Korba District Research Articles

Late Holocene vegetation history and monsoonal climate change from the Core Monsoon Zone of India

To understand the vegetation response to climate change and the Indian Summer Monsoon rainfall (ISMR) variability during the Late Holocene (approx. 2.5 ka), pollen analysis was conducted on a 1.2-m-long lacustrine sediment profile from the Korba District of Chhattisgarh, central India, within the core monsoon zone (CMZ). The pollen evidence suggest that between approx. 2500 and 1950 cal yr BP, open tropical deciduous forest vegetation occupied the landscape under a warm and relatively less humid climate, coupled with decreased ISMR. Between approx. 1950 and 1035 cal yr BP, a warm and relatively more humid climate prevailed, along with moderate ISMR, leading to the transition of the existing vegetation to an open mixed tropical deciduous forest. Between approx.1035 and 220 cal yr BP (CE 915–1730), the mixed tropical deciduous forest became established under a warm and humid climate with increased ISMR, coinciding globally with the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA). Mixed tropical deciduous forest expanded and transformed into a dense mixed tropical deciduous forest between approx. 220 cal yr BP to the present (CE 1730 onwards). This transformation occurred under a warm and relatively more humid climate, accompanied by intensified ISMR, aligning with the Current Warm Period (CWP). Gradual forest transformation from open vegetation to dense mixed tropical deciduous forests, as well as in the ISMR has been observed since the last approx. 2.5 ka in central India. Cereal-based agricultural practices and other anthropogenic activities have been documented in the study area since approx. 2.5 ka, with an accelerated pace observed from 1035 cal yr BP to the present.

Role of public private panchayat raj bodies helping in developing skills of the farmers in Korba district of Chhattisgarh

Role of public private panchayat raj bodies helping in developing skills of the farmers in Korba district of Chhattisgarh

Spatio-temporal trend analysis of air pollutants during COVID-19 over Korba district, Chhattisgarh (India) using Google Earth Engine

Air pollution is a significant public health concern and impacts a country’s well-being. The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdowns have provided researchers with a unique opportunity to examine the impact of human activities and industries on air pollution. The annual mean PM2.5 grids were validated by comparing them with collocated surface in situ PM2.5 measurements and were then used for trend analyses. Using ground in-situ data validated in 2020–21 showed a good correlation (R2 = 0.90, 0.81 & 0.99) with Satellite-derived for summer, monsoon, and winter seasons, respectively. Among these pollutants, human and industrial activities are a significant source of Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), and Ozone (O3). This study examined how these pollutants changed between February 2019 to January 2022 in Korba District, Chhattisgarh (India). The Google Earth Engine (GEE) is based on the cloud platform time series from the Sentinel-5P TROPOMI satellite data sets. The findings show that the annual average concentration of (SO2: R2 = 0.90, 0.97, and 0.97), (NO2: R2 = 0.97, 0.94, and 0.94), (HCHO: R2 = 0.99, 0.99, and 0.99), and (O3: R2 = 0.99, 0.94, and 0.94) and also increased monsoon, summer, and winter in ascending order for 2019–20, 2020–21, and 2021–22 respectively, due to topology, meteorology, and anthropogenic activities. These results are essential guidelines for future industrial, transportation, and traffic management as sustainable development legislation and programs. Additionally, by applying the COVID-19 scenario, it is now feasible to research how industrial activities, transportation, and biomass burning are, compounded by the region’s topography, affecting air quality using free satellite-derived data sets. These findings also benefit future policy choices on dealing with viral proliferation and reducing its negative societal and economic repercussions.

Assessing Barriers to Production and Marketing of Tasar and Mulberry Silkworm Cocoons in Selected Districts of Chhattisgarh, India

