Korean Products Research Articles

A Study on the Network Effectiveness of Sustainable K-Fashion and Beauty Creator Media (Social Media) in the Digital Era

With the convergence of various media in the digital era, the influence of Korean fashion/beauty on popular culture is growing rapidly. This study examines the sustainable relationship between the content and community characteristics of Korean fashion/beauty creator media, the associated social exchange relationships, and the effectiveness of the network among international consumers. In total, 614 international consumers who had made Korean fashion product purchases, viewed Korean fashion creator media, and shared information related to Korean fashion at least once were selected as a sample. Frequency analysis, reliability and validity analysis, measurement model analysis, and path analysis were conducted using SPSS and AMOS. The results showed that, first, content uniqueness had a significant effect on perceived similarity, although content continuity did not. In addition, content uniqueness and content continuity both had a significant effect on emotional expectations. Second, community scalability and community cohesion both had a significant effect on perceived similarity, and community scalability and community cohesion had a significant effect on emotional expectations. Third, perceived similarity had a significant effect on both emotional expectation consciousness and parasocial interaction, and emotional expectation consciousness had a significant effect on parasocial interaction. Finally, parasocial interaction had a significant effect on fad-like behavior. Through this, this study expanded the scope of academic research by linking the contents and community characteristics of Korean fashion/beauty creator media with research problems in the field of social exchange from the perspective of network effectiveness. Integrating this with the existing studies on consumer acceptance of Hallyu culture is expected to lead to the development of a more descriptive theoretical model for the formation of attitudes and purchase intentions toward Korean fashion/beauty products.

Pengaruh Korean Wave dan Brand Ambassador pada Pengambilan Keputusan Konsumen

This study aims to analyze the influence of the Korean wave and brand ambassadors on consumer purchasing decisions. This research is a quantitative study using a population of consumers of Nacific cosmetic products from South Korea. By using purposive sampling technique, a sample of 100 respondents was tested in this study. The analytical method used is binary logistic regression analysis. The results showed that the decision to purchase Korean cosmetic products was strongly influenced by the Korean wave, and vice versa was not influenced by the brand ambassador. This study shows that Korean culture has a fairly strong influence on Indonesian consumers' decisions to buy cosmetic products. Meanwhile, Korean influencers have no influence on purchasing decisions, which factors need to be studied. This study adds a reference to behavioral research related to the effects of cultural change in Indonesia, especially the influence of Korean culture.

An Empirical Study on the Effects of Non-Tariff Barriers on FTAs: Regarding Import Control Measures of the Target Country on Korea's FTA

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of non-tariff barriers on the Free Trade Agreement. Currently, it has achieved significant export effects by signing free trade agreements with many countries in Korea. However, most countries have implemented non-tariff barriers to protect their industries. This study analyzes the effects of non-tariff barriers in counterpart countries that have signed a free trade agreement. Design/methodology/approach - For analysis, first, prior studies were summarized, and second, the current status of free trade agreements and non-tariff barriers were identified. And, based on the current situation, the relationship between non-tariff barriers and export volume was analyzed. The targets of analysis are the United States, China, and Vietnam, which are Korea s three largest exporters. As for non-tariff barriers, anti-dumping tariffs, countervailing tariffs, and emergency import restrictions were analyzed as import regulatory measures. Findings - In the case of the United States, it can be seen that the decline in textiles, steel and electronics sectors is even greater. In the case of China, it can be seen that exports declined after imposing non-tariff barriers in the steel sector. Finally, it can be seen that exports declined after Vietnam implemented a non-tariff barrier on the steel sector. It was found that non-tariff barriers offset the effects of the Free Trade Agreement. Research implications or Originality - Currently, Korea has free trade agreements with numerous countries. However, after the free trade agreement entered into force, the number of annual average import regulation investigations for Korean products is on the rise. In the end, the implementation of non-tariff barriers is offsetting the effects of free trade agreements. Therefore, when signing a free trade agreement, it is necessary to thoroughly prepare for import regulatory measures such as the insertion of provisions of non-tariff barriers.

