Knowledge Of Various Disciplines Research Articles

Creation of a Program for Demonstration and use in the Educational Process of Material on the Discipline Physics

Introduction. The article presents a description of the program developed by the authors, which demonstrates the dependencies in Ohm’s law for a section of a chain and Ohm’s law for a complete chain. This program demonstrates the possibilities of using information technology in the educational process at universities. The program was created in the Clickteam Fusion 2.5 environment for the Windows operating system, to create demonstrations at laboratory and practical classes in the discipline of physics for higher educational institutions. The purpose of the article is to study and consider the application of information technology in the study of the basics in the physics course. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that it describes a program that was created as a prototype to demonstrate the possibilities of creating and conducting laboratory and practical work in physics and other technical disciplines. Methodology and methods of research. Search for forms of visual and at the same time correct presentation of the taught material using the developed program. The results of the study. The development of original algorithmic demonstration programs at the university helps to attract students to work on the material. The article analyzes the necessity and relevance of using information technologies in the educational process of the university, as well as discusses ways to implement them in practice. Conclusion. This concept can be used in the development of laboratory work and recommendations so that students can independently gain knowledge in various disciplines, and the program is also provided to further stimulate students’ interest in their professional activities.

학생 현장탐방형 META-HyFlex 혁신 수업모형이 대학생의 자기주도학습역량, 창의적 문제해결역량 향상에 미치는 영향

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of META-HyFlex(Meta-HyFlex) innovation class model on the improvement of students' self-directed learning competency and creative problem solving competency.
 Methods The subjects of this study were college students who enrolled in the required courses at the basic level of major at S University. The experiment was conducted in the first semester of 2018 before the onset of COVID-19 and the second semester of 2022 when the META-HyFlex innovation class model was introduced in the post-corona period.A pre-test was conducted with a total of 23 questions, including 13 self-directed learning competencies and 10 creative problem-solving abilities, which were self-reported check items before the class started, and the homogeneity between the groups was confirmed.
 Results As a result of analyzing the change trajectory of the experimental group and the comparative group, it was found that the self-directed learning ability and the creative problem solving ability improvement effect were significant in the 2022 class (face-to-face class) in which the META-HyFlex innovation class model was introduced to strengthen the successful student experience.
 Conclusions The META-HyFlex Innovative Teaching-Learning Model is a class design focused on enhancing class effectiveness. It integrates knowledge of various disciplines and learners can perform multidisciplinary, practical, and cooperative tasks to foster self-directed learning and creative problem solving skills.This study for the improvement of future core competencies of university students can be provided as basic data for educational outcomes to improve the quality of education and will contribute to the advancement of customized experience- based education for the improvement of future core competencies of university students in the era of future transition.

The Effect of Virtual Reality Game Teaching Technology on Students’ Immersion

VR (Virtual Reality) technology as the current cutting-edge technology, is widely used in the field of education, and plays a huge advantage. VR game teaching creates an immersive learning environment so that learners can have a clearer and more intuitive understanding of professional knowledge of various disciplines, enhance their learning enthusiasm and interest in learning, and give full play to subjective initiative of learners. VR technology gradually blurs the boundary between realities and virtual, and experiential have a certain emotional investment in excessively real virtual space, to create a sense of immersion and to effectively cultivate students’ spatial thinking and higher-order thinking ability. A questionnaire on the effect of VR game teaching technology on college students’ immersion was designed, and the effects of four aspects of VR game teaching technology, namely publication rules, role description, game control, and game review on learners’ immersion were explored. Results show that publication rules, role descriptions, and game control in VR game teaching have significant positive effects on college students’ immersion. All samples of different game platforms show a significant degree of immersion (P<0.05), and two VR game platforms, namely wearable VR interaction and VR all-in-one, improve learners’ immersion more significantly. Results of this study have important reference value for integrating VR technology into three-dimensional composition teaching, stimulating students’ sense of participation in game learning, improving VR game teaching effect and improving learning efficiency.

