Korean Smartphone Research Articles

App-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment of Problematic Smartphone Use During Examination Weeks in University Students: 6-Week Observational Study.

The increasing prevalence of problematic smartphone use (PSU) among university students is raising concerns, particularly as excessive smartphone engagement is linked to negative outcomes such as mental health issues, academic underperformance, and sleep disruption. Despite the severity of PSU, its association with behaviors such as physical activity, mobility, and sociability has received limited research attention. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA), including passive data collection through digital phenotyping indicators, offers an objective approach to explore these behavioral patterns. This study aimed to examine associations between self-reported psychosocial measures; app-based EMA data, including daily behavioral indicators from GPS location tracking; and PSU in university students during the examination period. A 6-week observational study involving 243 university students was conducted using app-based EMA on personal smartphones to collect data on daily behaviors and psychosocial factors related to smartphone overuse. PSU was assessed using the Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale. Data collected from the Big4+ app, including self-reports on mood, sleep, and appetite, as well as passive sensor data (GPS location, acceleration, and steps) were used to evaluate overall health. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors that significantly influenced smartphone overuse, providing insights into daily behavior and mental health patterns. In total, 23% (56/243) of the students exhibited PSU. The regression analysis revealed significant positive associations between PSU and several factors, including depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9; odds ratio [OR] 8.48, 95% CI 1.95-36.87; P=.004), social interaction anxiety (Social Interaction Anxiety Scale; OR 4.40, 95% CI 1.59-12.15; P=.004), sleep disturbances (General Sleep Disturbance Scale; OR 3.44, 95% CI 1.15-10.30; P=.03), and longer sleep duration (OR 3.11, 95% CI 1.14-8.48; P=.03). Conversely, a significant negative association was found between PSU and time spent at home (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.13-0.94; P=.04). This study suggests that negative self-perceptions of mood and sleep, along with patterns of increased mobility identified through GPS data, increase the risk of PSU, particularly during periods of academic stress. Combining psychosocial assessments with EMA data offers valuable insights for managing PSU during high-stress periods, such as examinations, and provides new directions for future research.

Sales Forecasting for New Products Using Homogeneity-Based Clustering and Ensemble Method

Accurate sales forecasting for new products is critical in industries characterized by intense competition, rapid innovation, and short product life cycles, such as the smartphone market. This study proposes a data-driven framework that enhances prediction accuracy by combining homogeneity-based clustering with an ensemble learning approach. Unlike traditional methods that depend on product-specific attributes, our approach utilizes historical sales data from similar products, overcoming attribute dependency. Using K-means clustering, the training data are segmented into homogeneous groups, and tailored ensemble forecasting models are developed for each cluster by combining five machine learning models: Random Forest, Extra Tree, XGBoost, LightGBM, and TabNet. When tested on South Korean smartphone sales data, the framework achieves superior performance, with the optimal ensemble model using four clusters delivering an MAPE of 8.3309% and an RMSPE of 7.8360%, significantly outperforming traditional single-cluster models. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of leveraging data homogeneity and ensemble methods, offering a scalable and adaptable solution for accurate sales forecasting of new products.

Predicting Smartphone Addiction Trajectories in Korean Adolescents: A Longitudinal Analysis of Protective and Risk Factors Based on a National Survey from 2018 to 2020.

This longitudinal study aimed to identify the role of psychosocial factors affecting smartphone addiction (SA) among Korean adolescents and predict the trajectory of SA based on the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) 2018 to 2020. The dependent variable was SA score as measured by the Korean Smartphone Addiction Propensity Scale (SAPS), and the independent variables were psychosocial factors (attention, grit, life satisfaction, self-esteem, aggression, depression, social withdrawal and physical symptom). Generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis (adjusted for covariates) results indicated that attention (B = -0.346, P < .001), grit (B = -0.402, P < .001), life satisfaction (B = -0.150, P < .001), and self-esteem (B = -0.099, P < .001) were protective factors for reducing SA score. Conversely, aggression (B = 0.222, P < .001) and depression (B = 0.067, P = .005) were predicted to be risk factors for increasing SA score. A better understanding of the relationship between behavioral addiction and psychosocial development factors in adolescence will assist in the development of more effective prevention and treatment strategies.

