Kom Ombo Research Articles

Managing Roselle Plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Requirements of Fertilizers and Irrigation Grown under Upper Egypt Conditions.

Egypt is one of the countries that produce the best Hibiscus(karkadeh)in world, especially in Upper Egypt. Determine the fertilization and irrigation requirements consider of the most important agricultural practices for roselle plant as a medicinal plant.A field experiment was carried out during the two successive summer growing seasons 2017 and 2018 at Kom Ombo Agriculture Research Station,Aswan Governorate, Egypt (24° 28' 38.604 N and 32° 56' 50.671 E),to evaluate the response of roselle plant to NPK fertilizers rates, compost as organic fertilizer and irrigation at different intervals. Treatments were carried out as Split Split Plot Design with three replicates; the main plots were three irrigation intervals(every 3, 6 and 9 days);the split plots were organic fertilizer, Org0(without)and Org1(4 m3 fed-1 compost Hundz soil compost),and the sub split plots were 3 rates of NPK fertilizers(100; 75 and 50 % of recommended NPK).Results showed thatgrowth of roselle plant significantly responded to fertilization at 100% NPK, compost and irrigation every 3 days,where fruits number and weight and sepals yield showed adverse response. They were superior with fertilization at 75 and 50 % NPK,compost and irrigation every 6 days.Sepal's content of nitrogen,anthocyanin and cyaniding significantly were affected by the interaction of NPK-fertilizers rates with compost and irrigation intervals, and also the plant uptake of NPK. Results concluded maximize yield of roselle plant grown in Aswan Governorate fertilized plants with 56.25 kg N, 22.5 kg P2O5 & 27 kg K2O per fed(75% of RD NPK),along with compost application and irrigation every 6 days.

Yield and Quality of Some Sugar Cane Varieties as Affected by Har-vesting Age and Phosphorus Fertilization Levels

The present study was conducted at district Kom Ombo sugar cane farms, (latitude of 24o 28o N and longitude of 32o 57o E), Aswan Governorate, in the two seasons of 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 including plant cane and 1st ratoon crops, respectively. To study the effect of harvesting age and phosphorus fertilization levels on yield and quality of some sugar cane varieties. Field experiment included twenty-seven treatments represented the combinations among three harvesting ages (10, 11 and 12 months) three phosphorus fertilization levels [30, 45 and 60 kg P2O5/fad.] and three sugar cane varieties [G.T. 54-9, G.2003-47 and G.2004-27]. Randomized complete block design with three replications laind aut in split-split plots arrangement.

Assessing the emissions of CO, SO2, and NOX and predicting potential zones of CO concentration from sugarcane factories in Egypt

Air pollution causes significant environmental and health problems around the world. The present study assesses the emission of CO, SO2, and NOX from six sugarcane factories (SCFs) in Egypt, which are using two dominant fuels, bagasse and natural gas. The detected CO emission and concentrations levels from the stacks of SCFs that used bagasse were higher (1751–3030 mg/Nm3) than those using a mixture of bagasse and natural gas (555 mg/Nm3), as well as natural gas only (169.2–246.5 mg/Nm3). The emission of CO is higher than permissible levels, but SO2 (2.5–26.5 mg/Nm3) and NOX (25.5–149.75 mg/Nm3) emissions in all kinds of fuels are within the permissible levels. Dispersion of CO in the ambient from stack emission from Kom Ombo SCF is simulated using the Ministry of Economic, Trade, and Industry Low-Rise Industrial Source dispersion (METI-LIS) model. The results predicted the higher risk zone (>10 ppmv) extends ~1 km around the KSCF and occupies the near middle part of the plume, but the lower zone (<0.1 ppmv) occupies the outer zone and extends for several kilometers. Measurements in the ambient air validated the predicted model, which revealed that people living in areas about 1 km south and west downwind of the KSCF are exposed to higher levels of CO concentration. Usage of bagasse in SCFs needs to be replaced by natural gas for the reduction in emission of pollutants. Moreover, pollutants emitted from the SCFs should be monitored periodically to control the emission for healthy environment.

