Acetobacter Xylinum Research Articles

Facile synthesis and antibacterial performance of novel biofilms based on bacterial cellulose from jackfruit rags, incorporating polyvinyl alcohol, Ag nanoparticles, and Eclipta prostrata extract

The advancements of antibacterial biofilms have received much attention in biomedical, wound healing, and food packaging. Here, we developed a novel bacterial cellulose (BC) through Acetobacter xylinum strains using jackfruit rags as a carbon source, under different fermentation conditions. The highest BC production of 5.668 g L–1 of dried weight BC was obtained from the medium with 1: 2 (w v–1) of jackfruit rags/water ratio, 4.5 initial pH and 9 days of incubation. Further bacterial cellulose was incorporated into mixture of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and Eclipta prostrata extract (EPE) to develop antimicrobial films. The micromorphology, mechanical, and functionality of BC/PVA/AgNPs/EPE biofilms were compared with those of BC/PVA, BC/PVA/EPE, BC/PVA/AgNPs film precursors. The results showed that mechanical strength of BC/PVA/AgNPs/EPE biofilms increased, while their water vapor permeability significantly decreased. Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy revealed excellent compatibility between AgNPs, EPE and the BC/PVA matrix. The BC/PVA/AgNPs/EPE biofilm had strong antibacterial performance against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, as the average zone of inhibitions were 18.5 ± 0.33 mm and 21.0 ± 0.3 mm, respectively. These outcomes suggest that the BC/PVA/AgNPs/EPE biofilm can be a good candidate for antibacterial food packaging.

Correction: Production of bacterial cellulose by Komagataeibacter xylinus: biochemistry, synthesis and applications

Correction: Production of bacterial cellulose by Komagataeibacter xylinus: biochemistry, synthesis and applications

Low-cost bacterial cellulose production from agricultural waste for antibacterial applications

Various carbon sources can be utilized for the biosynthesis of bacterial cellulose (BC), with agricultural wastes being explored as sustainable options. In this study, glucose was extracted from bamboo dust via mild acid hydrolysis to prepare a modified medium combining extracted glucose with Hestrin-Schramm (HS) medium for BC biosynthesis using Acetobacter xylinus NCIM 2526. Chitosan, a biopolymer, was incorporated into the BC synthesis medium at concentrations of 0.2%, 0.6%, and 1% (w/v) after 2 days of shaking incubation, producing chitosan-incorporated BC membranes through in situ synthesis. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed cellulose in the BC produced from the modified medium and chitosan in BC membranes with 0.2% and 0.6% (w/v) chitosan. Changes in physical and crystalline morphology were further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The purity of cellulose was validated through chemical solubility tests, while energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the presence of chitosan in the BC membranes. The average yields were 5.8 ± 0.21 g/l for pure BC, 5.2 ± 0.21 g/l for BC with 0.2% (w/v) chitosan, and 4.6 ± 0.21 g/l for BC with 0.6% (w/v) chitosan after 7 days. The medium with 1% (w/v) chitosan did not produce BC membranes. BC synthesized with 0.2% chitosan exhibited similar physical and chemical properties to pure BC and demonstrated good antimicrobial properties, suggesting its potential use in bandages and wound dressings.

Improvement of Adsorption Capacity by Refined Encapsulating Method of Activated Carbon into the Hollow-Type Spherical Bacterial Cellulose Gels for Oral Absorbent.

To reduce the risk of adsorption of granular activated carbon (AC) in the gastrointestinal tract, we successfully prepared a hollow-type spherical bacterial cellulose gel encapsulated with AC (ACEG) and evaluated its pH tolerance and adsorption capacity. The bacterial cellulose gel membrane of ACEG features a three-dimensional mesh structure of cellulose fibers, allowing the selective permeation of substances based on their size. In this study, the preparation method of ACEGs was investigated, and the indole saturation adsorption capacity of the obtained gel was measured. We modified the gel culture nucleus gel from calcium alginate gel to agar gel, facilitating the encapsulation of previously challenging particles. The new preparation method used sodium hydroxide solution for sterilization and dissolution to remove the debris of Komagataeibacter xylinus, which was feared to remain in the bacterial cellulose membrane. This treatment was also confirmed to have no effect on the adsorption capacity of the AC powder. Therefore, this new preparation method is expected not only to improve the performance of ACEGs but also to be applied to a wide range of adsorbent-encapsulated hollow-type bacterial cellulose gels.