A Study on the Analysis of Factors Affecting Consumer Purchase Intention of Korean Smartphone Brands: Focusing on Cameroon in Central Africa*

Purpose – An increase in the number of smartphone users and the availability of many phone brands has induced consumers to consider device features, the technology acceptance model (TAM), and switching barriers before making a purchase. As such, this paper seeks to investigate the factors (device features and switching barrier) and TAM determinants that influence the consumer satisfaction and purchase intention of smartphones. Additionally, we study the moderating effects that perceived ease of use may have on consumer purchase intention. Design/Methodology/Approach – To this end, the analysis of data (325) through structural equation modeling in AMOS seeks to examine the effect of device features, TAM determinants, and switching barriers on purchase intention. Findings – The findings demonstrate TAM (perceived usefulness) and device features (function and price) influence consumer satisfaction to varying degrees. With regards to switching barrier, switching cost has a positive influence on consumer satisfaction. Perceived ease of use moderates the relationship between device function and search intention. Finally, the study confirms the relationship between consumer satisfaction and purchase intention. Research Implications – Due to the importance of consumer satisfaction in forming purchase intention, companies should try to maximize the satisfaction of customers during interactions by providing device features that meet the need of the customer. Therefore, companies should try to identify the needs of customers. Going by TAM determinants, manufacturers have to ensure that the system technology of the smartphone is most useful for consumer day to day activities.

Spectrogram Dataset of Korean Smartphone Audio Files Forged Using the “Mix Paste” Command

This study focuses on the field of voice forgery detection, which is increasing in importance owing to the introduction of advanced voice editing technologies and the proliferation of smartphones. This study introduces a unique dataset that was built specifically to identify forgeries created using the “Mix Paste” technique. This editing technique can overlay audio segments from similar or different environments without creating a new timeframe, making it nearly infeasible to detect forgeries using traditional methods. The dataset consists of 4665 and 45,672 spectrogram images from 1555 original audio files and 15,224 forged audio files, respectively. The original audio was recorded using iPhone and Samsung Galaxy smartphones to ensure a realistic sampling environment. The forged files were created from these recordings and subsequently converted into spectrograms. The dataset also provided the metadata of the original voice files, offering additional context and information that could be used for analysis and detection. This dataset not only fills a gap in existing research but also provides valuable support for developing more efficient deep learning models for voice forgery detection. By addressing the “Mix Paste” technique, the dataset caters to a critical need in voice authentication and forensics, potentially contributing to enhancing security in society.

Effect of brand experiences on brand loyalty mediated by brand love: the moderated mediation role of brand trust

PurposeThe aim of this study is to examine how brand trust moderates the effect of brand experience on brand loyalty mediated by brand love in the context of Korean smartphone users. The authors examine the relationships focused on Apple iPhone and Samsung Galaxy phone.Design/methodology/approachThe authors designed the conceptual model based on theoretical and empirical background. The authors collected data using a self-administered structured questionnaire through an online research company. The authors tested the hypotheses using a structural equation modeling in AMOS and PROCESS macro model number 8 based on 598 Korean smartphone users.FindingsThe authors found that brand experiences affect brand love, and brand love affects brand loyalty. The authors found that brand experiences affect brand loyalty directly, and brand love mediated the relationship between brand experiences and brand loyalty. The authors found that brand trust had a moderating effect between brand experiences and brand love but had no moderating effect between brand experiences and brand loyalty. Finally, the authors found that brand trust has a moderated mediation role between brand experiences, brand love and brand loyalty.Originality/valueThis is the first study to examine the moderated mediation role of brand trust in the relationship between brand experiences, brand love and brand loyalty focused on Apple iPhone and Samsung Galaxy phone users in the Korean context.

Exploring the role of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance in predicting smartphone use among medical university students

We investigated the role of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance in the relationship between stress and smartphone use. A total of 725 medical students completed self-reported questionnaires that consisted of the Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire, and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II. The total and all subscale scores for smartphone use were positively correlated with stress, cognitive fusion, and experiential avoidance. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that adding the two variables, namely, cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance, accounted for an additional 10% of the variance in smartphone use. However, only cognitive fusion was a significant predictor. Moreover, cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance individually played a mediating role in the relationship between stress and smartphone use. These findings suggest that the ACT may be an excellent paradigm to advance our understanding of smartphone addiction and the authorities in medical schools should consider intervention strategies of ACT, particularly mindfulness and cognitive defusion, for medical students with smartphone overuse.

