Abstract
Smartphone usage characteristics are useful for identification of the risk factors for smartphone addiction. Risk rating scores can be developed based on smartphone usage characteristics. This study aimed to investigate the smartphone addiction risk rating (SARR) score using smartphone usage characteristics. We evaluated 593 smartphone users using online surveys conducted between January 2 and January 31, 2019. We identified 102 smartphone users who were addicted to smartphones and 491 normal users based on the Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for Adults. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify significant risk factors for smartphone addiction. The SARR score was calculated using a nomogram based on the significant risk factors. Weekend average usage time, habitual smartphone behavior, addictive smartphone behavior, social usage, and process usage were the significant risk factors associated with smartphone addiction. Furthermore, we developed the SARR score based on these factors. The SARR score ranged between 0 and 221 points, with the cut-off being 116.5 points. We developed a smartphone addiction management application using the SARR score. The SARR score provided insights for the development of monitoring, prevention, and prompt intervention services for smartphone addiction.
Highlights
Smartphones are multipurpose devices in modern life with various functions and benefits
We identified smartphone users that were addicted to the smartphones and normal users based on the Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for Adults (S-scale) [18]
17.2% of the participants were in the high-risk group for smartphone addiction based on the S-scale
Summary
Smartphones are multipurpose devices in modern life with various functions and benefits. Smartphones have diverse applications (apps) to provide user-friendly interfaces for information, communication, connection, education, and entertainment [1, 2] that promote intensive or habitual smartphone usage. Unconscious smartphone users underestimate their usage time by 40% and they use smartphones 15% more [3]. Smartphone addiction could have a negative impact on the academic performance and psychological, physical, financial, and social aspects of life [4,5,6]. Smartphone addiction has led to uncontrolled usage of smartphones, withdrawal symptoms, and obstacles in daily life
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