Bacterial Cellulose-Silk Hydrogel Biosynthesized by Using Coconut Skim Milk as Culture Medium for Biomedical Applications.

In this study, hydrogel films of biocomposite comprising bacterial cellulose (BC) and silk (S) were successfully fabricated through a simple, facile, and cost-effective method via biosynthesis by Acetobacter xylinum in a culture medium of coconut skim milk/mature coconut water supplemented with the powders of thin-shell silk cocoon (SC). Coconut skim milk/mature coconut water and SC are the main byproducts of coconut oil and silk textile industries, respectively. The S/BC films contain protein, carbohydrate, fat, and minerals and possess a number of properties beneficial to wound healing and tissue engineering, including nontoxicity, biocompatibility, appropriate mechanical properties, flexibility, and high water absorption capacity. It was demonstrated that silk could fill into a porous structure and cover fibers of the BC matrix with very good integration. In addition, components (fat, protein, etc.) in coconut skim milk could be well incorporated into the hydrogel, resulting in a more elastic structure and higher tensile strength of films. The tensile strength and the elongation at break of BC film from coconut skim milk (BCM) were 212.4 MPa and 2.54%, respectively, which were significantly higher than BC film from mature coconut water (BCW). A more elastic structure and relatively higher tensile strength of S/BCM compared with S/BCW were observed. The films of S/BCM and S/BCW showed very high water uptake ability in the range of 400-500%. The presence of silk in the films also significantly enhanced the adhesion, proliferation, and cell-to-cell interaction of Vero and HaCat cells. According to multiple improved properties, S/BC hydrogel films are high-potential candidates for application as biomaterials for wound dressing and tissue engineering.

Production, Optimization, and Characterization of Bio-cellulose Produced from Komagataeibacter (Acetobacter aceti MTCC 3347) Usage of Food Sources as Media.

Bio-cellulose is a type of cellulose that is produced by some particular group of bacteria, for example, Komagataeibacter (previously known as Acetobacter), due to their natural ability to synthesize exopolysaccharide as a byproduct. Gluconacetobacter xylinus is mostly employed for the production of bio-cellulose throughout the world. Therefore, exploring other commonly available strains, such as Komagataeibacter aceti (Acetobacter aceti), is needed for cellulose production. Bio-cellulose is one of the most reliable biomaterials in the limelight because it is highly pure, crystalline, and biocompatible. Hence, it is necessary to enhance the industrial manufacturing of bio-cellulose with low costs. Different media such as fruit waste, milk whey, coconut water, sugarcane juice, mannitol broth, and H&S (Hestrin and Schramm's) broth were utilized as a medium for culture growth. Other factors like temperature, pH, and time were also optimized to achieve the highest yield of bio-cellulose. Moreover, after the synthesis of biocellulose, its physicochemical and structural properties were evaluated. The results depicted that the highest yield of bio-cellulose (45.735 mg/mL) was found at 30 °C, pH 5, and on the 7th day of incubation. Though every culture media experimented with synthesized bio-cellulose, the maximum production (90.25 mg/mL) was reported in fruit waste media. The results also indicated that bio-cellulose has high water-holding capacity and moisture content. XRD results showed that bio-cellulose is highly crystalline in nature (54.825% crystallinity). SEM micrograph demonstrated that bio-cellulose exhibited rod-shaped, highly porous fibers. The FTIR results demonstrated characteristic and broad peaks for O-H at 3336.25 cm-1, which indicated strong O-H bonding. The thermal tests, such as DSC and TGA, indicated that bio-cellulose is a thermally stable material that can withstand temperatures even beyond 500 °C. The findings demonstrated that the peel of fruits could be utilized as a substrate for synthesizing bio-cellulose by a rather cheap and easily available strain, Komagataeibacter (Acetobacter aceti MTCC 3347). This alternative culture media reduces environmental pollution, promotes economic advantages, and initiates research on sustainable science.