Drug discovery research using AI and data science: analyzing literature information to understand pathological mechanisms

Recent rapid progress in big data and breakthrough AI technologies have brought about significant changes in the medical field as well. Although biomedical literature databases contain so many articles that it is impossible to read them all, AI technology based on neural networks has dramatically advanced and is now able to efficiently process such vast amounts of literature information in a short time. Since drug discovery research requires up-to-date and extensive knowledge of various disciplines, it is necessary to proactively incorporate AI technology to seamlessly obtain the information needed. In this article, we introduce our effort to use the rapidly growing literature data and the latest AI technologies to drug discovery research. Conventional search engines take an enormous amount of time to identify and understand sentences describing the subject matter of interest in the retrieved articles. We developed and validated our new search tool that not only has a conventional keyword search function, but also enables conceptual search for disease mechanisms using sentences. We will also describe problems that we have identified through actual use of the tool. Finally, since literature data is expected to increase and efforts to determine how to efficiently analyze and obtain desired findings using AI will become even more active, we will discuss expectations for future technological advances and issues that need to be resolved.

The Prospects for Recognition of Economics Specialties and Digital Assessment of a Scientist in Ukraine

Scientific research on the prospects for the development of education and science in Ukraine in the context of European integration and information transformation is considered at almost every scientific conference and is present in government decisions of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. However, there are still many unsolved questions (and often debatable) about the prospects for recognizing economics specialties in the new system of adaptation to the International Standard for the Classification of Education, which requires detailed revision. Simultaneously, given the positive trends in the development of the digital economy in Ukraine, we believe that it is worth exploring the possibility of developing a methodological approach to the digital assessment of a scientist. The article considers the analysis of economics specialties that were enshrined in the system of higher education in Ukraine before 2015 and further on, taking into account adaptation to international standards. However, blind copying of foreign standards has buried alive the economic science itself, which was based on marketing, accounting and auditing, and finance. Therefore, the publication presents a graphical model of the relationship between economics specialties through the analysis of the fundamental understanding of its individual directions. It is also emphasized that it is necessary to enshrine in the economic science the specialty «Management (by kinds of economic activity)» at the master’s and doctoral levels of higher education. This can be justified by the fact that not all specialists in a particular sector of the economy (educators, employees of health care institutions, etc.), although they are professionals in their field, due to the lack of knowledge in various disciplines of management and economics, can be efficient managers. Management is one of the directions of economic science, the subject of study of which is the search for methods of rational organization of the production system on the basis of marketing, financial and accounting support for the creation and realization of consumer value and obtaining the planned profit. The number of higher education institutions in each region allows creating new and improving traditional educational programs directly for the specific features of regional business. Thus, further research should be aimed at studying individual educational programs of economic specialties in the regions of Ukraine in order to form a national strategy for the development of higher education for subsequent years. Regarding the development of scientific research in the context of the formation of a digital society, we propose to create a web platform for assessing the scientific activities of scientists based on the results of conferences, seminars or forums on the basis of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (MES) in cooperation with other educational and scientific organizations. The algorithm of actions should be as follows: an educational and scientific organization coordinates with the MES the relevant scheduled conference; a scientific platform is created on the website of the MES, where interested conference participants register personal pages and which are open to other registered participants; the latter send materials to the educational and scientific organization holding the conference; the educational and scientific organization forms a scientific manual in electronic format, each article of which is displayed simultaneously on the personal page of the conference participant; in the future, each registered participant may, if desired, express his own scientifically based comment and rate for this material (0–100 points). Therefore, further scientific research should be aimed at determining the classification criteria in establishing points for scientific material in accordance with the assessment «Excellent, can be implemented (90–100 points)» to «Unsatisfactory, requires significant revision (up to 50 points)».

Precision Fertilization and Irrigation: Progress and Applications

The transformation and upgrading of traditional agriculture are required to address its shortcomings and deficiencies, which have resulted in environmental pollution or water problems. Precision agriculture emerged at the historic moment to solve the current problems. Field information collection, information management and decision-making, and execution systems are the three key links of precision fertilization and irrigation. The technical principle and application of field information acquisition systems are analyzed. The information management and decision-making system describes the management and summary of information in crop growth. The execution system combines the knowledge of various disciplines and experts for targeted applications to specific crops. It further focuses on the core implementation system, that is, variable fertilization technology and variable spraying technology that can realize variable operations. Major contributions from different countries, institutions, corresponding authors, and journals are presented in detail. This study proposes several suggestions and ideas based on the research status and progress of the three key systems to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the research and development of key technologies and innovative devices of precision agricultural fertilization and irrigation.

