectrophotometry and Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. Biological activity was determined by α-amylase inhibition assays and molecular docking. The hydromethanol extract had a total phenolics concentration of 117.00±0.59 µg GAE/mg extract whereas; flavonoids were most abundant in the n-butanol extract accounting for 29.34±8.87 µg QE/mg extract. The n-butanol extract had the best FRAP value of 41.17±0.57 Vit C eqv mM, which was significantly higher than the value of the vitamin C reference. Estimated IC50 for all the extracts did not differ significantly but was significantly higher than the reference compound quercetin. All extracts inhibited α-amylase in vitro albeit significantly lower than acarbose. The hydromethanol extract had the highest inhibitory activity (53.31 ± 0.33%). Furthermore, chemical profiling of the hydromethanol extract revealed the presence of a variety of bioactive compounds. In silico analysis by molecular docking of the compounds identified by GC-MS on α-amylase revealed that the compounds had robust molecular interactions orchestrated by H-bonding and hydrophobic interactions. From the results, it can be concluded that extracts of Annona muricata possess antioxidant phytochemicals that inhibit α-amylase. Therefore, the results justify the use of the plant for the treatment of diabetes.

Assessment the Natural Radioactivity of Radionuclides ( 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs) in Wheat Grain

This paper investigates the activity concentration of radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs) in the wheat grain samples using a high-purity germanium detector. Thirty-six wheat grain samples were collected from different locations of Koya City, Iraqi Kurdistan region. Average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in wheat grain are found to be 0.407 ± 0.097 Bq.kg-1 for 226Ra, 0.36 ± 0.14 Bq.kg-1 for 232Th and 109.25± 2.214 Bq.kg-1 for 40K, respectively. The measured activity concentrations for the radionuclides are compared with the reported data from other countries. In addition, the fallout radionuclide of 137Cs has no detection of in the wheat grain samples. The radium equivalent activity Raeq, internal and external hazard indices Hin and Hex, and annual gonadal dose equivalent are calculated for the measured samples. The total ingestion dose is 113.19 µSv.y-1, which is below the world average value of 290 µSv.y-1.

The Effects of Transportation Modes on Noise Pollution in Koya City

Transportation means including all kinds are considered the major and most dangerous source of noise since, on the one hand, they have highest contribution rate in causing noises, and on the other hand, they affect a great number of city inhabitants. Transportation means also has an immediate influence on the peacefulness and living balance amongst people because unnatural sounds creates noise and this causes psychological unrest and ruins the surrounding peace.&nbsp;The study problem is the existence of sound pollution in the selected area of the research which are caused by a number of seen and unseen sources. These sources have to be unveiled pointed to. Solving these problems scientifically and practically is of great benefit for the area. The main aim of this study is to identify the sound pollution sources in the city of Koya and its effects. The study also aims at proposing the best solution possible. Raising the awareness of people to protect the environment, following standard procedures, reducing pollution due to noises, and identifying noise sources. Research plan&nbsp; The aim of the study requires dividing the study into three sections. Section one refers to the theoretical outline of the area under study which includes three themes. The first theme discusses the technical terms and concepts, second theme deals with the major sound pollution sources, and the third one is dedicated to introducing the area of the study. While in section two we have analyzed the time distribution of the noises and their sources in Koya city. This section also have three themes, the first one id devoted to the place of the noise, the second one presents noise time distribution, and the last one light is shed on consequences and solutions of the noises.