Bacterial cellulose production through the valorization of waste apple pulp and stale bread

AbstractIn this work, stale bread and waste apple pulp were used as feedstocks for the production of bacterial cellulose (BC). A glucose-rich solution was prepared from stale bread by dilute acid hydrolysis, while an extract comprising fructose and glucose was obtained from the waste apple pulp, which was used for cultivating Komagataeibacter xylinus DSM 2004, either as sole feedstocks or supplemented with Hestrin-Schramm medium. Supplementation significantly improved BC production: 3.38 ± 0.09 g/L for waste apple pulp extract and 2.07 ± 0.22 g/L for stale bread hydrolysate. There was no significant impact on BC chemical structure or fiber diameter, but the biopolymer produced from waste apple pulp extract had slightly higher crystallinity (CI = 59–69%) and lower thermal degradation temperature (Tdeg = 341–350 ℃) than that of the stale bread hydrolysate (CI = 55%; Tdeg = 316–320 ℃). Moreover, supplementation of the waste apple pulp extract led to the preparation of thicker membranes, with higher Young’s modulus, tension, and deformation at break but lower water uptake capacity and lower permeability to O2 and CO2. These results show that waste apple pulp and stale bread are suitable feedstocks for BC production and the cultivation conditions can be adjusted for tailoring the biopolymer’s mechanical and barrier properties to suit different applications.

Production and analysis of synthesized bacterial cellulose by Enterococcus faecalis strain AEF using Phoenix dactylifera and Musa acuminata fruit extracts.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a highly versatile biopolymer renowned for its exceptional mechanical strength, water retention, and biocompatibility. These properties make it a valuable material for various industrial and biomedical applications. In this study, Enterococcus faecalis synthesized extracellular BC, utilizing Phoenix dactylifera and Musa acuminata fruit extracts as sustainable carbon sources. LC-MS analysis identified glucose as the primary carbohydrate in these extracts, providing a suitable substrate for BC production. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed a network of BC nanofibers on Congo red agar plates. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of characteristic cellulose functional groups, further supporting BC synthesis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated a high crystallinity index of 71%, consistent with the cellulose I structure, as evidenced by peaks at 16.22°, 21.46°, 22.52°, and 34.70°. Whole-genome sequencing of E. faecalis identified vital genes involved in BC biosynthesis, including bcsA, bcsB, diguanylate cyclase (DGC), and 6-phosphofructokinase (pfkA). Antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed resistance to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone, while susceptibility to imipenem was observed. Quantitative assessment demonstrated that higher concentrations of fruit extracts (5.0-20mg/mL) significantly enhanced BC production. Cytotoxicity testing via the MTT assay confirmed excellent biocompatibility with NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells, showing high cell viability (97-105%). Unlike commonly studied Gram-negative bacteria like Acetobacter xylinum for BC production, this research focuses on Gram-positive Enterococcus faecalis and utilizes Phoenix dactylifera and Musa acuminata fruit extracts as carbon sources. This approach offers a sustainable and promising avenue for BC production.

Characterization and Performance Nanofiltration Membranes in Water Quality for Goldfish (Carassius auratus) Aquaculture

Water quality is an important factor in aquaculture activities, including goldfish (Carassius auratus) farming. One approach to improving water quality is the use of nanofilters. This study aims to evaluate the performance of nanofilters made from Sargassum sp. with the addition of copper oxide nanoparticles. The method used involves the fermentation of bacterial cellulose from Acetobacter xylinum using Sargassum sp. extract as a medium, followed by homogenization and the addition of CuO-NPs at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%, and subsequent oven drying. The nanofilter membrane will then be analyzed using SEM, XRD, and FTIR to characterize its properties. Performance tests will assess the quality of water used in goldfish farming, including pH, TOM, TDS, and TSS after treatment with the nanofilter. Morphological results show a rougher and denser surface with dispersed CuO-NPs. Characterization reveals cellulose I with crystallinity values ranging from 86.80% to 90.20%, with functional group peaks at 3145, 2927, and 1735 cm⁻¹ indicating cellulose characteristics, and a peak at 424 cm⁻¹ indicating Cu-O bonds. Statistical analysis of performance tests on the water quality of goldfish farming in the F-test shows significant differences (p