Economic Effect and Resolution Idea of the THAAD Political Conflict on South Korea’s Exports to China

South Korea deployed the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) antimissile system in response to North Korea’s nuclear test, leading to the Chinese government’s opposition to THAAD, citing national security concerns. Chinese consumers held a large-scale “boycott for Korean products” campaign in 2014. In the same year, the China–South Korea free trade agreement (FTA) was signed. This study compares the double-difference (DID) and triple-difference (DDD) models using the impact of the THAAD political conflict on South Korean exports. In the DID model, THAAD reduced South Korean exports, while in the DDD model, the FTA effectively alleviated the impact of THAAD. The net difference of the FTA’s impact on the commodities boycotted in response to the THAAD conflict exists because some boycotted commodities were promoted by the FTA while others were not. The effect of the THAAD event shock was significant only in the first two years, with minimal subsequent changes in growth. THAAD and FTA’s dynamic effects provide evidence of how political conflict can eventually influence popular opinion and how the trade policy plays a significant role in the national conflict resolution. Finally, the study provides additional evidence on the effect of non-tariff barriers triggered by THAAD on the service industry.

A Study on the Improvement of Customer Satisfaction in Reverse Direct Purchases for the Promotion of Exports of Korean SMEs

Purpose - Reverse direct purchase is an emerging useful method for Korean SMEs (Small and Medium-sized Enterprises) to promote exports. While prior studies have looked at reverse direct purchase without considering the size of the firms, this study investigated activation of reverse direct purchase considering the size of the firms. More specifically, in terms of customer satisfaction and Chinese consumers, this study investigated whether there were differences in methods to promote reverse direct purchase between SMEs and large firms. Design/Methodology/Approach - Survey data were collected via an online questionnaire survey of Chinese consumers that had have experienced purchasing Korean products through reverse direct purchase. Correlation analysis was conducted among variables. IPA (importance-performance analysis) and t-test analysis were conducted between SMEs and large firm product users. Findings - As a result of IPA, the area of concentrated improvement for SMEs are value for money, price, delivery length and refund, while the area of concentrated improvement for large firms is value for money. Satisfaction with authentic product, design, quality, product explanation and buying process for SMEs was significantly or marginally significantly lower than those of large firms. Research Implications The implications - of the findings in this study for the activation of reverse direct purchase between SMEs and large firms are described.

A Study on Production of Korean Word-Initial Plosives by Learners of Korean Language and the Multilingual Features of their Native Languages －Focused on Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Thai and Korean Languages－

A Study on Production of Korean Word-Initial Plosives by Learners of Korean Language and the Multilingual Features of their Native Languages －Focused on Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Thai and Korean Languages－

韩·中博物馆文化商品营销比较研究 : 以国立中央博物馆和故宫博物院为中心

博物馆文化商品在博物馆收益中逐渐占据重要部分，因此，在博物馆经营中，文 化商品营销的重要性日益增大。 本研究通过对中国故宫博物院和韩国国立中央博物馆的文化商品营销战略进行比 较分析，来探索两国博物馆文化商品营销的发展方向。为此，通过产品、价格、渠 道、促销等营销4P战略分析，分析了韩国国立中央博物馆（以下称中博）和中国故宫 博物馆（以下称故宫）的文化商品的差异。 研究结果表明，在产品(product)方面，故宫重视与其他企业的合作战略，但中博 主要以"企划展文化商品"为中心，将重点放在自身的商品开发上。价格（price）方 面，中博的文化商品比一般产品的价格定价要高。与此相反，故宫的部分文化商品与 市面上类似产品比较，以相对低廉的价格出售。据分析，这是因为不同的市场占有率 而采取的战略。从渠道(place)方面来看，故宫利用多种电商销售文化商品，而中博则 通过特定网站进行集中销售。另外，故宫的线下卖场位于故宫正门出入口等位置，但 中博的线下文化商品店则设立在中博内部。在促销(promotion)方面，故宫主要利用网 络社交媒体营销战略，而中博会每年通过公开招募活动收集人们各种各样的想法，开 发文化商品。 本次研究通过中国故宫博物院和韩国国立中央博物馆的博物馆文化商品营销方式 的比较，对中国和韩国博物馆文化商品的发展具有新的启示意义。

한류콘텐츠 경험이 한국이미지, 제품 및 의료서비스 이용의도, 방한의도에 미치는 영향: 한류신흥시장(브라질, UAE)을 중심으로

This study empirically examined the effects of the experiencing of Korean Wave content on the Korean image, purchasing intentions for Korean products and medical services, and visiting intention in two emerging markets for Korea: Brazil and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). 900 sample data was collected from October 4 to 20, 2019. A few practical implications were generated. First, in Brazil and UAE, Korea’s cultural image has a large impact on purchasing intentions for Korean products and intention to visit Korea. So Korea should leverage Korean wave content to strengthen Korea’s cultural image. Second, Korean entertainment, dramas, movies, and publications have a positive effect on purchasing and tourism intentions, such that they can be used in Korea’s marketing.