RELATIONSHIP OF SMART PHONE ADDICTION WITH COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONS REGULATION: AN ANALYSIS AMONG PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN

The current study sought to investigate the relationship between smartphone addiction and preschoolers' ability to regulate their emotions and cognition. A sample of N=110 preschoolers was selected using the purposive sampling method from the general community of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. The current study employed a cross-sectional research approach. Data was gathered using the Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for Young Children by Kim and Lee (2014) and the cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) kid's version by Garnefski et al. Version 21 of SPSS was used to evaluate the data. The study's hypotheses were tested using frequency distribution, descriptive statistics, bivariate correlation, and regression analysis. The findings indicated that smartphone addiction among preschoolers was high. It was shown that there was a substantial correlation between cognitive emotion management techniques and smartphone addiction. Rumination, positive reappraisal, perspective-taking, refocusing on planning, and positive refocusing were discovered to have a significant negative correlation with cognitive emotion regulation strategies, whereas self-blame, acceptance, catastrophizing, and other blame were discovered to have a significant positive correlation with smartphone addiction. Additionally, especially among preschoolers, smartphone addiction has a considerable impact on cognitive emotion management skills. Keywords: Smartphone Addiction, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies, Preschool children.

스마트폰 중독경향성과 학업소진의 관계에서 수면의 질과 학업지연행동의 매개효과

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating role of sleep quality and academic procrastination in relationship between smartphone addiction tendencies and academic burnout for university students.&#x0D; Methods The Self-report survey was conducted on 426 (under)graduate students. To measure the variables, the S-scale-A (Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for Adults), SQS (The Sleep Quality Scale), API (Aitken Procrastination Inventory), and MBI-SS (Korean version of Maslach Burnout Inventory Student Survey) were included in the survey.&#x0D; Results The findings of this study showed that smartphone addiction tendencies, low sleep quality, academic procrastination, and academic burnout were all significantly correlated in a positive direction. Furthermore, the results indicated that low sleep quality and academic procrastination had a sequential mediating effect on the relationship between smartphone addiction tendencies and academic burnout.&#x0D; Conclusions The results specify the mediating role of low sleep quality and academic procrastination in relationship between smartphone addiction tendencies and academic burnout for (under)graduate students. Finally, the clinical implications, limitations of this study and future research directions were suggested.

Harm avoidance, daily stress, and problematic smartphone use in children and adolescents.

ObjectiveTemperament is close to susceptibility to stress and the increased level of stress may lead problematic smartphone use (PSU). In this study, the relationships between harm avoidance (HA) as a personality trait, daily traits, and PSU in children and adolescents were investigated.MethodsAt baseline, all participants (184 children and adolescents, mean age 13.15 years) completed questionnaires on PSU using the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) and the Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (SAPS). The Daily Hassles Questionnaire (DHQ) and Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI) were also administered to evaluate stress levels and personality traits. SAS-SV, SAPS, and DHQ were reassessed at 3 and 6 months.ResultsAmong JTCI temperament, HA displayed robust positive correlations with SAS-SV, SAPS, and DHQ at all time points. Mediation effects of daily stress on the relationship between HA and PSU were observed at baseline, 3, and 6 months.ConclusionThe findings suggest that managing stress may important in PSU children and adolescents with high HA.

