Korean Residents In Japan Research Articles

재일조선인의 대규모 북한 이주와 촉진 요인: 북한·조총련의 선전과 일본 내의 호응을 중심으로

After the end of the World War II, almost 1.4 million Koreans lived in Japan went back to Korea but there still were around 600 thousands ethnic Koreans living in Japan. From December 1959 to July 1984, about 93,000 Korean (including Japanese wives) repatriated to North Korea, while most of them originally came from southern part of South Korea. Studies of the ethnic Korean repatriation from Japan emphasize that economic, political and diplomatic benefits motivated North Korea to decide the repatriation, and underline active roles of the Japanese government, the Japanese Red Cross Society and International Committee of the Red Cross. Including these factors, propaganda of North Korean government and promotion by the General Association of Korean Residents in Japan (Chongryon ) made ethnic Koreans in Japan decide to immigrate to North Korea. In addition, Japanese political parties, politicians, intellectuals, and mass media strongly affected ethnic Korean’s decision to repatriation to North Korea from Japan. This study explores contents of propaganda by North Korea and Chongryon , and news and images on North Korea delivered and created by Japanese politicians and media.

Drumming to be one, drumming to be different: ethnicity, nation, and cultural identity of Zainichi Koreans in Japan

ABSTRACT Pungmul, a form of Korean folk drumming, is prominent as a traditional Korean music practice among diasporic Koreans, including Zainichi (Korean residents in Japan). Over the last four decades, it has become popular across the globe as a tool for heritage education and a marker of ethnic identity. In this paper, I engage with several Zainichi Korean musicians who pursue pungmul as their full-time profession or as a serious leisure activity. In Japan, most pungmul musicians are third- or fourth-generation Korean migrants and, as a group, present a complex mix of state, national, and cultural affiliations as North Koreans, South Koreans, and naturalized Japanese. Considering the inherent social complexities among Zainichi, I delineate how a traditional Korean performing art form enables these Koreans to overcome and transcend social barriers and nation-state boundaries while shaping and expressing their identity as diasporic individuals.

The association between exposure to hate speech or perceived discrimination and mental health problems among Korean residents in Japan.

This study evaluated the effect of perceived discrimination and racism on the mental health state of Korean residents in Japan, with a particular focus on the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and psychological distress. Surveys were sent to Korean residents in Japan and a total of 240 valid responses were received. The valid response rate was 27.1%. The participants answered several questionnaire items, including demographic information and questions pertaining to their experiences of perceived discrimination, along with three self-reported measures of mental health, i.e., the Japanese version of Impact of Event Scale-Revised, the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). The results indicated that Korean residents in Japan experience hate speech and discrimination with a markedly high frequency (92.9% and 100%, respectively), and that factors such as employment discrimination and exposure to hate speech via social networking services were significant predictors of probable PTSD and psychological distress.

Confronting Japan's Anti‐Asian Racism: The Transformation of the Beheiren Movement's Identity during the Vietnam War

This study explores the Beheiren movement (also known as The Citizens' Alliance for Peace in Vietnam), Japan's first transnational anti‐war movement (1965–1974). It focuses on the transcultural formation and transformation of its movement identity during the Vietnam war. Initially, movement participants developed an ethnoracial consciousness toward the Vietnamese based on their perceptions of a common victimization by U.S. imperialism. Yet, Beheiren leaders' transcultural interactions with both Korean detainees in the Omura Detention Facility in Japan and members of the Black Power movement in the United States helped them to develop an antiracist consciousness toward fellow Asians beyond the context of the Vietnam war. While their interactions with Korean detainees forced them to examine Japan's internal structural oppressions against fellow Asians (e.g., Korean residents in Japan) and fellow Japanese (e.g., the Okinawans), their interactions with the Black Power movement raised their awareness of antiracism and Third‐Worldism. These interactions were necessary to transforming the movement's identity, resulting in a confrontation with its own anti‐Asian racism in the local cultural context of Japanese society as well as in the form of economic imperialism in Asia.

Acculturation attitudes and adaptation among South Korean residents in Japan: The mediating role of coping strategies

Acculturation processes and intergroup experiences of minority groups have been little studied in East Asian societies, including Japan. The number of migrants in Japanese society is steadily increasing, suggesting that the country is a new immigration destination in the 21st century. Therefore, further research on the acculturation processes of immigrants in Japan is warranted. This study examined the relationships among acculturation attitudes, coping strategies, and psychological adjustment in a sample of South Korean newcomers living in Japan. The results of this study support the integration hypothesis, which states that balanced acculturation attitudes that favor engagement in both the host and home cultures lead to higher levels of psychological and sociocultural adaptation. Assimilation attitudes did not contribute significantly to adaptation. Different coping strategies employed by individuals during interethnic discrimination mediated the links between individual acculturation attitudes and the two aspects of adaptation. By linking acculturation attitudes and relevant social behaviors, this study sheds light on the role of coping strategies as mediators of the relationships between acculturation attitudes and psychological and sociocultural adjustment in ethnic minority groups.