Selection of Wheat Germplasm in Korean Production Environments employing Agronomic Characteristics and Adaptation Analysis

Selection of Wheat Germplasm in Korean Production Environments employing Agronomic Characteristics and Adaptation Analysis

Buying Korean Products through Overseas Direct Purchase as a Distribution Means in China

Buying Korean Products through Overseas Direct Purchase as a Distribution Means in China

Beauty and Celebrity: Korean Entertainment and Its Impacts on Female Indonesian Viewers’ Consumption Intentions

The Korean entertainment industry’s popularity and global reach has prompted private companies and destination management organizations to place Korean products and position Korea as a destination to international viewers. Korean celebrities have also been found to form positively perceived Korean beauty standards, consequently serving as an antecedent of Korean beauty product awareness and perceived beauty product quality among international audiences. Although previous studies have found that audience involvement with entertainment mediums has positively impacted product purchase and visitation, a comprehensive investigation of the audience involvement’s multi-dimensionality has yet to be conducted, specifically, on the distinction between Korean entertainment (movies, TV dramas, TV shows, etc.) involvement and celebrity worship. The present study attempts to fill the research gap by comprehensively examining the role of audience involvement with Korean entertainment, celebrity worship, brand awareness, and perceived Korean beauty product quality on product purchase intentions as well as intentions to visit Korea. A total of 327 female Indonesian Korean entertainment audiences then validated the proposed conceptual framework. The structural equation modeling results found emotional involvement, referential reflection, and entertainment-driven celebrity worshipping tendencies to be significant antecedents of Korean beauty product purchase and Korea visit intentions.

Nature Republic dan Innisfree Sebagai Soft Power Brand Ambasador and Personality Korea Selatan di Indonesia

Brand Ambassador is an instrument of achieving the interests of the state which is popularly used South Korea as one example of countries that use their Brand Using (Hallyu) as the mediums to get achieved success in Indonesia. in 2002, Indonesia began to look at South Korea by showing Korean drama with the introduction of Korean drama in Indonesia through private television. The reason for the development of Korean pop culture (Korean Wave) in Indonesia is the embodiment of globalization. In the communication and cultural dimensions, South Korea is increasingly recognized by the Indonesian public drama that aired in Indonesia became the gateway for the entry of other Korean cultural products or known by the name Hallyu / Korean Wave, such as Korean pop music (K-Pop), Korean food (K-Food ), and Korean language and letters (Hangeul). It also makes many products made in Korea also enter Indonesia, including cosmetics, automotive, electronics, etc. As a form of Korean Nation Brand in Indonesia. So, Indonesian people can feel about (Hallyu) that came in. The purpose of this study will look at how Indonesia's attitude in responding to it and what is driving Indonesia's response to the phenomenon of Korean Skincare that uses as Diplomacy in Indonesia.

Pengaruh Religiusitas, Label Halal, dan Alasan Kesehatan terhadap Keputusan Membeli Produk Makanan Instan Korea

This study aims to determine the effect of religiosity, halal label, and health reasons on the decision to buy Korean instant food products. The dependent variable in the study is the purchase decision, while the independent variables are religiosity, halal label and health reasons. The data in this study were collected through questionnaires distributed to consumers who had bought and consumed Korean instant food products in Cibinong. The research method used is quantitative. The population in this study are Korean instant food product consumers, with the data collected amounting to 80 respondents. The data analysis tool used in this study uses Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with theapproach Partial Least Square (PLS). The results of this study indicate that there is a positive and significant influence of the religiosity variable on the decision to buy Korean instant food products, while the halal label variable has a positive but not significant effect on purchasing decisions and the health reason variable has a negative and insignificant effect on the decision to buy instant food products Korea.