The study conducted “Analysis of constraints on production and marketing of tasar and mulberry silk in Chhattisgarh” included four districts i.e. Bastar, Korba, Jashpur and Raigarh. In each district one block, from Bastar district Jagdalpur block, Jashpur district Kansabel block, Korba district Korba block and Raigarh district, Dharamjaigarh block has been selected for the study based on maximum tasar and mulberry seed centres and 16 villages has been selected for the study, information about the primary data was collected from 160 cocoon growers in selected areas, though well-prepared interview schedule/ questionnaires. The study observed that tasar and mulberry cocoon grower and their marketing was found to be major constraints unavailability of labour during the production process was ranked first according to measurement, respectively silkworm, lack of knowledge in the maintenance of host plant, unavailability of the good quality plantation, lack of technical guidance, unavailability of input on time, difficulty obtaining DFL’s, lack of knowledge about training and pruning of host plant among marketing constraints suffers SHG’s were obtaining rank first lack of marketing facilities, followed by the poor quality of cocoon, difficulties of grading of the cocoon, lack of market information regarding the price of tasar and mulberry cocoon, lack of proper price received by cocoon growers, transportation cost, the lake of proper payment facility to silk grower and lack of storage facilities of cocoon despite all the constraints the area has great potential for silk production. Therefore cocoon growers in the study area can be provided with adequate knowledge in both tasar and mulberry cocoon production to enhance the production and productivity of cocoons.

Analyzing the Trend, Change and Fluctuation in Area, Production and Productivity of Coriander in Different Districts of Chhattisgarh, India

Coriander is first largest grown spice in the country during 2020-21 India accounting for 64.41 per cent (1430 thousand metric tones). The absolute change in area of coriander grown in Mahasamund district was found to be maximum (1.07 thousand hectare) and overall Chhattisgarh state have found 8.12 thousand hectare. Korba district was the highest relative change in area of coriander grown 398.92 per cent and overall Chhattisgarh state have 130.11 per cent. Mahasamund district had the greatest absolute change and relative change in coriander production (10.47 thousand tones and 44875.72%, respectively), Chhattisgarh state was found to be 46.66 thousand tones and 314.27 per cent, respectively. In Mahasamund district, the absolute and relative change in coriander productivity was found to be the greatest (8.72 thousand tones and 3128.38%) Chhattisgarh state was found 1.47 thousand tones and 57.53 per cent. The area and production was found to be minimum and more stable in Surguja district (17.80% and 41.48%) and overall Chhattisgarh state have found 37.36 and 57.12 per cent, respectively. The productivity was found to be minimum and more stable in Raighar district (25.46%) and more variable in Mahasamund (82.22%). Variability in productivity of overall Chhattisgarh state have found to be 25.83 per cent. Simple growth rate in area, production and productivity of coriander was found to be maximum in Mahasamund district (14.92, 21.12 and 14.70%) and overall Chhattisgarh state have found 5.50, 8.51 and 3.56 per cent, respectively. Trend in area of all coriander grown districts had shown positive and highly significant except Raigharh district. For the production of all coriander gown districts had show positive and highly significant except Rajnandgaon district.

The Effects of Coal Mining on Land Use and Land Surface Temperature: A Case Study of Korba District, Chhattisgarh

Coal is one of the most important mineral which is used as a fuel for generating energy in India, with the increasing urbanization and industrialization, need for more fuel is increasing resulting in extraction of coal in more and more amount, therefore in order to fulfil the demand, mining activities has increased a lot with time, besides the extraction of coal, many other minerals are also being extracted for various purposes as well. Increase in such mining activities are leading to adverse change in air, water and land quality, changes in land use land cover pattern and variation in surface temperature, these continuous changes are therefore, im-portant to be studied in order to assess its impact on the environment for suture sustainability and better management of available resources. The current study has been done for the Korba district with special attention towards the mining areas as major area of the district after agricultural and cultivation land is occupied with mining area and related industries which is on spreading at higher pace since last many years, due to which variation in surface temperature and changes in land use pattern can be seen in its vicinity which is increasing with the time. According to the shifting patterns of land use and land cover, both urban regions and coal mine areas have grown by roughly 35 and 12%, respectively. In the central area of Korba district, the number of mines has risen, and the mining area has expanded over the last thirty years. Through a temporal analysis of the data, the study found that between 2000 and 2021, both the mining zones and adjacent urban areas witnessed increased temperatures. This temperature rise can be linked to the expansion of mining operations and the deforestation that accompanies such activities.