Construction of Mathematical Modeling for Teaching Evaluation Index System Based on the Delphi AHP Method

China plays an important role in the global basic education of mathematics. Moreover, China has a lot of educational experience and methods and trains many excellent talents in the field of mathematics. However, there are still various disadvantages in the process of mathematics teaching. The traditional exam-oriented education makes the talent thought of mathematics education lack openness. Teachers also focus on difficult problems, partial questions, and exam questions during teaching. When teaching, teachers cannot contact students' daily life, which has low value. Mathematics teaching methods are too rigid and lack attraction. Most teachers focus on contents in textbooks while students cannot understand the value of mathematics in learning. This results in the decline of most students' interest in mathematics courses. To solve this problem, mathematical modeling teaching is put forward. China has a short application time in this field, and mathematical modeling is complex and systematic. When dealing with mathematical modeling problems, we must be able to skillfully use the basic knowledge learned and also involve the knowledge of other disciplines, so we must realize the integration of the knowledge of various disciplines. In addition, mathematical modeling teaching attaches great importance to students' communication ability, mathematical interpretation ability, and teamwork ability. Teachers can improve students' ability; however, our teachers' abilities in mathematical modeling teaching are uneven and there are no relevant standards. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an evaluation index system to accurately judge teachers' abilities. Based on this, this study uses the Delphi AHP method to construct the evaluation index system and selects four criteria level indexes and 12 index level indexes to judge teachers' mathematical modeling teaching ability.

WRITER'S BRAND AND AUTHOR'S IMAGE: CORRELATION OF CONCEPTS

The place of the concepts of "author's image" and "writer’s personal brand" in the model of the literary process was investigated in the article. Their correlation was also established. The relevance of scientific research is due to the growing interest of scholars in interdisciplinary studies. They provide an opportunity to reconsider existing knowledge in various disciplines, including literary, by establishing correlations with related concepts and phenomena. It helps scientists to look at the problems from a different perspective and expand the horizons of their exploration in new areas. The method of synthesis and literary modeling was used to achieve the aim. In the course of the research a model of the literary process was presented; the links between the author / author’s image and other participants, where they were evident, were outlined; a definition of "writer's personal brand" was proposed; the difference between the meanings of "author's image" and "writer's brand" was highlighted and their correlation was established. During the research of scientific papers on publishing and advertising in this field, it became clear that researchers took the book as the object of promotion, avoiding the opportunity to foster the author. The common ground between the author's image and the writer's brand was established in the course of scientific research. Among them, there is the writer, as one who produces the author’s image in the works. With their help, he partially creates a personal brand. The development of the image and the brand is aimed primarily at the reader. However, their decoding depends not only on the intention of the writer but also on the experience of the recipient. Considering the results, we see prospects in further study of the author’s image and the writer’s personal brand on the material of specific figures. This will help to understand how the interaction of both concepts is put into practice and how the reader can be influenced to increase the author's popularity and become an expert in a particular field.

INTEGRATED APPROACH AS A MEANS OF FORMATION OF LEGAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE MANAGEMENT MANAGERS OF EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF A MAGISTRACY

The article, based on a theoretical study, scientifically substantiates the need for the formation of legal competence of future management managers of educational establishments in the conditions of a magistracy. The semantic essence and significance of the integrated approach as a powerful means of forming the studied formation are revealed.
 The authors argue that the organization of classes on the basis of an integrative approach is pedagogically appropriate, because they accelerate the process of adaptation of students, future managers of educational institutions to practical situations, develop skills in using theoretical knowledge of various disciplines in conjunction with acquired practical legal skills. , contribute to the structuring of the integrity of knowledge on the research problem. Therefore, they really reflect the integration processes in the formation of legal competence of future managers in the management of educational institutions in the master's degree.
 Further research of the problem is seen in clarifying the purpose, content and means of formation of legal competence in future managers of the management of educational institutions in the master's degree through the integration of only professional disciplines.