한글 문해 앱(App) 제작에 기반한 스마트폰 교육프로그램 개발과 활용 가능성 탐색

Objectives This study is the development of a program in which literacy learners participate as subjects of education based on the production of a Hangul literacy app. By using the app as a learning tool, Korean literacy education and smartphone education can be provided simultaneously, and the possibility of a program using the app, a new learning tool, is explored to diversify teaching and learning methods. Methods This study was conducted as an action research method, and an application software production tool called App Inventor was used for app production. The research participants consisted of six literacy learners, researchers, and joint researchers. In the first stage, a detailed research plan was established through an elite interview, observation of participation in the computer basic class and smartphone class, and the performance of an assistant teacher, and the recruitment and selection of research participants were made. In the second stage, the researcher creates an app as a learning tool that is considered suitable for literacy learners and develops a program to apply it to smartphone education. And then, In the last third stage, the opinions of literacy learners were obtained through group interviews with learners to determine whether the program was generalized. Results First, it was confirmed that the smartphone app was useful as a learning tool to solve the learner's problem, and it was possible to develop a learning tool based on the app creation. Second, if a learning tool is created with an app, it is possible to develop an education program that can complement Korean literacy education and resolve learners' desire to learn smartphones. If you develop a program based on making an app, you can use it as follows. First, learner-independent classes are possible, so it will be an interesting education for learners. Second, as the teaching area expands to the production of apps, it is possible to develop programs that reflect professionalism and diversification of teaching methods, and Third, it will become a basic data for follow-up research that utilizes smartphone apps as learning tools or grafts them into programs. Conclusions In the field of lifelong education, program development based on app production may seem a bit unfamiliar, but the concept of literacy is rapidly expanding into the digital realm, and the needs of learners are diversifying. For the social and cultural participation of literacy learners, it is necessary to develo

Smartphone Addiction and Anxiety in Adolescents - A Cross-sectional Study.

Objectives: The overuse of smartphones affects physical, social, and psychological well-being. However, research on smartphone addiction and anxiety disorders is scarce. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the association between anxiety and smartphone addiction risk in Korean adolescents. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional survey method. We used the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale to assess anxiety symptoms and we used the Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale index to evaluate the degree of high-risk or at-risk for smartphone addiction. Results: Analyses were performed for 1733 adolescents, including 771 boys and 962 girls. The high-risk or at-risk group for smartphone addiction accounted for 20.1% (p < .0001). Total anxiety scale score, as well as physiological anxiety, oversensitivity, and social concern categories were statistically different among levels of smartphone addiction risk (all ps < .0001). Multivariate analysis showed that poor self-reported health level, higher risk of smartphone addiction, having fewer close friends, caffeine drink consumption, female sex, and alcohol use were associated with greater anxiety. Conclusions: Management of smartphone addiction seems to be essential for proper psychological health. There is an urgent need to develop a way to prevent smartphone addiction on a social level.

Effectiveness of an mHealth Application to Overcome Problematic Smartphone Use: Comparing Mental Health of a Smartphone Control-Use Group and a Problematic-Use Group

We developed an mHealth application that can help alleviate the problematic use of smartphones and allied psychological symptoms. This study observed the change in patterns of users’ problematic smartphone use, depression, and anxiety while using the mHealth application. We conducted this study from 9 January to 10 April 2019. The Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for Adults, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, and the Patient Health Questionnaire were measured at week 0, 8, 12. A post hoc test of Repeated Measurement Anova analysis and Linear Mixed Model analysis were used. Overall, 190 participants were allocated into two groups. Sixty-six were in the smartphone control-use group and 124 were in the problematic-use group. The study elucidated the difference between the two groups in terms of problematic smartphone use and depression and anxiety after 13 weeks of using the mHealth application. This study showed the use of the mHealth application reducing problematic smartphone use scores and negative symptoms such as anxiety and depression in the PSU group. The results can be used as the basis for similar qualitative studies to further resolve the problematic use of smartphones.

Excessive Smartphone Use and Self-Esteem Among Adults With Internet Gaming Disorder: Quantitative Survey Study.