Utilizing the Geophysical and Hydrogeological Data for the Assessment of the Groundwater Occurrences in Gallaba Plain, Western Desert, Egypt

The investigated region is located in the western desert fringes of the Nile Valley which requires studies of groundwater related to the many projects of land reclamation. The key objective of this paper is to estimate the qualitative and geometrical features of the investigated aquifer. Using 60 vertical electrical sounding and time-domain electromagnetic soundings allows us to suggest one possible model of the geometrical features of the local aquifer. A hydrogeological monitoring has been undertaken to investigate the current groundwater situation at the Gallaba plain. Such hydrological monitoring has not been undertaken before in detail. The results show that the investigated region has high groundwater potentialities in two main aquifers which belong to Pleistocene: shallow fresh water and deep brackish water. The lithological and structural elements contribute mainly to recharge and store the groundwater in the western part of the River Nile in Kom Ombo graben. The geochemical properties of the groundwater of the studied aquifers reflect meteoric water, which is a fresh to slightly brackish water. The small amount of groundwater salinity arises from silicate weathering and evaporation processes occurring in the aquifer matrix. Moreover, most of the studied groundwater samples are unfit for human consumption. Such samples are very satisfactory for livestock and poultry purposes and they can be used for irrigation using modern and improved irrigation methods e.g. sprinkler and drip methods. Furthermore, the hydrogeological monitoring of the concerned area indicates that it has high groundwater potentialities which will support its sustainable development.

Detection of the Possible Buried Archeological Targets Using the Geophysical Methods of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Self Potential (SP), Kom Ombo Temple, Aswan Governorate, Egypt

Kom Ombo temple is one of temples which were belted over high plateau close to the River Nile, near to Aswan in Egypt in the Greek-Roman period. The expected archaeological remains in the selected area are the hidden tunnels of the mummified crocodiles. The aim of the present work is to detect any of these tunnels by the application of the (GPR) and (SP) methods. The interpretation of the 10 GPR profiles revealed some locations of possible hidden tunnels. These locations show different contrasts and high amplitudes of the reflected signals, compared to the enclosing soil; also the scattering of the signals is higher than the bed layer in these locations, which may reveal the possible buried mummified crocodile tunnels in the study area. The depths of the possible targets range from 2.0 m to 2.5 m. The SP electric map shows that the study area possesses a range of about 135 mV of the potential differences between the measured stations. The positive response of the SP data is mainly concentrated at the central part of the study area. The relatively weak, negative SP anomalies may be related to moisture in the soil. The positive SP anomalies on the SP electric map display possible significant correlation between them and the inferred tunnel locations from the GPR data. The calculated depths from the SP profiles show significant agreement with that estimated from GPR data depths, which indicate that the SP electric method can be used as a successful tool in detecting buried archaeological remains in support of GPR.

Assessment of heavy metal pollution in soil and bottom sediment of Upper Egypt: comparison study

BackgroundAswan and Luxor Governorates are characterized by multifaceted activities such as cement, chemicals, fertilizers, detergents, nitrogen fertilizer factory at Aswan, the sugar and diary factory at Kom Ombo, and several other factories such as the sugar, pulp, paper, ferrosilicon, and phosphate factories at Edfu, urbanization and agriculture. In addition, there is a main sewage station which is used for irrigation of many crops. Assessing the pollution of soil and sediment with some heavy metals in these areas is the main aim of the current work.ResultsThe average heavy metals content in the studied cultivated soils and Nile sediments are above the acceptable levels. Generally, Nile sediments and cultivated soils at Aswan and Luxor were unpolluted to moderately polluted with heavy metals. Pollution indices indicated that the studied Nile sediments were at considerably ecological risk from Cd (Er = 138.89) and Zn (Er = 140.52). In contrast, the cultivated soil was at very high ecological risk from Cd (Er = 295.24).ConclusionsThe current research revealed that the soil and sediments in the Upper Egypt are less polluted than Lower Egypt. Thus, the concentrations of toxic elements are increased from south to north direction in Egypt along the Nile River. The sources of the toxic metals may possibly be natural or anthropogenic in the studied area. The anthropogenic source is resulting from paper, pulp, ferrosilicon factories, and phosphate mining at Edfu. In addition, there are some polluting industries such as sand quarry, shale mining, and the nitrogen fertilizer factory at Aswan. On the other hand, the natural sources of toxic waste are the drains during the seasonal flash floods.