在日コリアン団体における朝鮮通信使 再現行列の意味考察 - 京都民団を事例に-

在日コリアン団体における朝鮮通信使 再現行列の意味考察 - 京都民団を事例に-

Movement and Suspension：A Stylistic Study of Rībi Hideo’s Novels

Since the early 1990s literary works that critics would later call “border-crossing literature” (<i>ekkyō bungaku</i>) have emerged on the Japanese literary scene. These works, which are primarily characterized by being written in Japanese by non-native authors, have to-date tended to challenge the concept of “Japanese literature”. A number of studies have explored this very issue in taking into account some similarity with literary genres such as the “Japanese literature of Korean residents in Japan” (<i>Zainichi chōsenjin bungaku</i>). It should be noted, however, that today’s border-crossing writers use Japanese language for personal—or even esthetic—reason unlike postcolonial writers who could not have any other option than writing in their colonizer’s language. In that respect, what seems necessary today is also an analysis that takes a closer look at how today’s border-crossing writers write in Japanese language, namely their writing style. This paper adopts this approach in dealing with Rībi Hideo’s novels, with a particular focus on the fact that most of them feature the theme of a form of travel which is not characterized by the idea of free-flowing movement. By analyzing some relevant examples, I show how this American author develops his original writing style, which is central to his narratives.

Investment in the diplomatic ties: North Korea’s monetary support for Korean schools in Japan

This paper explores the purpose behind the funds sent from North Korea to Korean residents in Japan (Zainichi Koreans) during a mid-1950s thaw in the Cold War. By examining the triangular relationship between North Korea, South Korea, and Japan, this article demonstrates that a primary aim of North Korea’s financial support was to cultivate Zainichi Koreans as agents of North Korea who would contribute to the normalisation of Japan-North Korea relations. I argue that North Korean remittances were an investment for inter-ethnic rapprochement during a period of geo-political stalemate between Cold War enemies.

Online Flipped Learning Instructional Design for Korean Language Classes -Focusing on Short-term Programs for Adult Korean Residents in Japan

본 연구의 목적은 성인 재일동포 학습자를 위한 단기 한국어 프로그램의 온라인 플립드 러닝 수업을 설계하기 위함이다. 온라인 플립드 러닝 수업을 설계하는 절차로 ADDIE의 분석, 설계, 개발, 실행, 평가의 5단계를 적용했다. 먼저 분석 단계에서는 학습자의 요구와 수준, 그리고 온라인 환경을 분석하였고, 설계 단계에서 PARTNER 수업 모형을 적용하여 온라인 수업 모형과 교육 과정을 설계했다. 그리고 개발 단계에서 콘텐츠와 수업 자료, 평가 자료를 개발하였고 실행 단계에서 Pre-Class, In-Class, Post-Class를 운영했다. 마지막 평가단계에서는 학습자의 만족도와 교수자의 수업 평가를 실시하였다. 연구 결과 학습자들은 온라인 플립드 러닝수업에 높은 만족도를 보였으며 특히 실시간 수업에서의 실제적인 상호 작용이 크게 도움이 된다고 인식했다.

Tokyo’s Black Markets as an Alternative Urban Space: Occupation, Violence, and Disaster Reconstruction

Black markets emerged at every corner in cities across Japan immediately after World War II. They spread rapidly due to the collapse in the distribution and rationing system. The government’s weakened control resulted in tolerance of the markets and occasionally covert government collaboration with black marketeers. In addition, existence of easily accessible open spaces in cities, such as areas that had been cleared of buildings by forced evacuation prior to air raids or that had been left in ruins by the raids, provided the space for black marketeers to build their street stalls. The black markets supported postwar reconstruction. They also had decisive influence on the emergence of new urban structures in postwar Japan. This essay examines the persistence of earlier characteristics of urban space along with the new elements in postwar Japan’s black markets. The new international character of the postwar black markets was evident in the prominence of repatriates from Japan’s former colonies, along with Chinese and Korean residents in Japan. The black market was thus a symbolic point of convergence between the prewar Empire of Japan and the new postwar Japan.