BackgroundSmartphone overuse can harm individual health and well-being. Although several studies have explored the relationship between problematic or excessive smartphone use and mental health, much less is known about effects on self-esteem, which is essential in having a healthy life, among adults with mental health disorders, including internet gaming disorder. Furthermore, given that smartphone usage differs by gender, little is known about gender differences in the relationship between smartphone overuse and self-esteem.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess self-esteem among individuals with mental health disorders and explore the relationship with excessive smartphone use.MethodsParticipants were selected based on their responses to the internet gaming disorder assessment, which includes 9 items developed based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) criteria, from among a Korean cohort of smartphone users aged 20-40 years, resulting in a sample of 189 participants (men:120, women: 69). The Rosenberg self-esteem scale and the Korean smartphone addiction proneness scale were utilized to assess the outcome self-esteem with excessive smartphone use as the primary independent variable. Guided by the Bowlby attachment theory and prior studies, we selected several covariates. Generalized linear regression analyses, as well as subgroup analyses by gender, were performed.ResultsAmong adults with internet gaming disorder, the average Korean smartphone addiction proneness scale score was significantly higher in women than that in men (41.30 vs. 37.94; P=.001), and excessive smartphone use was significantly more prevalent in women than it was in men (30.43% vs. 20.83%; P=.02). Our findings from the generalized linear regression analyses indicated that an increase in Korean smartphone addiction proneness scale score had a negative relationship with self-esteem among those with internet gaming disorder (β=–0.18, P=.001). Furthermore, our interaction models showed that, among those with internet gaming disorder, more men than women had lower self-esteem associated with an increase in Korean smartphone addiction proneness scale score and a high degree of smartphone overuse (β=–0.19, P=.004; β=–3.73, P<.001).ConclusionsExcessive smartphone use was found to be adversely associated with self-esteem among young and middle-aged adults with internet gaming disorder; notably, more men than women were negatively influenced (regarding self-esteem) by smartphone overuse. Based on our findings, more efforts should be made to reduce excessive or problematic smartphone use by considering developing public health interventions or policy, particularly among those with mental health disorders such as internet gaming disorder.

Development of the Smartphone Addiction Risk Rating Score for a Smartphone Addiction Management Application.

Smartphone usage characteristics are useful for identification of the risk factors for smartphone addiction. Risk rating scores can be developed based on smartphone usage characteristics. This study aimed to investigate the smartphone addiction risk rating (SARR) score using smartphone usage characteristics. We evaluated 593 smartphone users using online surveys conducted between January 2 and January 31, 2019. We identified 102 smartphone users who were addicted to smartphones and 491 normal users based on the Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for Adults. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify significant risk factors for smartphone addiction. The SARR score was calculated using a nomogram based on the significant risk factors. Weekend average usage time, habitual smartphone behavior, addictive smartphone behavior, social usage, and process usage were the significant risk factors associated with smartphone addiction. Furthermore, we developed the SARR score based on these factors. The SARR score ranged between 0 and 221 points, with the cut-off being 116.5 points. We developed a smartphone addiction management application using the SARR score. The SARR score provided insights for the development of monitoring, prevention, and prompt intervention services for smartphone addiction.

모바일 환경에서 효율적 정보 전달을 위한 시각적 입력 강화 방법으로서 색채 연구

The purpose of this study was to find colors and methods that are more efficient for Hangeul(Korean alphabet) users to accept selective information first in a mobile environment. A total of 53 South Korean smartphone users were tested using ‘Font Color

Relationship between Intertemporal Choice and Smartphone Use in Nursing Student in 20s

Objectives ： The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of smartphone use among nursing students and the relationship between smartphone addiction, intertemporal choice, and other psychological status. Methods ： Ninety six nursing students were subjected to the following tests: the Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for Adults (KSAPS), the Delay Discounting Task (DDT), the Big Five Inventory- K-10 (BFI-K-10), the Korean the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Results ： Among the nursing students, smartphone daily use duration and DDT negatively correlated, and extraversion scores positively correlated with smartphone daily use duration and negatively correlated with 30 days, 180 days, and 365 days indifferent points. Smartphone daily use duration and KSAPS negatively correlated with conscientiousness and positively correlated with depression, impulsivity, and STAI scores. Depression was also positive associated with neuroticism, impulsivity, and STAI scores. Conclusion : In this study, we found the selection of intertemporal choice, the difference of negative emotions and personality traits in the nursing students group was related to the level of smartphone addiction. These results will be used as basic data for understanding the characteristics of high risk groups with smartphone addiction and developing effective coping and addiction prevention programs.