Impact of front line demonstration on the yield and economics of paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella spp.) in Korba District of Chhattisgarh

Impact of front line demonstration on the yield and economics of paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella spp.) in Korba District of Chhattisgarh

Using Anaerobic Digesters as a Sustainable Approach in Creating Sustainable Cities in Egypt

The first digestion plant was built in Bombay, India, in 1859. But since 1895, anaerobic digestion has been used to recover gas as a waste management system in England. Anaerobic digesters are one of the most well-known systems that are used worldwide to get rid of waste and generate energy, yet they have never been employed in Egypt. This research aims to determine the economic, social, and environmental impacts of anaerobic digesters in Egyptian cities and districts. From an economic perspective, the study estimates the energy produced from storing organic wastes in anaerobic digesters, using a quantitative approach to measure the efficiency of anaerobic digesters in Egyptian districts. In this study, the data were collected using surveys among residents and cleaners in the study area. The information gathered in this study was used to estimate the amount of organic waste (OW) produced by area 4 El-korba in Heliopolis, which will be stored in an anaerobic digester (AD) and used to generate heat, electricity, and fertilizer. In terms of social impact, the study relied on a site questionnaire to measure the impact of waste accumulation on the Egyptians. The aim of this paper is to study the storage of the OW collected from El Korba district in AD and how it can save electricity consumed by the district residential sector. Finally, the study applied a quantitative method to measure the amount of waste disposed of and burned in one Egyptian district from an environmental standpoint.

CONTAMINATION OF FLUORIDE IN GROUNDWATER AND ITS IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH IN PONDI-UPRODA BLOCK IN KORBA DISTRICT, CHHATTISGARH

Fluoride is a frequent chemical element present in groundwater. Fluoride can reduce dental caries when taken in modest amounts, increased fluoride concentrations could induce dental fluorosis or tooth decay, In April-May 2021, twenty-four samples were obtained at random from different villages in the Pondi-uproda block of the Korba district. The Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) technique and TWAD water testing kit were used to assess the concentration of fluoride in groundwater. Fluoride levels ranged from 0.78 to 8.62 mg/l in the groundwater of the study area, according to the findings. The majority of people in these areas depend on groundwater for irrigation, drinking and domestic use. In this location, 66.6% of samples had fluoride that exceeded WHO permitted limits. Dental and skeletal fluorosis is caused by excessive fluoride levels in drinking water; as a result, a suitable defluoridation method for water treatment in this area should be used.

Chrysopogon densipaniculatus (Poaceae: Andropogoneae): a new species from India

Chrysopogon densipaniculatus, a remarkable new species has been described and illustrated from Korba district of Chhattisgarh, India. The species is allied to C. serrulatus but may be distinguished by the dense panicle inflorescence, glandular peduncle, upper lemma and palea of the pedicelled spikelet bi-dentate to tridentate, the latter of which is reduced a minute scale. Detailed morphological description, distribution, habitat and ecology, illustration of floral parts and colour photographs, IUCN conservation status and relevant taxonomic notes of the species are provided. A key for the identification of Chrysopogon species in India is also given to facilitate the proper identification.

Uranium concentration and health risk assessments in groundwater samples taken different location of Korba District, Chhattisgarh, India

Uranium concentration and health risk assessments in groundwater samples taken different location of Korba District, Chhattisgarh, India

Knowledge-driven and machine learning decision tree-based approach for assessment of geospatial variation of groundwater quality around coal mining regions, Korba district, Central India

Knowledge-driven and machine learning decision tree-based approach for assessment of geospatial variation of groundwater quality around coal mining regions, Korba district, Central India

Comparative study on Design of flexible pavement by various methods (GI method & CBR method)

Abstract: In the project report, an attempt is made to design a road, based on the principles of pavement design and cost analysis of y two methods (Group Indexed and CBR Method). On the existing alignment of the road, soil samples are collected for the determination of soil characteristics like consistency limits, sieve analysis, C.B.R. values etc. Based on this the thickness of the pavement (flexible) is designed. The alignment of the road is also designed and fixed by surveying and leveling. The total road length being 497 meters of which, one section is 247m, other is 200m and the third section is 50m. The site selected for this study is of village road near Korba, Korba district of Chhattisgarh, India. Keywords: GI Method, Flexible Pavement, CBR Method, Liquid Limit Test, Plastic Limit, Standard Proctor test, OMS & MDD.