The Identity and Recognition of the Homeland Tanka by Korean residents in Japan : Focusing on Rika Kiyoshi(リカ･キヨシ)

The Identity and Recognition of the Homeland Tanka by Korean residents in Japan : Focusing on Rika Kiyoshi(リカ･キヨシ)

관광 해설을 통한 재일코리안의 기억 연행 : 오사카 코리아타운 필드워크의 사례

이 논문은 현재 일본의 인기관광지 ‘오사카 코리아타운’에서 진행되고 있는 ‘코리 아타운 필드워크’라는 관광해설 및 교육 프로그램에 관한 것이다. 필드워크는 한명의 재일코리안 강사가 25명 이내로 구성된 참가자 한 팀을 맡아 코리아타운을 함께 걸 으며 구술-연행하는 형태로 이루어져 있다. 강사가 구술하는 내용은 현재 코리아타운 에서 인기 있는 한류에 관한 것이 아니라 현재의 흔적 너머로 사라져 보이지 않는 장 소 곳곳에 얽힌 재일코리안의 사연과 기억에 관한 것이다. 필드워크는 백제와 관련된 고대사에서 일제강점기의 강제이주 및 각종 먹거리와 의복에까지 이르는 여러 기억들 을 ‘연결’시키며 하나의 서사를 구성해 나간다. 고대의 기억은 재일코리안을 지역사 속으로 위치시키고 일본의 음식이 된 재일코리안의 음식은 이들의 문화 역시 일본의 문화의 일부분임을, 히라노강은 이들이 일본의 공간과 장소를 함께 만들어나가는 주 체임을 참가자들에게 전달한다. 이러한 연행을 통해 재일코리안들은 일본의 지역 문 화 속에 녹아있는 자신들의 존재감을 부각시키고 스스로의 존재적 당위성과 더불어 재일코리안 역시 일본이라는 국가, 오사카라는 지역을 형성하는 ‘가시적 존재’임을 주 장한다. 코리아타운 필드워크가 보여주는 이러한 구술-연행 과정은 기억이 글로 기록 되는 것 외에도 연행-구술을 통해 가질 수 있는 또 다른 효과를 보여주는 사례라 하겠다.

Theoretical and Practical Research on Local Suffrage for Foreign Residents: A Case Study of Korean residents in Japan

Theoretical and Practical Research on Local Suffrage for Foreign Residents: A Case Study of Korean residents in Japan

Social capital and the problem of opportunistic leadership: the example of Koreans in Japan

Through webs of cross-cutting ties, groups can build "social capital"—the information and informal collective punishment by which to mitigate collective action problems and enforce on each other norms of appropriate behavior. Yet not all minorities maintain such networks. And minority groups without these cross-cutting ties sometimes find themselves hijacked by opportunistic entrepreneurs who capture private benefits for themselves while generating statistical discrimination against the group as a whole. The problem becomes acute when migration from the minority to the majority group is possible (at a cost). Inevitably, the most talented members of the minority will find the migration easiest and most rewarding. Necessarily, the resulting selective out-migration will reduce the average ability of the minority members who remain and leave the group even more vulnerable to the opportunists. Consider the Korean residents of Japan. Koreans had begun to migrate to Japan in the 1910s. They were poor, single, male, young, uneducated, and did not intend to stay long. As one might expect given those demographics, they maintained low levels of social capital, and generated substantial (statistical) discrimination toward themselves. After the Second World War, most Koreans returned to their homeland. Among those who stayed, the low levels of social capital remained. Plagued by collective action problems, the group could not prevent the communists among them from taking control and manipulating the group toward their private ends. Lacking the dense networks that would let them constrain the opportunists, the resident Koreans could not stop them. Those with the most talent, sophistication, and education simply left the group and migrated into Japanese society.

Cinematic Testimony to the Repatriation of Zainichi Koreans to North Korea in Yang Yonghi’s Autobiographical Films

ABSTRACT This article explores the cinematic potential of representing a silenced history of Korean residents in Japan who were repatriated to their “homeland” (North Korea) by examining Yang Yonghi’s films, Dear Pyongyang (2006), Sona, the Other Myself (2009) and Our Homeland (2012). About 94,000 Koreans in Japan were repatriated to North Korea between 1959 and 1984, but stories of these individuals after their repatriation are largely unknown due to the tightly controlled information about their lives in North Korea and the complex geopolitical relations among South Korea, North Korea and Japan. The repatriates and their families’ experience of separation and multiple displacements is a historical disaster borne of Japanese colonialism and the Cold War. Yang’s autobiographical films visualise the silenced suffering of repatriates in a poignant handling of space, objects and sound that articulates their affective reaction to their homeland. Yang’s works thus make two important contributions to our understanding of the historical disaster: they highlight the ambiguity of the homeland for the repatriates while functioning as a cinematic testimony to the silenced suffering of the repatriates and their families.