Bacterial Cellulose Production by Pure Culture of Acetobacter xylinum in Sweet Black Tea Medium

Bacterial Cellulose Production by Pure Culture of Acetobacter xylinum in Sweet Black Tea Medium

Production of bacterial cellulose by Komagataeibacter xylinus: biochemistry, synthesis and applications

Production of bacterial cellulose by Komagataeibacter xylinus: biochemistry, synthesis and applications

Basil essential oil-incorporated bacterial nanocellulose foam: Fabrication, characterization, and application in extending ground beef shelf life

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a sustainable antimicrobial material for food packaging. To enhance its antimicrobial properties, basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oil (BEO) was incorporated into the BNC porous foam. A spray method was used with low BEO concentrations (1 and 2 μL/cm2) based on foam surface to optimize BEO usage while maintaining its antimicrobial effectiveness. BNC was synthesized using Komagataeibacter xylinus. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were 128 and 64 μg/mL for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Listeria monocytogenes, respectively, demonstrating greater sensitivity of Gram-positive bacteria compared to Gram-negative bacteria. The use of BEO in spray form increased the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities (as measured by DPPH and ABTS methods) of foams. The absorption bands related to BEO in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of the BNC-BEO foam confirmed the incorporation of BEO into the BNC foam. Impregnation with BEO at 1 and 2 μL/cm2 significantly increased the water contact angle to 31.62° and 33.19°, respectively, thereby enhancing the hydrophobicity of the foam, but reduced the mechanical strength of the BNC-BEO foams. Foams were used in active packaging of ground beef to improve shelf life by controlling microbial and oxidative processes. The BNC-BEO foam showed a slower microbial growth rate, with bacterial populations about 1–2 log₁₀ CFU/g lower than control. Meat samples packaged with BNC-BEO foams scored higher in terms of taste and odor. A significantly lower amount of BEO was used in the foam form of BNC, which is favorable for improving sensory parameters. Therefore, BNC-BEO can be applied to the active packaging of meat.

IMPROVEMENT OF TRADITIONAL BALINESE "ONG" TEA-MAKING PROCESS TO EXTEND SHELF LIFE TO SUPPORT ECOTOURISM IN BANJAR LANTANGIDUNG, GIANYAR, BALI

“Ong” tea contains vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, folic acid, and vitamin C, in addition to several essential amino acids, organic acids, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and active polyphenol compounds, and various important enzymes that have many benefits for the body. “Ong” tea is a type of probiotic drink produced from the tea fermentation process. The bacteria contained in SCOBY (Symbiotic Consortium of Bacteria and Yeast) are Acetobacter xylinum bacteria. The purpose of implementing the activities proposed in the training to improve the process of making “Ong” tea through PKM activities is to ensure that the people of Br. Lantangidung, Batuan, Sukawati have the skills and insight to manage local natural resources and have an entrepreneurial spirit so that they can open up business opportunities related to the conditions of the Batuan Village area. Improving product quality, expanding marketing reach, and using more hygienic and modern packaging techniques are also important. Thus, it is hoped that Balinese “ong” tea can become a superior product that can improve the community's economy and support the development of ecotourism in Banjar Lantangidung