Notes on the Bandeau-Texts of Columns of Kom Ombo Temple

The bandeau-texts of columns in the main temple of Kom Ombo show a well prepared programm. In addition, there is a relationship between those bandeau-texts of each column and the main scenes on the same column. Therefore, this paper aims to study this relationship, the format of the bandeau-texts and the programm of distribution of deities mentioned in both scenes and bandeau-texts. This study includes moreover a stylistic, phraseological and theological analysis to those bandeau-texts.

Wild crocodiles hunted to make mummies in Roman Egypt: Evidence from synchrotron imaging

An ancient Egyptian crocodile mummy (MHNL 90001591, Musée des Confluences, Lyon, France) dating to the Roman period and discovered at Kom Ombo (Upper Egypt) was analysed through synchrotron multiscale microtomography. Using this advanced technology, the virtual autopsy of the animal was carried out without affecting the bones, flesh, balms and linen bandages. The technique allows for the precise analysis of the specimen's bones and tissue, enabling us to establish the cause of death and the last meal(s) of the animal. From these data, we can conclude that this crocodile was hunted while living in the wild. This is the first evidence for this mode of obtaining animals to produce mummies. With this case study, it is apparent that the praxis related to the mummification of animals in ancient Egypt are more diverse than the current Egyptological reconstruction of that phenomenon.

VETERINARY SURGERY AND GYNECOLOGY IN THE ANCIENT EGYPT

The present study was aimed to through light on the status of veterinary surgery and gynecology in the ancient Egypt. Data come from the medical papyri of the ancient Egyptians, tomb scenes and other finds related to the subject. The reviewed and discussed sources include papyrus of Kahun, papyrus of Edwin Smith and papyrus of Ebres while tomb scenes include that of Kom Ombo temple. Kahun papyrus contains informations on veterinary gynecology and surgery. Edwin Smith papyrus illustrates many surgical cases in human such as injuries and traumas. The Ebers papyrus talks about different surgical conditions in human including abscesses, tumors and burns and referred also to surgical instruments. Surgical sutures were mentioned by the three papyri. It can inferred that awareness of Ancient Egyptians with different surgeries in human and animals, and the occurrence of the same surgical lesion in human and animal may suggest the same dealing.

Prevalence and Distribution of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Doum Palm Trees Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart. in Aswan Southern Egypt with Emphasis on Biochemical and Molecular Identification of Root-Knot Nematode

An intensive field study was carried out during the period from December, 27th 2016 to November, 3rd 2017 to survey nematode associations of doum palm trees, Hyphaene thebaica in Aswan governorate, Southern Egypt. In this regard, a total of 105 composite rhizosphere soil and root samples were collected from different provinces (Aswan, Daraw, Edfu and Kom Ombo) belonging to Aswan governorate. Nematodes were extracted by Cobb’s wet-sieving and centrifugal sugar flotation techniques and identified to the genus level according to the original body descriptions and standard identification keys of plant-parasitic nematodes. Fourteen genera were found to be associated with the rhizosphere of doum palms and could be descendly arranged based on their frequency of occurrence (FO%) as follows: Meloidogyne (46.7%), Rotylenchulus (33.3%), Helicotylenchus (27.6%), Aphelenchus (17.1%), Tylenchus (14.3%),Hemicriconemoides (12.4%), Tylenchorhynchus (9.5%), Ditylenchus (8.6%), Aphelenchoides (7.6%), Pratylenchus (6.7%), Trichodorus (5.7%), Criconemella (4.8%), Paratylenchus (3.8%) and Hoplolaimus (2.9%). It was clearly noticed that root-knot (Meloidogyne), reniform (Rotylenchulus) and spiral (Helicotylenchus) nematodes appeared to be the most prominent genera recording high prominence value (PV) reaching 3444, 2816 and 1902, respectively and population density (PD) 504, 488 and 362 nematodes/250 cc3 soil, consequently, whereas the rest genera were less prominent representing PV ranging between 109-595 with PD reaching 46-201 nematodes/250 cc3 soil. Examination of root samples revealed the presence of ideal root galling caused by Meloidogyne and their sedentary adult females were isolated and subjected to the traditional identification to the species level using perineal pattern test and reconfirmed by the biochemical and molecular identification methods. Meloiodogyne javanica appeared to be the predominant root-knot nematode species in this study. The current results updated the database of nematode associations with their plant hosts in Egypt and introduced doum palm as new host of M. javanica and probably to other nematodes.