중국의 통상환경 변화와 국가별 상품 간 수출 대체가능성 연구 (Multidimensional Substitutability Measurement and Analysis: With an Application to Trade between China and South Korea)

중국의 통상환경 변화와 국가별 상품 간 수출 대체가능성 연구 (Multidimensional Substitutability Measurement and Analysis: With an Application to Trade between China and South Korea)

The Influence of Chinese Consumers' Experience of K-contents on Purchase Intention of Made-in Korean Products

The Influence of Chinese Consumers' Experience of K-contents on Purchase Intention of Made-in Korean Products

The effects of length of residence (LOR) on voice onset time (VOT)

Changes in the first language (L1) sound system as a result of acquiring a second language (L2) (i.e., phonetic drift) have received considerable attention from a variety of speakers, settings, and environments. Less attention has been given to phonetic drift in adult speakers’ L2 learning as their length of residence in America (LOR) increases. This study examines the effects of LOR on voice onset time (VOT) in L1 Korean stops. Three different groups of Korean adult learners of L2 English were compared to assess how malleable their L1 representations are in terms of LOR and whether there is any relationship between L1 change and L2 acquisition. The results showed that the effect of LOR was linguistically unimportant in the production of Korean stops. However, VOT merger as evidence of sound change in Korean stops were robust in the speech production of most of the female speakers across the groups. The results suggest that L2 English may not be the primary cause of L1 sound change. For generalizability, further study is necessary to see whether other acoustic cues show a similar pattern.

Halal Certification of Korean Food in Malaysia: The Challenges and Steps Ahead

Korean Wave or also known as 'Hallyu' in the Chinese Language, symbolises the global acceptance of the Korean cultural industries. It started in the 1990s and became a recent phenomenon all over the world. The Korean Wave also impacts the Malaysian youths. It can be seen in the Malaysians' youth followings of trends where it gradually influenced the lifestyle choices of foods, cosmetics, entertainment, and technology from the influence of Korean products. A growing demand for Korean food leads to increasing number of Korean food establishments in Malaysia. Nevertheless, only a few of the establishments have halal JAKIM certificates. Getting a halal certification from JAKIM (Malaysia's Halal authority) is necessary for business, but certain food industry players are left wondering if the effort is worth it. Therefore, this study aims to explore challenges to get the Malaysian Halal Certification for Korean food restaurants in Malaysia. After identifying the obstacles involved, this research also examines the challenges in obtaining Halal Certificates among Korean Food Entrepreneurs in Malaysia. The approach of this study involves data collection methods through literature review followed by field study through numerous interview sessions with selected Korean restaurants in Kuala Lumpur and members of Malaysian Korean Fans Club. It is found that there is now more than 60 per cent of Korean food operators that are successful in getting halal certification compared to the past. The data from this study can help the industry understand that getting halal certification is not complex, with clear cut procedures, despite many challenges the industry needs to go through.

Cosmopolitan Empowerments and Biographical Trajectories among Young French Fans of Hallyu

This article explores the passion of young French people for the Hallyu, within the framework of an analysis of the contribution of the “consumption of difference” (Schroeder 2015) to the formation of the self through the figure of the 'cosmopolitan amateur' (Cicchelli and Octobre 2018a). We will first look at the reasons for the success of Hallyu in France then discuss the different forms of empowerment stemmed from the consumption of Korean products, among young people (74 in depth-interviews with young fans aged 18-31) with no previous link with Korea, which nurture their biographical trajectories.

Influencers, Brands, and Pivots in the Time of COVID-19

Influencers, Brands, and Pivots in the Time of COVID-19

The Influence of International Education Experience on Host Country-Related Outcomes: An Analysis of Chinese Students’ Relationships with South Korean Universities

Recognizing the globalization of higher education institutions, this study examined the influence of university–student relationships on host country-related outcomes, including student attitudes, purchase intentions, and policy support. A survey was conducted with Chinese students who had studied or who were currently studying at South Korean universities. Its results showed a significant positive association between Chinese student perceptions of their relationships with host universities and their attitudes toward South Korea. In addition, their positive attitudes led to (i) intentions to purchase Korean products and (ii) policy support for the Korean government. The theoretical and practical implications of study findings are discussed from the perspectives of public diplomacy and the university’s role in a highly globalized education system.