A Study of Korean Residents in Japan in Post-War Japanese Films: Focusing on Room with Thick Walls

A Study of Korean Residents in Japan in Post-War Japanese Films: Focusing on Room with Thick Walls

Possibility of Korean Diaspora and Transnational Solidarity of Korean Residents in Japan and Korean Residents in Russia and Central Asia

Possibility of Korean Diaspora and Transnational Solidarity of Korean Residents in Japan and Korean Residents in Russia and Central Asia

Social Capital and the Problem of Opportunistic Leadership: The Example of Koreans in Japan

Through webs of cross-cutting ties, groups can build capital—the information and informal collective punishment by which to mitigate collective action problems and enforce on each other norms of appropriate behavior. Yet not all minorities maintain such networks. And minority groups without these cross-cutting ties sometimes find themselves hijacked by opportunistic entrepreneurs who capture private benefits for themselves while generating statistical discrimination against the group as a whole. The problem becomes acute when migration from the minority to the majority group is possible (at a cost). Inevitably, the most talented members of the minority will find the migration easiest and most rewarding. Necessarily, the resulting selective out-migration will reduce the average ability of the minority members who remain and leave the group even more vulnerable to the opportunists. Consider the Korean residents of Japan. Koreans had begun to migrate to Japan in the 1910s. They were poor, single, male, young, uneducated, and did not intend to stay long. As one might expect given those demographics, they maintained low levels of social capital, and generated substantial (statistical) discrimination toward themselves. After the Second World War, most Koreans returned to their homeland. Among those who stayed, the low levels of social capital remained. Plagued by collective action problems, the group could not prevent the communists among them from taking control and manipulating the group toward their private ends. Lacking the dense networks that would let them constrain the opportunists, the resident Koreans could not stop them. Those with the most talent, sophistication, and education simply left the group and migrated into Japanese society.

재일조선인 민족교육의 변천과 정착

The national education for Korean Residents in Japan has been a key issue in the community of Korean Residents in Japan since the independence. The national education implemented on the premise of returning to Korea after the independence faced a turning point in the 1970s. The community of Korean Residents in Japan became less influential, the settlement consciousness was spread to the second and third generations, and more people entered Japanese schools. In this situation, the community of Korean Residents in Japan practiced the national education with practicality such as having real Korean name. In the 1980s, the community sought to implement various education methods such as the reorganization of textbooks, reform of curriculum and visit Korea program by private organizations. In the 1990s, as Korean schools began to take part in Japanese society, and the education curriculum was revised, the settlement consciousness oriented education was implemented. After the 2000s, the national education related to June 15th NorthSouth Joint Declaration and Japan’s multicultural coexistence policy is implemented. In the global era and the multicultural coexistence period, the Korean Residents in Japan show more flexible mind without being restricted by nationality while conveying messages about multicultural coexistence and letting the world know Japan’s educational discrimination. Through the development and changes of the national education of the Korean Residents in Japan, their multilateral efforts for competitiveness, coexistence and succession of ethnicity can be identified, along with their characteristics beyond nationality and border.

1930년대 중반 『민중시보』의 의료 광고를 통한 자이니치의 의료 일상

재일조선인 민중의 실상과 여론을 주로 보도하고자 했던 『民衆時報』에는 다양한 기사와 함께 광고도 다수 실려 있다. 『민중시보』를 간행했던 민중신문사는 사고와 여러 광고를 싣고 있다. 광고의 일반 내용으로는 창간축하 광고, 신년축하 광고, 사고, 일반 광고, 인쇄, 서적, 음악회 광고, 모집공고, 그리고 의료 관련 광고 등이 보인다.<BR> 『民衆時報』는 창간 이후 각종 의료 광고가 지속적으로 게재되어 있다. 이를 통해 재일조선인은 의료와 관련된 정보를 적극 획득할 수 있었다. 동시에 질병의 치료와 일상의 생활에 많은 도움을 받았던 것도 사실이다. 『民衆時報』에는 4곳의 병 의원과 20여개 소의약방, 약국의 존재가 보인다. 병 의원 등에 대한 광고로는 주익순의원, 제일의원, 용천당치료원, 중앙의원 등의 광고가 주목된다. 제약사와 약방, 약국 광고로는 동서의 합자회사, 태창상회, 보성당약국, 선당한약국 둥의 광고가 실려 있다.<BR> 『民衆時報』는 1935~36년 시기 재일조선인 오사카 사회를 보여주면서 일상의 의료생활의 내용을 확인하게 한다.