Effect of Imbibition Rate on Milling Quality of some Sugar Cane Varieties

This study aimed to determine the effect of imbibition rate on milling quality and extracted juice for fresh green and burnt cut cane stored for different periods of two cane varieties Giza 99/103 and Giza 99/160 during 2016/ 2017 working season., both varieties were planted under comparable conditions at Kom Ombo Sugar Cane Research Station Farm, Aswan Governorate, Egypt. The obtained results revealed that every rise in imbibition of 5% cane and or 42.7 % fiber, there was an increase of about 4.7 and 0.9 % in mixed juice and pol extraction; respectively in Giza 99/103 while Giza 99/160 were 4.7 and 1.0 %. Pol % bagasse decreased by 0.55, 0.48 and 0.35 for every 5 % increase in imbibition rate from 20 to 35 % with the variety Giza 99/103. The variety Giza 99/160 showed a slight increase in mixed juice and pol extractions over Giza 99/103.In case of Giza 99/103 variety, fiber % cane increased from 11.7 in fresh green cane to 12.7, 12.9 and 13.4 after 2, 4 and 6 days from burning and cutting; respectively. The levels of imbibition rate % fiber were found to be; 157.5, 196.9, 236.2 and 275.6; respectively of 2 days storage period. After 4 days they become 155.0, 193.8, 232.6 and 271.3 whereas after 6 days imbibition levels % fiber was: 149.3, 186.6, 223.9 and 261.2, while the burnt cut cane of Giza 99/160 variety showed the same pattern. The increase in fiber content % cane was 1.8, 1.9 and 2.9 over the fresh cane after 2, 4 and 6 days storage periods; respectively. The presented data showed that brix and pol % mixed juice (sugar percent in mixed juice) had increased from day to day with all imbibition rate level used. Mixed juice purity decreased slightly with time elapse and so was the increase in glucose ratio and non-pol % brix (non sugars percent in brix) with fresh green and burnt cut canestored for 6 days after harvest of both varieties.

TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON PERFORMANCE OF SOME SUGAR CANE VARIETIES

The present study was carried out to study performance and milling quality of theplant (PC), first (FR), second (SR) and third ratoon (TR) crops of two varieties of sugar cane i.e., Giza99/103 and Giza 99/160 during period from January to March of 2016/2017 working season. Bothvarieties were planted under comparable conditions at Kom Ombo Sugar Cane Research Station Farm,Aswan Governorate, Egypt. Results revealed that both varieties gave the highest normal juiceextraction average of 79.2% by the onset of January, bagasse (%) cane showed an opposite trend tonormal juice extraction whereas G 99/103 and G 99/160 recorded 36.8 and 37.3%, respectively. Thehighest pol extraction reported for G 99/160 was 93.2 and lower pol (%) bagasse (2.64) compared to3.15 for Giza 99/103. Sucrose reduction factor of the standard variety G 99/103 showed insignificantvariations among the different crops with an average of 0.98 for all the crops and 0.97 with G 99/160variety. G 99/160 variety had an average varietal correction factor of 0.986. The recorded generalaverage for all crops and test dates for pol (%) cane, estimated recoverable sugars, pol (%) normaljuice and normal juice purity for the variety Giza 99/103 were 16.00, 14.75, 18.82 and 88.65;respectively, compared to 14.63, 13.41, 17.50 and 88.2 for Giza 99/160 variety.