Spatio - temporal landcover dynamics and environmental impact in coal mine area of Korba district (Chhattisgarh)

Detection of digital change is the approach that helps to assess the changes associated with land use and land cover resources. Detection of landuse/landcover change in the form of maps and statistical data is very useful for land spatial planning, management and utilisation. In order to research land use / land cover shifts, Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) were used. The goal of this study is to detect changes in land use between 1929 and 2009 using satellite images of 1990, 1999 and 2009 TM map data and 2009 Google Earth Imagery and topographic map surveys of India. The study developed a five-year (1929,1970,1999,2005,2009) land use/land cover map of the Korba district of Chhattisgarh to detect changes in the residential area, mining area, water bodies, farm lands, and forest areas in particular. The objective of study is to prepare land use/land cover map for different time periods, analyse the land use changes and evaluate the socio – economic implications of predicted change. Landuse changes have been detected by image processing method in ArcGIS9.3. Monitoring of landuse/landcover changes help to study impact of increase in industrialization on environment and to plan development activities and frame development policies. During this period of 80 years the forest area decreased nearly by half of that in 1929 from 4622.82km2 in 1929 to 2241.66km2 in 2009. The agriculture area increased during the period 1929 -1970 showing that deforested land was converted into agriculture land during this period from 1970 onwards mines and barren area increased from nil to 527.72 km2 in 2009. Residential area showed a drastic increase during the period 1970 -1999 due to migration of people from nearby areas to coal fields in search of livelihood.

Uncovering the superior corrosion resistance of iron made via ancient Indian iron-making practice

Ancient Indian iron artefacts have always fascinated researchers due to their excellent corrosion resistance, but the scientific explanation of this feature remains to be elucidated. We have investigated corrosion resistance of iron manufactured according to traditional metallurgical processes by the Indian tribes called ‘Agaria’. Iron samples were recovered from central India (Aamadandh, Korba district, Chhattisgarh). Iron artefacts are investigated using a range of correlative microscopic, spectroscopic, diffraction and tomographic techniques to postulate the hidden mechanisms of superlative corrosion resistance. The importance of manufacturing steps, ingredients involved in Agaria’s iron making process, and post-metal treatment using metal-working operation called hot hammering (forging) is highlighted. This study also hypothesizes the probable protective mechanisms of corrosion resistance of iron. Findings are expected to have a broad impact across multiple disciplines such as archaeology, metallurgy and materials science.

A novel dataset for analysing sub-national socioeconomic developments in the Indian coal industry

Coal use needs to rapidly decline in the global energy mix in the next few decades in order to meet the Paris climate goals of keeping global warming well below 2-degrees Celsius. In emerging economies such as India (the second largest producer and consumer of coal) this would entail reducing long-term coal dependency. Prior work has focused on a coal transition in India from a techno-economic point of view, yet little attention has been given to the socio-economic dimensions of this transition. This is in part due to lack of availability of datasets required for such analysis. The first step in understanding the socio-economic dimensions of a coal transition in India is to understand the scale of current socio-economic dependency on coal at the sub-national level. We contribute to this literature by creating a novel dataset comprised of all 459 operational coal mines in India, using multiple Right to Information Act applications (India’s Freedom of Information Act) and then combining this dataset with coal company wise employment factors to estimate direct job numbers at the district level (a sub-administrative unit). We find that coal is produced in 51 districts in 13 states in India with large variations in employment numbers among these districts. While Korba district in Chhattisgarh state is the highest coal producing district, Dhanbad district in Jharkhand state is home to the highest number of coal mining workers. This is the first attempt at understanding the socio-economic dependency on coal at a district level and future work could focus on quantifying other district level socio-economic indicators such as coal related revenues. The new dataset and the results of this paper will be useful for scholars conducting future work on coal transitions and related topics.