Retraction Note: Design of green city landscape based on GIS system

In recent years, the concept of green development has begun to penetrate into all levels of society. With the deepening of urbanization, the development of landscape architecture in cities has stopped. How to develop green garden in the environment of deepening urbanization has become an urgent problem. The development of urban landscape architecture has changed in the new period. In the new period, the urban landscape industry should be combined with urban development closely by using advanced science and technology on the basis of fully understanding the urban development situation and forming a dynamic system. Urban garden protection and construction is a comprehensive project, which needs to be planned and maintained by integrating knowledge of various disciplines. This process is very complex. The application of digital technology simplifies the complex steps in the process and reduces people’s brain and material consumption. This paper explores the new methods of landscape design and construction from the new technology of landscape design GIS. Before applying GIS technology, we should first build database, including the construction of application layer, analysis of the requirements of database construction, testing the performance of data information carrier, finding out relevant strategies and methods, and designing and implementing the database. In order to better manage the modern urban landscape architecture and plan a more reasonable path for the development of urban gardens, we should make full use of the power of science and technology and combine the development level of society to build a green urban garden ecosystem.

WASTOPHOBIA: A PATH TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY IN RESPONSIBLE BEHAVIOR-A CASE OF DOMESTIC SECTOR ELECTRICITY WASTE MANAGEMENT

Electricity is indispensable for socio-economic developments. Its demand is dramatically increasing in the domestic sector at an incredible pace despite distressing electricity deficiency in most of the world's developing economies like Pakistan. The synthesis of the literature portrays that domestic consumers irresponsibly (consciously or unconsciously) waste a major portion of their electricity consumption that is detrimental to electricity security, climate, and sustainable developments. To effectively deal with the issue of electricity waste, this study is presenting a theoretical research framework containing a fear based promotional marketing strategy. The novelty of the model is to present an intriguing behavioral strategy for developing consumer sustainable responsible behavior. Confronting consumers with the awareness of wasteful consumption and its detrimental conditional impacts (financial, environmental, personal future & electricity security threats and religious punishments) can significantly create threats of electricity wastage (wastophobia) in the electricity consumers' mind. Wastophobia strategy will set ground foundations for the researchers and policymakers to manage electricity waste as well as wastage of other goods & services. This strategy will significantly contribute to the theoretical knowledge of various disciplines, such as marketing, psychology, waste management and so on. Sustainable responsible behavior is categorically supporting consumers as well as holds huge potential in present policy guidelines under the arena of electrical purification and waste management. Moreover, such policy implications are viable, sensible, and supportive for national electrical transmission and production regulatory authorities at both public and public counterparts.Keywords: Energy Efficiency, Wasteful Consumption Awareness, Religious Sermons, Wastophobia, Sustainable Responsible BehaviorJEL Classifications: Q4, Q40, D1DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11450

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Design of green city landscape based on GIS system

In recent years, the concept of green development has begun to penetrate into all levels of society. With the deepening of urbanization, the development of landscape architecture in cities has stopped. How to develop green garden in the environment of deepening urbanization has become an urgent problem. The development of urban landscape architecture has changed in the new period. In the new period, the urban landscape industry should be combined with urban development closely by using advanced science and technology on the basis of fully understanding the urban development situation and forming a dynamic system. Urban garden protection and construction is a comprehensive project, which needs to be planned and maintained by integrating knowledge of various disciplines. This process is very complex. The application of digital technology simplifies the complex steps in the process and reduces people’s brain and material consumption. This paper explores the new methods of landscape design and construction from the new technology of landscape design GIS. Before applying GIS technology, we should first build database, including the construction of application layer, analysis of the requirements of database construction, testing the performance of data information carrier, finding out relevant strategies and methods, and designing and implementing the database. In order to better manage the modern urban landscape architecture and plan a more reasonable path for the development of urban gardens, we should make full use of the power of science and technology and combine the development level of society to build a green urban garden ecosystem.

Expounding the Concept of Religion in Islam as Understood by Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas

The discussions concerning the religion in Islam have a long history in Muslim intellectual tradition, particularly in the Arabic language. However, with the rise and development of Islamic oriental studies in the Western world in the last two centuries and particularly after the second half of the 20th century onwards, a “return” to semantic studies began re-emerging. Realizing the necessity, Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas began to focus and develop the definitions that had been altered, and clarified misunderstood and misleading concepts in relation to the religion of Islam in both the Muslim world and the West. Beginning from the 1970s, al-Attas began explicating his thoughts for the English speaking milieu (later in other languages). Al-Attas’s profound knowledge in various disciplines, traditions, cultures, and languages allowed him to begin to contribute scholarly input as he contributed his beliefs as well as ideas in the academic environment. In this article, al-Attas’s comprehensive understanding will be discussed briefly, but in some detail, including is own specific intellectual contributions.