Influence of Delivery Delay on Quality of Some Promising Sugar Cane Varieties under Aswan Condition

THE PRESENT work was conducted at Kom Ombo Agricultural Research Station, (latitude of 24o 28′ N and longitude of 32o 57′ E), Aswan Governorate, in the two seasons of 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 to study the effect of storage period before crushing for (0, 2, 4 and 6 days) on juice quality characteristics of three promising sugar cane varieties (G.84-47, G.2003-47 and C.57-14) in addition to the commercial variety G.T.54/9 (C9). The experimental design was randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications.Results indicated that brix and reducing sugars percentages tended to increase as storage periods increased up to six days before crushing. On the other hand, juice extraction, sucrose, purity, richness and sugar recovery percentages were decreased as the storage period was prolonged.Sugar cane varieties significantly differed in all studied traits. In both seasons G.T.54-9 variety recorded the highest values of juice extraction and richness percentages, while G.84-47 and G.2003-47 varieties gave the highest brix and purity percentages, respectively. Means while G.84-47 and G.T.54-9 varieties recorded the highest values of sucrose percentages in 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. Interaction between the two factors markedly affected the rate of deterioration in all studied traits.These results might be helpful to decrease sucrose losses when delivery delayed of sugar cane, with assessment of optimum storage period. It is recommended that cane meantime should be delivered as early as possible to sugar mill to minimize sugar losses.

Mineralogical characterization of some surface soils in River Nile, Upper Egypt

The present investigation is imitated to the mineralogical characterization of some surface soils across and along the River Nile in Upper Egypt. Samples of studied are located in the area between Kom Ombo in the south and Manfalout in the north and represent the different soils of the low cultivated area and the higher arable lands on both sides of the Nile stream. The study has showed that the heavy fraction content of the different samples tend to decrease from south to north. The highest concentration of the heavy fraction was found in the soils close to the stream, especially in the area of the Nile Qena bend from Esna to Nag Hammadi. Variations in the percentage of the heavy residue of the studied soils were clearer across the stream than along the Nile. Regarding light minerals variations, it was found that the most notable feature is the increase of carbonate in soils located away from the Nile stream. Mica and chlorite minerals revealed a general decrease in frequency with the increase of distance from the Nile.

EFFECT OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF MINERAL N-FERTILIZER BY USING ORGANIC AND BIOFERTILIZERS ON GROWTH AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOLO PAPAYA PLANTS

An experiment was conducted under the full sun at the Research Tropical Farm, Kom Ombo, Hort. Res. Inst., Aswan, Egypt during 2016 and 2017 seasons to explore how far we can replace mineral N fertilizer which reduces the medicinal benefits of some plants by tea compost and EM biostimulant as safe and friend sources for human, animal and environment, and to study the effect of these sources when applying them at various rates in sole and combined treatments, including: control (no fertilization), 100 % NH4NO3 as a mineral N source (MN) at the recommend dose (8 g/plant), 75 % MN (6 g/plant) + 100 ml tea compost (TC) + 25 ml effective microorganisms (EM) solution, 50 % MN + 200 ml TC + 50 ml EM, 25 % MN + 300 ml TC + 75 ml EM and 400 ml TC + 100 ml EM as bioorganic treatment on growth and quality of 4-months-old seedlings of papaya (Carica papaya L. "Solo") grown in 20-cm-diameter black polyethylene bags filled with about 4 kg of loam. The previous treatments were applied as a soil drench per plant, four times with one month interval commencing from mid of June until mid of September. The obtained results indicated that the means of all vegetative and root growth parameters, contents of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, total carbohydrates and total soluble sugars in the leaves, as well as the uptake of N, P, K and Mg by plants were significantly increased in response to the different sole and combined fertilization treatments used relative to the control means in most cases of the two seasons. Incorporating both tea compost and EM biofertilizer with mineral N fertilizer at any rate in the former combinations gave better results than applying either mineral N fertilizer alone or tea compost with EM in the combined bioorganic treatment. In addition, means of the aforenamed measurements were progressively increased as the application rate of both tea compost and EM was increased, which was accompanied in the same time with a gradual decrement in rate of mineral N fertilizer. Thus, the dominance in both seasons was for the combination of 25 % mineral N (2 g/plant) + 300 ml tea compost + 75 ml EM, which gave the highest values at all, except for the bioorganic combination (400 ml tea compost + 100 ml EM), that attained the utmost high content of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, total carbohydrates and total soluble sugars contents over all the other treatments. Hence, it is advised to fertilize the four-months-old papaya seedlings planted in 20-cm-diameter black polyethylene bags with the low dose of mineral N fertilizer (2 g/plant) + 300 ml of compost tea + 75 ml of EM biostimulant to get the best growth and highest quality.