Application of neural network in prediction of acetic acid yield by Acetobacters

In the present work, artificial neural network (ANN) is applied for the estimation of acetic acid yield for 3 different species of Acetobacters like, Acetobacter pasteurianus (NCIM 2104), Acetobacter aceti (NCIM 2116) and Acetobacter xylinum (NCIM 2526). Though there is open literature mentioning acetic acid and ANN can be found, they hardly describe the usage of ANN in prediction of fermentation based acetic acid production. Indeed, a deep dearth of existing literature is felt in this area to develop a robust ANN model to predict the yield of biologically obtained acetic acid and this work is a step towards bridging that research gap. The performance of the model has been estimated with R2 (0.992, 0.988 and 0.992, respectively for the mentioned microbial species) and RMSE (0.0287, 0.034 and 0.020, respectively for the same species). The most relevant operating parameters like, temperature, agitator speed, concentrations of supplemented yeast extract and tryptone, have been considered to carry out fermentation on cheese whey permeate containing fermentable lactose (48.5 g L-1) to transform into acetic acid. Outcome datasets obtained from rigorous experimental investigations performed on the direct fermentative production of acetic acid are trained in the ANN model to predict the product yield. Such machine-learning methodology encourages reasonably accurate prediction of product generation which is extremely tough to obtain through classical analytical processes.

Utilizing Nata de Pina for Hydrogel Synthesis: Effects of Citric Acid on Hydrogel Characteristics

Abstract The increasing production of pineapples will produce waste that’s increasing anyway. To optimize the utilization of pineapple skin waste One solution is to use the pineapple skin waste To be used as the main material for making nata de pina. Nata de pina is fiber cellulose on the surface of pineapple medium from the results of Acetobacter xylinum bacterial metabolism. The resulting cellulose is then used as a basic material manufacture of natural polimer as hydrogel. The research stage consists of 3 stages, namely making Nata de Pina, the manufacture of hydrogels as well as the characterization of the resulting hydrogels. The method used in hydrogel synthesis is chemical crosslinking with citric acid as a crosslinking agent. Variable variations performed in This study is the use of citric acid concentrations of 35%,37,5%,40%, and 42.5%. Nata de Pina-based hydrogel was successfully synthesized. Hydrogels based on Nata de Pina were successfully synthesized. It is shown based on the results of the FTIR test that the hydrogel has a C=O group that proving that there has been a cross-linking between cellulose and citric acid. The resulting hydrogel has good antibacterial activity against bacteria-positive and negative grams. The best results are shown by hydrogels with 40% concentration where the hydrogel has a maximum tensile strength value by 11.4 MPa. This study aim the innovative use of Nata de Pina, a byproduct of pineapple peel waste, as a novel material for hydrogel synthesis. By employing citric acid as a crosslinking agent, we investigated the effects on the hydrogel’s mechanical and swelling properties. Our findings demonstrate the potential of Nata de Pina-based hydrogels in sustainable material applications, offering an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic polymers.

Bacterial Cellulose Production within a Circular Economy Framework: Utilizing Organic Waste.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) has emerged as a sustainable biomaterial with diverse industrial applications. This paper examines BC production through a circular economy framework, focusing on organic waste as a primary feedstock. It compares static and agitated cultivation methods for BC production, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Static cultivation using Gluconacetobacter xylinum yields high-quality cellulose films but is constrained by lower yields and longer incubation times. Agitated cultivation accelerates production but may affect fiber uniformity. This paper emphasizes sustainability by exploring organic waste materials such as coffee grounds, tea leaves, and food scraps as cost-effective nitrogen and carbon sources. These materials not only lower production costs but also support circular economy principles by converting waste into valuable products. BC produced from these waste sources retains key properties, making it suitable for applications in the textile and other industries. In addition, BC production can align with vegan principles, provided that all additives and processing methods are free of animal-derived components. The paper discusses BC's potential to replace synthetic fibers in textiles and reduce environmental impact. Case studies show successful BC integration into textile products. In conclusion, this paper calls for more research to optimize BC production processes and explore new industrial applications. Using organic waste in BC production can help industries adopt sustainable practices, reduce environmental footprints, and create high-value materials.

Improved mechanical and thermal performance of bacterial cellulose paper through cationic cassava starch addition

Cationic particles are commonly used as wet-end additives in papermaking processes. This study evaluates the effects of cationic cassava starch (CCS) on the mechanical strength of paper made from bacterial cellulose (BC). Acetobacter xylinum was utilised in the production of bacterial cellulose (BC) paper, whereas 3‑chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CHPTAC) was employed in the etherification process of cassava starch to synthesize CCS. Papers containing CCS displayed a more compact surface structure compared to traditional wood-based papers, reaching a brightness level of 97.3 and improving thermal and mechanical characteristics, such as higher tensile strength and is suitable for use as a separator in battery fabrication processes. The results emphasise the possibility of using CCS as a sustainable option in paper production, offering enhanced environmental and mechanical efficiency.