Phytochemical Analysis of Andrographis Paniculata and Catharanthus Rosea from Korba District, Chhattisgarh, India

Phytochemical Analysis of Andrographis Paniculata and Catharanthus Rosea from Korba District, Chhattisgarh, India

Hydrogeochemical modeling based approach for evaluation of groundwater suitability for irrigational use in Korba district, Chhattisgarh, Central India

Systematic assessment of groundwater suitability for irrigation purpose was evaluated in Korba district, Chhattisgarh, Central India. As a part of the assessment, groundwater physico-chemical data of 56 locations were considered. Ascertaining the groundwater suitability and its characteristics, various quality indices and hydrogeochemical studies were performed. Quality results showed that groundwater of the study area was mostly alkaline in nature, where a total of 17% groundwater samples were found hard to very hard, 9% were slight to moderate hazard, and 4% were high saline type. Chemical indices, namely Sodium percentage (Na%), Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Permeability Index (PI), Kelly’s ratio (KR) and Magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) were evaluated. According to the computed indices, majority of the samples were found to be suitable for irrigation. Based on USSL plot, around 54% of samples fell in C1-S1 and C2-S1 fields, indicating low to medium salinity with a low alkali hazard. Hence, groundwater fell under C1-S1 and C2-S1 fields can be used to irrigate all kind of soils with marginal increase of risk level for exchangeable Na+ content. Results of hydrogeochemical model suggested that groundwater of the study area were mainly influenced by rock-water interaction phenomena. Groundwater hydrogeochemical facies was characterized through Piper plot and Chadha’s diagram, which showed Ca–Mg–HCO3 type groundwater as the dominating facies within the study region.

Knowledge of rural women in animal husbandry practices

A survey based study was carried out to ascertain knowledge of rural women in animal husbandry practices in korba district of chhattisgarh, The socio-personal study revealed that majority of the women were middle aged (69.20%) in illiterate (42.50%), belonged to other backward caste and were engaged in animal husbandry practices. Maximum respondents had nuclear type of family. In the study area, 62.50 per cent respondent landless farmers. majority (57.50%) of them had higher level of annual income. 70.00 per cent respondents had medium level of scientific orientation. (67.50%) had low Cosmopoliteness. majority (95.00%) of the respondents used to contact neighbour/friend/relative for information about animal husbandry practices. majority of the respondents (69.17%) had medium exposure to overall sources of information. most of the respondents (44.17%) had low level of contact with extension personnel. Regarding correlation, out of all selected 10 independent variables, only 5 variables had highly significant correlated with knowledge of women in animal husbandry practices at 0.01 per cent level of significance. Remaining 5 variables did not indicate any significant relationship with knowledge of women in animal husbandry practices. multiple regression analysis was analyzed. The data reveal that out of 10 variables, only 1 variables viz. had highly significant contribution towards knowledge at 0.01 per cent level of significance and 3 variables found positive and significantly contribution towards knowledge of women in animal husbandry practices. remaining 6 variables did not contribute significantly in the knowledge of recommended animal husbandry practices. However, all the selected 10 independent variables in the model shows the 57 per cent contribution in the knowledge of recommended animal husbandry practices.

A GIS-based modified DRASTIC approach for geospatial modeling of groundwater vulnerability and pollution risk mapping in Korba district, Central India

Intensive use of fertilizers in the agricultural lands and a swift-flying of coal and allied industries in Korba district, India in an unprecedented manner has led to groundwater contamination. Accordingly, an integrated modified DRASTIC and risk index model combined with other statistical techniques are applied to evaluate groundwater susceptibility and pollution risk in the region. The ArcGIS based spatial distribution map of the DRASTIC vulnerability index (DVI) reveals that the high (63%) and very high (23.61%) vulnerable zones identified in DVI map are reduced to that of 57.86% and 17.74%, respectively, when compared with pollution risk map. Results of sensitivity analysis, i.e., map removal sensitivity analysis and single parameter sensitivity analysis confirms that amongst seven DRASTIC parameters the net recharge parameter is the most influencing parameter in view of the groundwater contamination. The linear correlation coefficient (r = 0.89) obtained between risk index values and NO3 concentrations alongside nearly 75% of the study area comprises of agricultural lands and forest/tree clad area corresponds to high to very high risk contamination zones reveal the model validation in the light of the influence of anthropogenic contamination factor in these zones. Furthermore, elevated iron concentration also supports the certain influence of geogenic contamination within the study area. In essence, this study can be effectively utilized in the planning and management of precious groundwater resources in high to very high vulnerable and risk zones of the study area, for its overall sustainable development.