EFFECT OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF MINERAL N-FERTILIZER BY USING ORGANIC AND BIOFERTILIZERS ON GROWTH AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOLO PAPAYA PLANTS

An experiment was conducted under the full sun at the Research Tropical Farm, Kom Ombo, Hort. Res. Inst., Aswan, Egypt during 2016 and 2017 seasons to explore how far we can replace mineral N fertilizer which reduces the medicinal benefits of some plants by tea compost and EM biostimulant as safe and friend sources for human, animal and environment, and to study the effect of these sources when applying them at various rates in sole and combined treatments, including: control (no fertilization), 100 % NH4NO3 as a mineral N source (MN) at the recommend dose (8 g/plant), 75 % MN (6 g/plant) + 100 ml tea compost (TC) + 25 ml effective microorganisms (EM) solution, 50 % MN + 200 ml TC + 50 ml EM, 25 % MN + 300 ml TC + 75 ml EM and 400 ml TC + 100 ml EM as bioorganic treatment on growth and quality of 4-months-old seedlings of papaya (Carica papaya L. Solo) grown in 20-cm-diameter black polyethylene bags filled with about 4 kg of loam. The previous treatments were applied as a soil drench per plant, four times with one month interval commencing from mid of June until mid of September. The obtained results indicated that the means of all vegetative and root growth parameters, contents of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, total carbohydrates and total soluble sugars in the leaves, as well as the uptake of N, P, K and Mg by plants were significantly increased in response to the different sole and combined fertilization treatments used relative to the control means in most cases of the two seasons. Incorporating both tea compost and EM biofertilizer with mineral N fertilizer at any rate in the former combinations gave better results than applying either mineral N fertilizer alone or tea compost with EM in the combined bioorganic treatment. In addition, means of the aforenamed measurements were progressively increased as the application rate of both tea compost and EM was increased, which was accompanied in the same time with a gradual decrement in rate of mineral N fertilizer. Thus, the dominance in both seasons was for the combination of 25 % mineral N (2 g/plant) + 300 ml tea compost + 75 ml EM, which gave the highest values at all, except for the bioorganic combination (400 ml tea compost + 100 ml EM), that attained the utmost high content of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, total carbohydrates and total soluble sugars contents over all the other treatments. Hence, it is advised to fertilize the four-months-old papaya seedlings planted in 20-cm-diameter black polyethylene bags with the low dose of mineral N fertilizer (2 g/plant) + 300 ml of compost tea + 75 ml of EM biostimulant to get the best growth and highest quality.

دراسة اقتصادیة تحلیلیة لمحصول قصب السکر فی مصر

The study aimed mainly to measure the economic efficiency of resources used in the production of sugar cane in Egypt, estimate the optimal size of the production and its bulks profits, and estimate the efficiency of sugar cane production factories. The research based on secondary data during the period 1995-2016 , we used a descriptive and quantitative analysis of the data and estimated some economic and productivity efficiency indicators as well.The most important results can be summarized as follows:For the standard estimation of the sugar cane production functions, we confirmed of the effect of both the labor component, the rental value of the land element and the time component which reflects technological development.For the standard estimation of the sugar cane cost functions, the optimal size of production was estimated at 50.9 tons, the optimum capacity was achieved at 1.04 acres and the size of bulks production profits 67.61 tons, was achieved at an area of 1.38 acres. The estimation of supply elasticity was shown to be less than 1 which indicates that the optimal policy for increasing production is cost reduction.The efficiency of the sugar cane production factories was approximately 51.86% Abu Qurqas factory, 54.22% Gerga factory, 85.70% Nag Hammadi factory, 77.79% Deshna factory, 93.51% qus factory, 98.63% Armant factory, for Advo and Kom Ombo factories work with an operating capacity exceeding their design capacity of approximately 114.26% and 103.99% respectively. This indicates that the majority of these factories are not working at full operational capacity.By studying the areas targeted for the sugar cane crop uses, it was found that 76.3% of the sugar cane was directed to factories, 3.93% for honey extractors, 3.81% for seeds, and 16.75% as fresh consumption.recommendations:To achieve economic efficiency we must rationalize the use of human labor, mechanical and animal forces.The size of the farm must not be less than the optimal size of the production which is a 1.04 acres.The size of the farm must not be more than 1.38 acres in order to bulks profits of farmers.The necessity of operating the sugar cane factories at full capacity, either by reducing the quantities of leaks or by increasing the sugar cane through increasing its area or productivity, and work on updating , developing and benefiting of technological development.Work on the development of new varieties of sugar cane with low water requirements.Attempt to develop a strict law that obliges farmers to supply their entire crop of cane to sugar factories without any other uses, especially in the main production governorates.