Optimization of Bacterial Cellulose Production from Waste Figs by Komagataeibacter xylinus

This study aimed to use waste figs as an alternative substrate for bacterial cellulose (BC) production by Komagataeibacter xylinus and optimize the identified process parameters to maximize the concentration of BC. Among the nutrients screened by Plackett–Burman (PB) design, yeast extract was found to be significant in BC production. Response surface methodology was used to investigate the effect of fermentation parameters on BC production. A maximum BC concentration of (8.45 g/L), which is among the highest BC concentrations reported so far, was achieved at the optimum levels of fermentation variables (initial pH 6.05, initial sugar concentration 62.75 g/L, temperature 30 °C). The utilization of response surface methodology (RSM) proved valuable in both optimizing and finding the interactions between process variables during BC production. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis showed a dense structure of BC, characterized by ribbon-like nanofibrils with diameters ranging from 23 to 90 nm while the attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrum of BC confirmed that the material obtained was cellulose. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the crystallinity of the BC samples was 70% for BC produced on waste fig medium and 61% for BC produced on Hestrin–Schramm (HS) medium. This is the first detailed study on the production of BC from waste figs, and the findings of this study demonstrated that waste figs can be used as an effective substrate for the production of BC.

How carbon sources drive cellulose synthesis in two Komagataeibacter xylinus strains

Bacterial cellulose synthesis from defined media and waste products has attracted increasing interest in the circular economy context for sustainable productions. In this study, a glucose dehydrogenase-deficient Δgdh K2G30 strain of Komagataeibacter xylinus was obtained from the parental wild type through homologous recombination. Both strains were grown in defined substrates and cheese whey as an agri-food waste to assess the effect of gene silencing on bacterial cellulose synthesis and carbon source metabolism. Wild type K2G30 boasted higher bacterial cellulose yields when grown in ethanol-based medium and cheese whey, although showing an overall higher d-gluconic acid synthesis. Conversely, the mutant Δgdh strain preferred d-fructose, d-mannitol, and glycerol to boost bacterial cellulose production, while displaying higher substrate consumption rates and a lower d-gluconic acid synthesis. This study provides an in-depth investigation of two K. xylinus strains, unravelling their suitability for scale-up BC production.

Plausible Avenues and Applications of Bioformulations from Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast

Microbial cellulose, especially the bacterial cellulose produced by symbiotic co-cultures of acetic acid bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) that exists in a mutualistic interaction opens plausible strategies in the field of food as well as sustainable regenerative eco-system and waste management. Cultivated on sweetened black tea, the mutually proliferating bacteria (Acetobacter xylinum, A. xylinoides, and Bacterium gluconicum) and yeast strains (Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomycodes ludwigii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) produces a fermented liquor along with the floating bacterial cellulosic pellicle called as Kombucha. This review explores the possible applications of kombucha SCOBY to use bacterial cellulose-based engineered living materials, commercial superabsorbent spheres by various marketing ventures like food, pharmaceutics, biomedical applications for bio-sensing and bio-catalysis, crop biostimulants, biocontrol agents in the management of plant and animal illnesses, post-harvest management in crops, water purification, pollutant detection, environmental biotechnology, and production of SCOBY from alternative substrates and agrarian waste management. The plausible use of bacterial cellulose hydrogels in dryland agriculture for their exceptional water-absorbing capability, eco-friendly nature, capacity to break down naturally, and compatibility with other living organisms is also elaborated in this paper. Furthermore, diverse microbial species to enhance the variety and functional properties of SCOBY, health benefits and its influence on human welfare is vividly discussed in the paper. The very in-depth study on the uses of SCOBY also paves way for the research exploration of this under-utilized microbial boon in food and farm sector for circular based regenerative agriculture in near future.