The relationship between smartphone addiction and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity in South Korean adolescents

BackgroundExcessive smartphone use has been associated with numerous psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of smartphone addiction and its association with depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in a large sample of Korean adolescents.MethodsA total of 4512 (2034 males and 2478 females) middle- and high-school students in South Korea were included in this study. Subjects were asked to complete a self-reported questionnaire, including measures of the Korean Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Conners-Wells’ Adolescent Self-Report Scale (CASS). Smartphone addiction and non-addiction groups were defined using SAS score of 42 as a cut-off. The data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analyses.Results338 subjects (7.5%) were categorized to the addiction group. Total SAS score was positively correlated with total CASS score, BDI score, BAI score, female sex, smoking, and alcohol use. Using multivariate logistic regression analyses, the odds ratio of ADHD group compared to the non-ADHD group for smartphone addiction was 6.43, the highest among all variables (95% CI 4.60–9.00).ConclusionsOur findings indicate that ADHD may be a significant risk factor for developing smartphone addiction. The neurobiological substrates subserving smartphone addiction may provide insights on to both shared and discrete mechanisms with other brain-based disorders.

한국 스마트 폰의 브랜드 이미지와 만족도, 브랜드 충성도, 재구매 의도에 미치는 연구 : 중국소비자를 중심으로

스마트 폰 사용이 일상화되며 사용자층이 확대되고 있는 것에 비해 휴대폰에 대한 사용자 만족 영향요인과 관련 변수들에 대한 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 과거 소비자들은 휴대폰 구매에 관한 의사 결정시 통화품질이나 브랜드 인지도를 가장 중요시하는 것으로 알려졌다.BR 본 연구는 중국대학생을 대상으로 한국 스마트 폰 구매결정시에 브랜드 이미지와 구매 충성도 그리고 구매만족에 따른 타인추천 의도에 관한 연구를 하고자 한다. 이의 연구를 통해 한국 스마트 폰의 제품의 브랜드 가치가 구매력에 미치는 영향력을 조사하여, 한국 스마트 폰 판매 전략을 수립하는데 도움을 주고자 한다.BR 중국 소비자들이 한국 스마트폰의 브랜드 이미지요인이 구매만족도에 미치는 영향과 브랜드 충성도와 재구매의도에 관한 연구를 실시하였다. 연구검증결과를 보면 다음과 같다.BR 한국 스마트 폰 브랜드 이미지 요인인 국가브랜드 이미지, 기업브랜드 이미지, 품질 브랜드 이미지, 그리고 성능브랜드 이미지 요인은 중국소비자들이 구매만족도가 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 반면 외관 및 디자인 브랜드 요인은 구매만족도에 별다른 영향을 미치지 않는다는 것이다. 이는 한국 스마트 폰의 외관과 디자인 측면은 중국소비자들은 고려하지 않는 다는 것이다.BR 그리고 한국 스마트 폰을 구매한 중국소비자들의 구매만족도가 타인추천과 같은 브랜드 충성도와 재구매에 영향을 미치고 있다는 것이다. 한국에 거주하는 중국 유학생은 한국 휴대폰 구매에 대체적으로 만족할 뿐만 아니라 브랜드 충성도가 높으며 아울러 재구매하고자 하는 의향을 가지고 있다.

Types of problematic smartphone use based on psychiatric symptoms

To provide appropriate solutions for problematic smartphone use, we need to first understand its types. This study aimed to identify types of problematic smartphone use based on psychiatric symptoms, using the decision tree method. We recruited 5,372 smartphone users from online surveys conducted between February 3 and February 22, 2016. Based on scores on the Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for Adults (S-Scale), 974 smartphone users were assigned to the smartphone-dependent group and 4398 users were assigned to the normal group. The data-mining technique of C5.0 decision tree was applied. We used 15 input variables, including demographic and psychological factors. Four psychiatric variables emerged as the most important predictors: self-control (Sc; 66%), anxiety (Anx; 25%), depression (Dep; 7%), and dysfunctional impulsivities (Imp; 3%). We identified the following five types of problematic smartphone use: (1) non-comorbid, (2) self-control, (3) Sc+Anx, (4) Sc+Anx+Dep, and (5) Sc+Anx+Dep+Imp. We found that 74% of smartphone-dependent users had psychiatric symptoms. The ratio of participants belonging to the non-comorbid and self-control types was 64%. We proposed that these types of problematic smartphone use may be used for the development of an appropriate service for controlling and preventing such behaviors in adults.