On interdisciplinarity between product adoption and vulnerability discovery modeling

In the last three decades, Interdisciplinary research has attracted researchers, academicians, and practitioners from the varied field to collaborate and come up with the solution to a problem. This increase in interdisciplinary research is due to its ability to solve complex problems with the help of tools from various disciplines. Interdisciplinary research is based on some of the most important methods that were built through interdisciplinary study to examine and solve a wide variety of business and engineering related problems. Six applications of interdisciplinary research work done in the area of marketing and software security engineering have been discussed in this paper. Specifically, we have discussed the similarity of the modeling framework developed for product adoption using innovation diffusion modeling and vulnerability discovery process. From this work, we aim to provide an understanding to the readers about the importance of interdisciplinary research and its contribution to solving real-life complex decision problems by utilizing the knowledge of various disciplines together.

Dental Students' Factual and Procedural Knowledge Retention in Operative Dentistry in a Clinical Dental Curriculum.

The aim of this study was to evaluate dental students' retention of factual and procedural knowledge gained in a preclinical course in operative dentistry during a clinical dental curriculum. In 2017, all 157 seventh- to tenth-semester dental students at a dental school in Germany were asked to repeat the same written examination performed at the end of the preclinical course in the sixth semester. The examinations consisted of 30 multiple-choice questions covering factual and procedural knowledge. The percentage of correctly answered questions per exam and differences in correct answers between the original examination and the re-examination (per question) were analyzed. Students were also asked to self-rate their percentage of correctly answered questions and their knowledge in various disciplines of operative dentistry at the times of the original examination and the re-examination. After exclusions, data were analyzed for 129 students, for a participation rate of 82%. For the seventh- and tenth-semester students, the results on the original examination and the re-examination were not significantly different, while the eighth- and ninth-semester students performed significantly better on the original examination than the re-examination. In all semesters, procedural knowledge remained stable between the original examination and the re-examination, while factual knowledge decreased slightly. Their performance on the original examination was underestimated by the eighth- and ninth-semester students. All the students underestimated their performance on the re-examination. Students mostly rated their knowledge level significantly higher on the original examination than on the re-examination. Overall, this study found that factual and procedural knowledge gained in a preclinical course in operative dentistry was not increased during the clinical dental curriculum.

Building the Capacity of Classroom Teachers as Extenders of Nutrition Education through Extension: Evaluating a Professional Development Model

Utilizing teachers as extenders may maximize the reach of Extension nutrition education programs; however, there is a need to identify effective professional development (PD) strategies to ensure quality implementation. Lesson study is a PD model that demonstrated improvements in school teachers’ self-efficacy and knowledge in various disciplines. In this study, fourth-grade teachers at two schools delivered nutrition education in their classrooms. Lesson study was examined to improve self-efficacy, content knowledge, and use of inquiry-based teaching strategies. While teachers at one school followed the lesson study model, teachers at the other school did not. Teachers reported time, resources, and funding were barriers to using lesson study and implementing the curriculum. Teachers who reported teaching nutrition previously declined in self-efficacy and knowledge. It is possible that they underestimated what would be required to teach this curriculum, resulting in a higher pre-test rating of self-efficacy compared to ratings after teaching the curriculum. This shift may have affected their motivation and willingness to participate fully in the lesson study process. Increasing teacher access to content experts during PD may improve teacher selfefficacy. Providing additional support and materials may increase the likelihood that teachers participate as extenders of Extension nutrition education programs.

Malay as the Language of Advanced Knowledge: Scientific Review in National Academia Scholarship

The Malay language as a language of knowledge brings the agenda of putting the capabilities and roles of the Malay language as a means of delivering modern knowledge in various disciplines. It explains the scientific nature of Malay language which has a complete academic feature with broad-ranging capabilities to accurately address the diversity of knowledge such as the ancient history of Malay language as a catalyst for Malay academic scholarship in the 7th century AD. Nonetheless, the act of preserving Malay as the language of advanced knowledge is still being argued. The holistic usage of Malay language in different levels of studies such as in the study of degrees, masters and doctorate across the field of study; scientific writing in journals and textbooks; communication of transfer for knowledge from university to the community; even as a major communication tool for university students, is still low. Therefore, the results of the scientific review reflect the work on the issues and achievement of the Malay language as the language of advanced knowledge, especially in the national academia scholarship. The Malay language as the language of advanced knowledge is possible to achieve if the confidence, accountability and the solid cooperation of all parties are strengthened in order to fulfill the highest level of identity, culture and race of Malaysia.