The Heritage of the A-Group. A Chronological and Cultural Re-Investigation

The focus of the recent investigation lies on the cultural assignment and archaeological chronology of the A-Group, the scientific result of which is to establish an internal chronology. With the emphasis on the Nubian pottery classes and type groups the study is mainly based on the find materials of the early surveys in the 20th century but also on the lately published works of the Aswan – Kom Ombo – Survey. The bulk of the published find material represents the material culture that was excavated during the different salvage campaigns conducted in Lower Nubia and in the Second Cataract area.

Quality Parameters of Cane Juice and its Liquors During the Processing Stages of Raw Sugar under Prevailing Industrial Conditions.

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the changes in cane juice quality and its liquors during the main stages of raw sugar processing under prevailing industrial condition at Kom Ombo raw sugar factory, Aswan, Egypt during 2016/2017 working season. Results revealed that a noticeable inversion of sucrose content due to microbial action in mill train system in compared with mixed juice. Also the mud filtrate juice was characterized by low purity and glucose ratio, the clarification process had no effect on the quality with the exception of the reduction of fructose level may be due to alkalinity and high temperature. Results showed also glucose was the dominating reducing sugar through the extraction and clarification steps. The starch content of the factory clear juice was much lower than those of the crude juice. Although the pre-evaporation, evaporation and syrup sulphitation steps had no remarkable effects on the carbohydrate ratios of the sugar liquors. The apparent purity of strike A (mixed of sugar crystals and liquors which obtained from crystallization and cooking processes) was higher than the other of the syrup indicating the addition of rich liquors at crystallization step. The final molasses had 42.1 purity and 70.7 RS%S. although the glucose was still the dominant reducing sugar in molasses. Fructose was present in relatively a high amounts indicating the inversion of sucrose or conversions of other reducing sugars into fructose. On the other hand starch remained in the final molasses revealed to its separation in the centrifuges, yet appreciable amounts were present in raw sugar due to the selective absorption of starch during sugar crystallization.

Taphonomy of old archaeofaunal collections: New site-formation and subsistence data for the Late Paleolithic Nile Valley

Archaeofaunal remains play an important role in the studies of Late Pleistocene human adaptations in Africa. Salvage excavations and surveys along the Nile Valley, in the Kom Ombo Plain (Upper Egypt) and opposite Wadi Halfa (northern Sudan), respectively conducted in the 1960s by Yale and the University of Colorado produced several Late Paleolithic (ca. 22.5–14.5 years BP) faunal assemblages which have never been published. Here I present a comprehensive taphonomic and zooarchaeological analysis of the faunal assemblages, with the aim of, first, understanding their integrity through identifying the depositional, post-depositional and collection biases and, second, characterizing the latest Pleistocene animal economy in the Nile Valley. The faunal assemblages come from both surveys and controlled excavations and in most cases the collections appeared to have been fully retained. The excavated remains were deposited in thin horizons representing small camps, associated with diverse lithic assemblages and sometimes hearth features. In one case the fauna originates from a large cemetery (the 6B36 site, opposite Wadi Halfa). Taphonomic criteria indicate that the faunas are anthropogenic and attest to consumption of predominantly medium and large ungulates as well as hippopotamus. The preservation of the material is variable and was chiefly affected by dispersal processes and the pace of burial. The assemblages' characteristics and their context suggest non-intensified animal exploitation and consequently low site-occupation intensity in the Nile Valley during the latest Pleistocene.