A Generic Pest Submodel for Use in Integrated Assessment Models

<abstract> <b><sc>Abstract.</sc></b> The sustainability of agricultural land use has been the subject of integrated assessments for some time. In these assessments, knowledge of various disciplines is combined to assess, e.g., the drawbacks and benefits of new agro-technologies, changes in management systems, and the introduction or abolition of agricultural policies. Crop models are often used in these assessments, and the more details the models can provide, the more factors can be considered. For example, the crop model EPIC can determine fertilizer and irrigation water use based on crop demand. However, pesticides can only be applied manually and have no impact on the crop. We therefore developed a pest submodel providing estimates of pesticide consumption based on pest pressure and the corresponding reactions of crops, thus completing a process loop analogous to the application of fertilizers or irrigation water. We distinguish three pest categories: insects, fungi, and weeds. For insects, a biological temperature response function is used to model the daily feeding rate, from which population growth is derived. Insect mortality is dependent on temperature and nutrient availability. Fungal disease spread depends on coefficients of primary and secondary infection, abundance of spores, and host density. The number of spores increases depending on a humidity and temperature function and decreases according to a decay rate. Crop stress is dependent on the ratio of healthy to infected plant tissue. Weeds are grown in EPIC the same way as crops and compete for the same resources. Herbicide applications are triggered when a specified ratio of weed to crop LAI is reached. Pesticide-induced mortality is modeled as a pesticide-specific dose-response curve. We tested the submodel by simulating five crops with the highest use of pesticides in the U.S. (cotton, maize, potatoes, soybeans, and wheat). Among other findings, the mean simulated application rates approached the reported mean application rates, and the spatial distributions of simulated and reported application rates matched well. We conclude that the new pest submodel is appropriate to estimate pesticide use on larger scales and can be employed to enhance integrated assessments.

Topological data analysis (TDA) applied to reveal pedogenetic principles of European topsoil system

Recent developments in applied mathematics are bringing new tools that are capable to synthesize knowledge in various disciplines, and help in finding hidden relationships between variables. One such technique is topological data analysis (TDA), a fusion of classical exploration techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA), and a topological point of view applied to clustering of results. Various phenomena have already received new interpretations thanks to TDA, from the proper choice of sport teams to cancer treatments. For the first time, this technique has been applied in soil science, to show the interaction between physical and chemical soil attributes and main soil-forming factors, such as climate and land use. The topsoil data set of the Land Use/Land Cover Area Frame survey (LUCAS) was used as a comprehensive database that consists of approximately 20,000 samples, each described by 12 physical and chemical parameters. After the application of TDA, results obtained were cross-checked against known grouping parameters including five types of land cover, nine types of climate and the organic carbon content of soil. Some of the grouping characteristics observed using standard approaches were confirmed by TDA (e.g., organic carbon content) but novel subtle relationships (e.g., magnitude of anthropogenic effect in soil formation), were discovered as well. The importance of this finding is that TDA is a unique mathematical technique capable of extracting complex relations hidden in soil science data sets, giving the opportunity to see the influence of physicochemical, biotic and abiotic factors on topsoil formation through fresh eyes.

KONSEPTUALISASI SISTEM PENDIDIKAN ISLAM: BELAJAR MELALUI MASA KEEMASANNYA

Islam had its golden age in the history during the middle age. Progress in many aspects of life was of the clear signs especially that of science and knowledge of various disciplines with the very well known scholars of their time like Al-Kindi, Ibnu Sina, Al-Ghazali, and others. Those days the Muslims did not see the religi-ous and secular knowledge as a dichotomy. The zeal for wisdom was so high that they started many institutes and made such huge efforts to translate the scripts of the ancient Greek’s philosophy. In addition, great vehemence shown by all (the ruler as well as the people) had really become a common oath, which was for the universal glory of Islam.